REFERENCES

1. Fauser BCJ, Tarlartzis BC, Rebar RW, et al. Consensus on Women’s Health Aspects of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM -Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group.

2. The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 2004;19:41-47.

3. Zhao Y, Qiao J. Ethnic differences in the phenotypic expression of polycystic ovary syndrome. Steroids 2013;78:755-60.

4. Huang Z, Yong EL. Ethnic differences: is there an Asian pheno­type for polycystic ovarian syndrome? Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2016;37:46-55.

5. Walters KA. Androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome: lessons from experimental models. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2016;23:257-63.

6. Keefe CC, Goldman MM, Zhang K, Clarke N, Reitz RE, Welt CK. Simultaneous measurement of thirteen steroid hormones in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and control women using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2014;9:e93805.

7. Palomba S, Falbo A, Chiossi G, et al. Lipid profile in nonobese pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective controlled clinical study. Steroids 2014;88:36-43.

8. Paradisi R, Fabbri R, Battaglia C, Venturoli S. Ovulatory effects of flutamide in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2013;29:391-95.

9. Mifsud A, Ramirez S, Yong EL. Androgen receptor gene CAG trinucleotide repeats in anovulatory infertility and polycystic ovaries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000:85:3484-88.

10. De Leo V, la Marca A, Petraglia F. Insulin-lowering agents in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome Endocr Rev 2003;24:633-67.

11. Poretsky L, Smith D, Seibel M, Pazianos A, Moses AC, Flier JS. Specific insulin binding sites in human ovary.

12. Poretsky L, Cataldo NA, Rosenwaks Z, Giudice LC. The insulin- related ovarian regulatory system in health and disease. Endocr Rev 1999;20:535-82.

13. Poretsky L, Grigorescu F, Seibel M, Moses AC, Flier JS. Distribution and characterization of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors in normal human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;61:728-34.

14. Bergh C, Carlsson B, Olsson JH, Selleskog U, Hillensjo T Regulation of androgen production in cultured human thecal cells by insulin-like growth factor I and insulin. Fertil Steril 1993;59:323-31.

15. Duleba AJ, Spaczynski RZ, Olive DL. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I stimulate the proliferation of human ovarian theca interstitial cells. Fertil Steril 1998;69:335-40.

16. Cara JF, Rosenfield RL. Insulin-like growth factor I and insulin po­tentiate luteinizing hormone-induced androgen synthesis by rat ovarian thecal-interstitial cells. Endocrinology 1988;123:733-39.

17. Hernandez ER, Resnick CE, Svoboda ME, Van Wyk JJ, Payne DW, Adashi EY. Somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I as an enhancer of androgen biosynthesis by cultured rat ovarian cells. Endocrinology 1988;122:1603-12.

18. Wrathall JH, Knight PG. Effects of inhibin-related peptides and oestradiol on androstenedione and progesterone secretion by bo­vine theca cells in vitro. J Endocrinol 1995;145:491-500.

19. Kristiansen SB, Endoh A, Casson PR, Buster JE, Hornsby PJ. Induction of steroidogenic enzyme genes by insulin and IGF-I in cultured adult human adrenocortical cells. Steroids 1997;62:258-65.

20. Adashi EY, Resnick CE, D’Ercole AJ, Svoboda ME, Van Wyk JJ. Insulin-like growth factors as intra-ovarian regulators of granulosa cell growth and function. Endocr Rev 1985;6:400-20.

21. Krstevska B, Dimitrovski CH, Pemovska G, et al. Metformin improves menstrual patterns, endocrine and metabolic profile in obese hyperinsulinemic women with a polycystic ovary syn­drome. Prilozi 2006;27:57-66.

22. Lautatzis ME, Goulis DG, Vrontakis M. Efficacy and safety of metformin during pregnancy in women with gestational dia­betes mellitus or polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review. Metabolism 2013;62:1522-34.

23. Rajpert-De Meyts E, Jorgensen N, Graem N, Muller J, Cate RL, Skakkebaek NE. Expression of anti-Mullerian hormone during normal and pathological gonadal development: association with differentiation of Sertoli and granulosa cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3836-44.

24. Kuiri-Hanninen T, Kallio S, Seuri R, et al. Postnatal develop­mental changes in the pituitary-ovarian axis in preterm and term infant girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:3432-39.

25. Salmon NA, Handyside AH, Joyce IM. Oocyte regulation of anti- Mullerian hormone expression in granulosa cells during ovarian follicle development in mice. Dev Biol 2004;266:201-208.

26. Durlinger AL, Visser JA, Themmen AP. Regulation of ovarian function: the role of anti-Mullerian hormone. Reproduction 2002;124:601-609.

27. Dumont A, Robin G, Catteau-Jonard S, Dewailly D. Role of Anti- Mullerian hormone in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015;13:137.

28. Zhu R, Lee BH, Huang Z, et al. Anti-mullerian hormone, antral follicle count and ovarian volume predict menstrual cycle length in healthy women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016;84:870-77.

