REFERENCES

1. Mahmood TA. Preface. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015;29:285-88.

2. Stevens GA, Singh GM, Lu Y, et al. National, regional and global trends in adult overweight and obese prevalences.

3. Thanoon O, Gharaibeh A, Mahmood T. The implications of obesity on pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2015;25:102-105.

4. Mahmood TA. Obesity and pregnancy: an obstetrician's view. BrJ Diabetes Vasc Dis 2009;9:19-22.

5. Hod M, Kapur A, Scaks DA, et al. The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on gestational dia­betes mellitus: a pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015; 131 Suppl 3:S173-211.

6. Denison FC, Norwood P, Bhattacharya S, et al. Association be­tween maternal body mass index during pregnancy, short term morbidity, and increased health service costs: a population based study. BJOG 2014;121:72-82.

7. Dobbs R, Sawers C, Thompson F, et al. Overcoming Obesity: An Initial Economic Analysis. Discussion paper. New York: The McKinsey Global Institute: McKinsey & Company; 2014.

8. World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. WHO Obesity Technical Report Series 894. Geneva: WHO; 2000.

9. WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004;363:157-63.

10. Bei-Fan Z, Cooperative Meta-analysis Group of Working Group on Obesity in China. Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults: study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002;11:S685-93.

11. Kanazawa M, Yoshiike N, Osaka T, Numba Y, Zimmet P, Inoue S. Criteria and classification of obesity in Japan and Asia-Oceania.

12. Devlieger R, Benhalima K, Damm P, et al. Maternal obesity in Europe: where do we stand and how to move forward? A scien­tific paper commissioned by the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG). Eur J Obstet Gynecol ReprodBiol 2016;201:203-208.

13. Benhalima K, Mathieu C, van Assche A, et al. Survey by the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology on screening for gestational diabetes in Europe. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016;201:197-202.

14. Hruby A, Hu F. The epidemiology of obesity: a big picture. Pharmoeconomics 2015;33:673-89.

15. Crosbie E, Berggren E, Marin-Hirsch P. Editors’ choice. BJOG 2016;123:157-58.

16. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. Global, regional and na­tional prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet 2014;384:766-81.

17. World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: overweight and obesity. Available at: https://www.who.int/ gho/ncd/risk_factors/overweight/en/.

18. Mitchell S, Shaw D. The worldwide epidemic of female obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015;29:289-99.

19. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of child­hood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA 2014;311:806-14.

20. Adeboye B, Bermano G, Rolland C. Obesity and its health impact in Africa: a systematic review. Cardiovasc J Afr 2012;23:512-21.

21. Canoy D, Buchan I. Challenges in obesity epidemiology. Obes Rev 2007:8 Suppl 1:1-11.

22. Savona-Ventura C, Savona-Ventura S. The inheritance of obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015:29;300-308.

23. Hasan A, Mahmood T. Genetic and molecular basis of obesity. In: Mahmood TA, Arulkumaran S (eds), Obesity: A Ticking Time Bomb for Reproductive Health, pp. 23-34. London: Elsevier; 2013.

24. O’Rahilly S. Human genetics illuminates the paths to metabolic disease.

25. Gaillard R, Welten M, Oddy WH, et al. Associations of maternal prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with cardio-metabolic risk factors in adolescent offspring: a pro­spective cohort study. BJOG 2016;123:207-16.

26. Olson CM, Strawderman MS, Dennison BA. Maternal weight gain during pregnancy and child weight at age 3 years. Matern Child Health J 2009;13:839-46.

27. Ma RCW, Gluckman PD, Hanson MA. Maternal obesity and developmental priming of risk of later disease. In: Mahmood TA, Arulkumaran S (eds), Obesity: A Ticking Time Bomb for Reproductive Health, pp. 193-212. London: Elsevier; 2013.

28. Catalano PM, Ehrenberg HM. The short- and long-term impli­cations of maternal obesity on mother and her offspring. BJOG 2006;113:1126-33.

29. Furber CM, McGowan L, Bower P, Kontopantelis E, Quenby S, Lavender T. Antenatal interventions for reducing weight in obese women for improving pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;1:CD009334.

30. Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The re­lation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among chil­dren and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 1999;103:1175-82.

31. Fraser A, Tilling K, Macdonald-Wallis C, et al. Association of maternal weight gain in pregnancy with offspring obesity and metabolic and vascular traits in childhood. Circulation 2010;121:2557-64.

32. Busby G, Seif MW. Obesity in adolescence. In: Mahmood TA, Arulkumaran S (eds), Obesity: A Ticking Time Bomb for Reproductive Health, pp. 53-66. London: Elsevier; 2013.

