Like his contemporary al-Shirazi, Abu l-Ma'ali al-Juwayni (419-478/1028-1085) was a Shafiti jurist, Ashtari theologian, and protege of the Saljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk (d. 485/1092), who appointed him to the directorship of the Nizamiyya in Nishapur.[684]

If, according to Ibn Khaldun’s categories, al-Shirazi may be described as following in legal theory the method of the jurists (tariqat al-fuqaha^,), al-Juwayni neatly fits the label of the method of the theologians (tariqat al-mutakallimin).^[685] His legal writings, and in particular his Burhan fl usul al-fiqh, exemplifies a theology-inspired legal theory.

In the Burhan, al-Juwayni’s interlocutors are primarily Muhazilis and fellow Ash^tari theolo­gians. While his fidelity to Ash^tarism is indisputable, he is also an indepen­dent thinker who does not spare with criticism of his Ash^tari predecessors. In contrast to al-Shirazi, who usually summarily criticizes Ash^taris as a group, al-Juwayni cites by name the scholars whose view he rejects, with most of his criticism aimed at al-Baqillani and Abu l-Hasan al-Ash^tari himself.^[686] Slightly dif­ferent is his style when criticizing legal doctrines. He usually does not single out particular jurists but refers to the school of law as a whole - with most of his criticism directed at Hanafis and sometimes at the dominant position within the Shafi'i school.^[687] Yet, even in his legal discussions, one notices that his criticism if often less of a legal than theological nature.^[688]

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