29. Yu ED, Zhu H, Li Y, Chua SE, Indran IR, Li J, Yong EL. Polymorphisms of anti-Mullerian hormone signaling pathway in healthy Singapore women: population differences, endocrine effects and reproductive outcomes. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016;32:311-14.

30. Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, et al. The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril 2009;91:456-88.

31. Li R, Zhang Q, Yang D, et al. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syn­drome in women in China: a large community-based study. Hum Reprod 2013;28:2562-69.

32. Vutyavanich T, Khaniyao V, Wongtra-Ngan S, Sreshthaputra O, Sreshthaputra R, Piromlertamorn W. Clinical, endocrine and ultrasonographic features of polycystic ovary syndrome in Thai women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2007;33:677-80.

33. Kumarapeli V, Seneviratne Rde A, Wijeyaratne CN, Yapa RM, Dodampahala SH. A simple screening approach for assessing community prevalence and phenotype of polycystic ovary syn­drome in a semi-urban population in Sri Lanka. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:321-28.

34. Tehrani FR, Simbar M, Tohidi M, Hosseinpanah F, Azizi F. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a community sample of Iranian population: Iranian PCOS prevalence study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011;9:39.

35. Elting MW, Korsen TJ, Rekers-Mombarg LT, Schoemaker J. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome gain regular menstrual cycles when ageing. Hum Reprod 2000;15:24-28.

36. Elting MW, Kwee J, Korsen TJ, Rekers-Mombarg LT, Schoemaker J. Aging women with polycystic ovary syndrome who achieve regular menstrual cycles have a smaller follicle cohort than those who continue to have irregular cycles. Fertil Steril 2003;79:1154-60.

37. Brown ZA, Louwers YV, Fong SL, et al. The phenotype of poly­cystic ovary syndrome ameliorates with aging. Fertil Steril 2011;96:1259-65.

38. Dahlgren E, Johansson S, Lindstedt G, et al. Women with poly­cystic ovary syndrome wedge resected in 1956 to 1965: a long­term follow-up focusing on natural history and circulating hormones. Fertil Steril 1992;57:505-13.

39. Mulders AG, Laven JS, Eijkemans MJ, de Jong FH, Themmen AP, Fauser BC. Changes in anti-Mullerian hormone serum concentrations over time suggest delayed ovarian ageing in normogonadotrophic anovulatory infertility. Hum Reprod 2004;19:2036-42.

40. Chamlian DL, Taylor HB. Endometrial hyperplasia in young women. Obstet Gynecol 1970;36:659-66.

41. Haoula Z, Salman M, Atiomo W. Evaluating the association be­tween endometrial cancer and polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2012;27:1327-31.

42. Cheung AP. Ultrasound and menstrual history in predicting endometrial hyperplasia in polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:325-31.

43. Sturdee DW, Wade-Evans T, Paterson ME, Thom M, Studd JW. Relations between bleeding pattern, endometrial histology, and oestrogen treatment in menopausal women. Br Med J 1978;1: 1575-77.

44. Judd HL, Mebane-Sims I, Legault C, et al. Effects of hormone re­placement therapy on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 1996;275:370-75.

45. Gambrell RD Jr. Prevention of endometrial cancer with progesto- gens. Maturitas 1986;8:159-68.

46. Hickey M, Higham JM, Fraser I. Progestogens with or without oes­trogen for irregular uterine bleeding associated with anovulation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;9:CD001895.

47. Yildiz BO, Knochenhauer ES, Azziz R. Impact of obesity on the risk for polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:162-68.

48. Gambineri A, Pelusi C, Vicennati V, Pagotto U, Pasquali R. Obesity and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:883-96.

49. Pasquali R, Gambineri A, Pagotto U. The impact of obesity on reproduction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. BJOG 2006;113:1148-59.

50. Escobar-Morreale HF, Botella-Carretero JI, Alvarez-Blasco F, Sancho J, San Millan JL. The polycystic ovary syndrome associ­ated with morbid obesity may resolve after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:6364-69.

51. Moran LJ, Hutchison SK, Norman RJ, Teede HJ. Lifestyle changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;2:CD007506.

52. Legro RS, Arslanian SA, Ehrmann DA, et al. Endocrine Society Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4565-92.

53. Balen AH, Conway GS, Kaltsas G, et al. Polycystic ovary syn­drome: the spectrum ofthe disorder in 1741 patients.

54. Bhattacharya S, Porter M, Amalraj E, et al. The epidemi­ology of infertility in the North East of Scotland. Hum Reprod 2009;24:3096-107.

55. Hull MG Epidemiology of infertility and polycystic ovarian disease: endocrinological and demographic studies. Gynecol Endocrinol 1987;1:235-45.

56. Imani B, Eijkemans MJ, te Velde ER, Habbema JD, Fauser BC Predictors of patients remaining anovulatory during clomi- phene citrate induction of ovulation in normogonadotropic oligoamenorrheic infertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2361-65.

57. Palomba S, Orio F Jr, Falbo A, et al. Prospective parallel ran­domized, double-blind, double-dummy controlled clinical trial comparing clomiphene citrate and metformin as the first-line treatment for ovulation induction in non-obese anovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:4068-74.