33. Bellis MA, Downing J, Ashton JR. Adults at 12? Trends in puberty and their public health consequences. J Epidemiol Community Health 2006;60:910-11.

34. Edmonds DK. Gynaecological disorders of childhood and adolescence. In: Edmonds DK (ed), Dewhurst’s Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaeology, 7th edn, pp. 12-16. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2007.

35. Simmons KB, Edelman AB. Contraception and sexual health in obese women.

36. Fulghesu A, Magnini R, Portoghese E, Angioni S, Minerba L, Melis GB. Obesity-related lipid profile and altered insulin incretion in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Adolesc Health 2010;46:474-81.

37. Damodaran S, Swaminathan K, Mahmood T. Obesity and contra­ception. Br J Sexual Med 2008;31:12-14.

38. Damodaran S, Swaminathan K. Obesity and contraception. In: Mahmood TA, Arulkumaran S (eds), Obesity: A Ticking Time Bomb for Reproductive Health, pp. 67-90. London: Elsevier; 2013.

39. Alsharaydeh I, Gharaibeh A, Thanoon O, Mahmood TA. Contraception in patients with medical conditions. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2014;24:33-38.

40. Scarabin PY, Vissac AM, Kirzin JM, et al. Elevated plasma fi­brinogen and increased fibrin turnover among healthy women who both smoke and use low-dose oral contraceptives—a prelim­inary report. Thromb Haemost 1999;82:1112-16.

41. Suchon P, Al Frouh F, Henneuse A, et al. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in women under combined oral contracep­tive. The PILl Genetic RIsk Monitoring (PILGRIM) Study. Throm Haemostat 2016;115:135-42.

42. Thanoon O, Dewart P, Mahmood T. Laparoscopy in the obese patient. In: Metwally M, Li TC (eds), Reproductive Surgery in Assisted Conception, pp. 135-41. London: Springer-Verlag; 2015.

43. Leech TG, Dias JJ. Risky sexual behaviour: a race-specific social consequence of obesity. J Youth Adolesc 2011;41:41-52.

44. Mahmood T, Thanoon O. The role of bariatric surgery on female reproductive health. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2016;26:155-57.

45. Lim CC, Mahmood T. Obesity in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015;29:309-19.

46. Knight M, Kurinczuk JJ, Spark P, et al. Extreme obesity in preg­nancy in the United Kingdom. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115:989-97.

47. Chu SY, Kim SY, Schmid CH, et al. Maternal obesity and risk of caesarean delivery: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2007;8:385-94.

48. Heslehurst N, Rankin J, Wilkinson JR, et al.

49. Norman JE, Reynolds R. The consequences of obesity and excess weight gain in pregnancy. Proc Nutrit Soc 2011;70:450-56.

50. Edlow AG, Hui L, Wick HC, Fried I, Bianchi DW. Assessing the fetal effects of maternal obesity via transcriptomic analysis of cord blood: a prospective case-control study. BJOG 2016;123:180-89.

51. Overton C, Mahmood T. Access to early pregnancy care. In: Mahmood T, Owen P, Arulkumaran S, Dhillon C (eds), Models of Care in Maternity Services, pp. 34-47. London: RCOG Press; 2010.

52. Metwally M, Cutting R, Tipton A, et al. Effect of increased body mass index on oocyt and embryo quality in IVF patients. Reprod Biomed Online 2007;15:532-38.

53. Metwally M, Ong KJ, Ledger WL, Li TC. Does high body mass index increase the risk of miscarriage after spontaneous and as­sisted conception? A meta-analysis of the evidence. Fert Steril 2008;90:714-26.

54. Lashen H, Fear K, Sturdee DW. Obesity is associated with in­creased risk of first trimester and recurrent miscarriage: matched case-control study. Hum Reprod 2004;19:1644-46.

55. Lo W, Rai R, Hameed A, Brailsford SR, Al-Ghamdi AA, Regan L. The effect of body mass index on the outcome of pregnancy in women with recurrent miscarriage. J Fam Community Med 2012;19:167-71.

56. Flenady V, Koopmans L, Middleton P, et al. Major risk factors for stillbirth in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta­analysis. Lancet 2011;377:1331-40.

57. Stothard KJ, Tennant PW, Bell R, Rankin J. Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic re­view and meta-analysis. JAMA 2009;301:636-50.

58. Hendler I, Blackwell SC, Bujold E, et al. Sub-optimal second tri­mester ultra-sonographic visualisation of the fetal heart in obese women: should we repeat the experiment? J Ultrasound Med 2005;24:1205-209.

59.

60. Huda SS, Nelson SM. Pregnancy and metabolic syndrome of obesity. In: Mahmood TA, Arulkumaran S (eds), Obesity: A Ticking Time Bomb for Reproductive Health, pp. 299-314. London: Elsevier; 2013.

61. Einstein FH, Fishman S, Muzumdar RH, et al. Accretions of vis­ceral fat and hepatic insulin resistance in pregnant rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008;294:E451-55.

62. Sattar N, Clark P, Holmes A, et al. Antenatal waist circumference and hypertension risk. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:268-71.

63. World Health Organization (WHO). Diagnostic Criteria and Classification of Hyperglycaemia First Detected in Pregnancy. Geneva: WHO; 2013. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/85975/1/WHO_NMH_MND_13.2_eng.pdf.

64. Pedersen J. Weight and length at birth of infants of diabetic mothers. Acta Endocrinol 1954;16:330-42.

65. Scholl TO, Sowers M, Chen X, et al. Maternal glucose concentra­tion influences fetal growth, gestation, and pregnancy complica­tions. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:514-20.

66. Shapiro ALB, Schmiege SJ, Brinton JT, et al. Testing the fuel- mediated hypothesis: maternal insulin resistance and glucose mediate the association between maternal and neonatal adiposity, the Healthy Start study. Diabetologia 2015;58:937-41.

67. Kjos SL, Buchanan TA. Gestational diabetes mellitus. N EnglJMed 1999;341:1749-56.

68. Rayanagoudar G, Hashi AH, Zamora J, Khan KS, Hitman GA, Thangaratinam S. Quantification of the type II risk in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 95 750 women. Diabetologia 2016;59:1403-11.

69. Benhalima K, Damm P, Van Assche A, et al. Screening for gesta­tional diabetes in Europe: where do we stand and how to move forward? A scientific paper commissioned by the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016;199:192-96.

70. Benhalima K, Chantel M, Damm P, et al. A proposal for the use of uniform diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes in Europe: an opinion paper by the European Board & College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG). Diabetolgia 2015;58:1422-29.

71. Frederick IO, Rudra CB, Miller RS, Foster JC, Williams MA. Adult weight change, weight cycling, and prepregnancy obesity in relation to risk of preeclampsia. Epidemiology 2006; 17: 428-34.

72. Villamor E, Cnattingius S. Interpregnancy weight change and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study. Lancet 2006;368:1164-70.

73. Guelinckx I, Devlieger R, Beckers K, Vansant G. Maternal obesity: pregnancy complications, gestational weight gain and nutrition. Obes Rev 2008;9:140-50.

74. Sebire NJ, Jolly M, Harris JP, et al. Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome: a study of 287 213 pregnancies in London. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1175-82.

75. Nohr EA, Bech BH, Vaeth M, Rasmussen KM, Henriksen TB, Olsen J. Obesity, gestational weight gain and preterm birth: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2007;21:5-14.

76. McDonald SD, Han Z, Mulla S, Beyene J. Overweight and obesity in mothers and risk of preterm birth and low birth weight in­fants: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2010;341:c3428.

77. Dickey RP, Xiong X, Xie Y, Gee RE, Pridjian G. Effect of maternal height and weight on risk for preterm singleton and twin births resulting from IVF in the United States, 2008-2010. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 2013;209:349.e1-6.

78. Mahmood TA, Hasan A. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. In: Chandraharan E, Arulkumaran S (eds), Obstetric and Intrapartum Emergencies, pp. 15-23. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012.

79. Larsen TB, Sorensen HT, Gislum M, Johnsen SP. Maternal smoking, obesity, and risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium: a population-based nested case­control study. Thromb Res 2007;120:505-509.

80. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Thromboprophylaxis during Pregnancy, Labour and after Vaginal Delivery. RCOG Green-t op Guideline No. 37. London: RCOG Press; 2004.

81. Malarselvi M, Quenby S. Obesity and prolonged preg­nancy. In: Mahmood TA, Arulkumaran S (eds), Obesity: A Ticking Time Bomb for Reproductive Health, pp. 223-26. London: Elsevier; 2013.

82. Knight M, Tuffnell D, Kenyon S, et al. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care—Surveillance of Maternal Deaths in the UK 2011­13 and Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009-13. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford; 2015.

83. Jefferys A, Draycott T, Mahmood T. Planning for the future: ma­ternity services in 2035. In: Mahmood TA, Arulkumaran S (eds), Obesity: A Ticking Time Bombfor Reproductive Health, pp. 607-22. London: Elsevier; 2013.

84. Yao R, Ananth CV, Park BY, Pereira L, Plante LA. Obesity and the risk of stillbirth: a population-based cohort study. Perinatal Research Consortium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;210:457.e1-9.