58. Moll E, Bossuyt PM, Korevaar JC, Lambalk CB, van der Veen F. Effect of clomifene citrate plus metformin and clomifene citrate plus placebo on induction of ovulation in women with newly diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome: randomised double blind clinical trial. BMJ 2006;332:1485.

59. Zain MM, Jamaluddin R, Ibrahim A, Norman RJ. Comparison of clomiphene citrate, metformin, or the combination of both for first-line ovulation induction, achievement of pregnancy, and live birth in Asian women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a random­ized controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2009;91:514-21.

60. Homburg R, Hendriks ML, Konig TE, et al. Clomifene citrate or low-dose FSH for the first-line treatment of infertile women with anovulation associated with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective randomized multinational study. Hum Reprod 2012;27:468-73.

61. Palomba S, Falbo A, Zullo F, Orio F Jr. Evidence-based and po­tential benefits of metformin in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive review. Endocr Rev 2009;30:1-50.

62. NIH/NICHD Reproductive Medicine Network Effect of letrozole versus clomiphene on livebirth in women with anovulatory in­fertility due to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a randomized double-blind multicenter trial. Fertil Steril 2013;100 Suppl 3:S51.

63. Tulandi T, Martin J, Al-Fadhli R, et al. Congenital malformations among 911 newborns conceived after infertility treatment with letrozole or clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril 2006;85:1761-65.

64. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Long-Term Consequences of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Green­top Guideline No. 33. London: RCOG; 2014.

65. Gjonnaess H. Ovarian electrocautery in the treatment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Factors affecting the re­sults. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994;73:407-12.

66. Moran L, Teede H. Metabolic features of the reproductive phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 2009;15:477-88.

67. DeUgarte CM, Bartolucci AA, Azziz R. Prevalence of insulin re­sistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome using the homeostasis model assessment. Fertil Steril 2005;83:1454-60.

68. Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications. Endocr Rev 2012;33:981-1030.

69. Norman RJ, Masters L, Milner CR, Wang JX, Davies MJ. Relative risk of conversion from normoglycaemia to impaired glucose tol­erance or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum Reprod 2001;16:1995-98.

70. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. International Diabetes Federation: a consensus on Type 2 diabetes prevention. DiabetMed2007;24:451-63.

71. Meyer C, McGrath BP, Teede HJ. Overweight women with poly­cystic ovary syndrome have evidence of subclinical cardiovas­cular disease. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 2005;90:5711-16.

72. Moran LJ, Misso ML, Wild RA, Norman RJ. Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2010;16:347-63.

73. Wijeyaratne CN, Seneviratne Rde A, Dahanayake S, et al. Phenotype and metabolic profile of South Asian women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): results of a large database from a specialist Endocrine Clinic. Hum Reprod 2011;26:202-13.

74. Lee BH, Indran IR, Tan HM, et al. A dietary medium-chain fatty acid, decanoic acid, inhibits recruitment of Nur77 to the HSD3B2 promoter in vitro, and reverses endocrine and meta­bolic abnormalities in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinology 2016;157:382-94.

75. Pasquali R. Obesity and androgens: facts and perspectives. Fertil Steril 2006;85:1319-40.

76. Randeva HS, Tan BK, Weickert MO, et al. Cardiometabolic aspects of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Rev 2012;33:812-41.

77. Raval AD, Hunter T, Stuckey B, Hart RJ. Statins for women with polycystic ovary syndrome not actively trying to conceive. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;10:CD008565.

78. Azziz R, Woods KS, Reyna R, Key TJ, Knochenhauer ES, Yildiz BO. The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2745-49.

79. Azziz R, Sanchez LA, Knochenhauer ES, et al. Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:453-62.

80. Ozdemir S, Ozdemir M, Gorkemli H, Kiyici A, Bodur S. Specific dermatologic features of the polycystic ovary syndrome and its association with biochemical markers of the metabolic syndrome and hyperandrogenism. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010;89:199-204.

81. Rausch ME, Legro RS, Barnhart HX, et al. Predictors of pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:3458-66.

82. van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Carter B, Pandis N. Interventions for hirsutism (excluding laser and photoepilation therapy alone). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;28;4:CD010334.

83. Welt CK, Carmina E. Clinical review: lifecycle of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): from in utero to menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4629-38.

84. Dahlgren E, Friberg LG, Johansson S, et al. Endometrial car­cinoma; ovarian dysfunction—a risk factor in young women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1991;41:143-50.

85. Chittenden BG, Fullerton G, Maheshwari A, Bhattacharya S. Polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of gynaecological cancer: a systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online 2009;19:398-405.

86. Schildkraut JM, Schwingl PJ, Bastos E, Evanoff A, Hughes C. Epithelial ovarian cancer risk among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:554-59.

87. Olsen CM, Green AC, Nagle CM, et al. Epithelial ovarian cancer: testing the ‘androgens hypothesis’. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008;15:1061-68.

88. Bodmer M, Becker C, Meier C, Jick SS, Meier CR. Use of metformin and the risk of ovarian cancer: a case-control analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2011;123:200-204.