85. Bhattacharya S, Campbell DM, Liston WA. Effect of body mass index on pregnancy outcomes in nulliparous women delivering singleton babies. BMC Public Health 2007;7:168.

86. El-Chaar D, Finkelstein SA, Tu X, et al. The impact of increasing obesity class on obstetrical outcomes. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2013;35:224-33.

87. Tsai PJS, Marshall NE. Maternal obesity and pregnancy out­comes. Obes Open Access 2015;1. http://dx.doi.org/10.16966/ 2380-5528.113.

88. Wolfe KB, Rossi RA, Warshak CR. The effect of maternal obesity on the rate of failed induction of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;205:128.e1-7.

89. Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers’ Lives. Reviewing Maternal Deaths to make Motherhood Safer: 2003-2005. London: CEMACH; 2007.

90. Nair M, Kurinczuk JJ, Brocklehurst P, et al. Factors associated with maternal death from direct pregnancy complications: a UK national case-control study. BJOG 2015;122:653-62.

91. Churchill D, Forbes G, Mahmood T. Developing standards of care for obese women during pregnancy. In: Mahmood TA, Arulkumaran S (eds), Obesity: A Ticking Time Bomb for Reproductive Health, pp. 483-500. London: Elsevier; 2013.

92. Mahmood TA (Chair). Care of Obese Pregnant Women - Standard 9. In: Obstetric and Neonatal Services 2014: Standards of Care for Womens Health in Europe. Brussels: European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG); 2014.

93. Seif MW, Diamond K, Nickkho- Amiry M. Obesity and menstrual disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015;29:516-27.

94. Bano R, Datta S, Mahmood TA. Heavy menstrual bleeding. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2014:26:167-83.

95. MessinisIE,MessiniCI,AnifandisG,DafopoulosK.Polycysticovaries and obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015;29:479-88.

96. Messinis IE, Messinis CI, Dafopoulos K. Obesity in PCOS and infertility. In: Mahmood TA, Arulkumaran S (eds), Obesity: A Ticking Time Bomb for Reproductive Health, pp. 99-116. London: Elsevier; 2013.

97. Talmor A, Dunphy B. Female obesity and infertility. Best Prac Res Clin Obs Gynae 2025;29:498-506.

98. van der Steeg JW, Steures P, Eijkemans MJ, et al. Obesity affects spontaneous pregnancy chances in subfertile, ovulatory women. Hum Reprod 2008;23:324-28.

99. Bellver J, Pellicer A, Garcia-Velasco JA, Ballesteros A, Remohi J, Meseguer M. Obesity reduces uterine receptivity: clinical ex­perience from 9,587 first cycles of ovum donation with normal weight donors. Fertil Steril 2013;100:1050-58.

100. Sharma A, Bahadursingh S, Ramsewak S, Teelucksingh S. Medical and surgical interventions to improve outcomes in obese women planning for pregnancy. Best Prac Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015;29:565-76.

101. Ramalingam K, Monga A. Obesity and pelvic floor dysfunction. Best Prac Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015;29:541-47.

102. Lim C, Mahmood T. Management of urinary incontinence in primary care. BIDA J 2014;20:8-9.

103. Al-Safi ZA, Polotsky AJ. Obesity and menopause. Best Prac Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015;29:548-53.

104. Wolin KY, Carson K, Colditz GA. Obesity and cancer. Oncologist 2010;15:556-65.

105. Birks S, Peeters A, Backholer K, et al. A systematic review of the impact of weight loss on cancer incidence and mortality. Obes Rev 2012;13:868-91.

106. Tsilidis K, Kasimis JC, Lopez DS, et al. Type 2 diabetes and cancer: umbrella review of meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ 2015;350:g7607.

107. Zhang Y, Liu Y, Yang S, Zhang, J, Qian, L, Chen X. Overweight, obesity and endometrial cancer risk: results from a systematic re­view and meta-analysis. Int J Biol Markers 2014;29:21-29.

108. Chittenden BG, Fullerton G, Maheshwari A, Bhattacharya S. Polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk ofgynaecological cancer: a systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online 2009;19:398-405.

109. Afors K, Centini G, Murtada R, Castellano R, Meza C, Wattiez A. Obesity in laparoscopic surgery. Best Prac Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015;29:554-64.

110. Li Z, Maglione M, Tu W, et al. Meta-analysis: pharmacologic treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:532-46.

111. Colquitt JL, Pickett K, Loveman E, Frampton GK. Surgery for weight loss in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;8:CD003641.

112. Maggard MA, Shugarman LR, Suttorp M, et al. Meta- analysis: sur­gical treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:547-59.

113. Kumari A, Nigam A. Bariatric surgery in women: a boon needs special care during pregnancy. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9: QE01-05.