Inde

Abu Ghraib 7, 162, 174

and Guantanamo tactics 183 accesstojustice, see lawyers, access to; probono acoustic separation in law 194 Addington, David 173, 183, 184 adversary system 9-11

compared with inquisitorial system 32,

37 40

Fuller's defense of 37 40, 70

justifications of 32-55

as intrinsically good 48-51

consent argument 51-3

ethical division of labor 44-7 legal rights 40 4

pragmatic justification 55-7 social fabric argument 51-5 tradition argument 53-5 truth 32 40

narrow sense 27-8

purpose of, in criminal and non-criminal contexts 31

simulation experiments of 32

wide sense 28

adversary system excuse 19-64

in Trollope's Orley Farm 325-7 Alford, see North Carolina v.

humiliation tactics used on 182-3

Amar, Akhil 82

Amour-propre uber alles 259

and sin of pride 259

Arar, Maher 171

Arendt, Hannah 7, 33

analysis of Eichmann's moral psychology 250-2

Armani, Frank 23, 24

Article 49 opinion, see Goldsmith, Jack, draft

Article 49 opinion asylum 232-5 attorney-client privilege 80-1; see also

confidentiality

for organizations 87-8

Augustine of Hippo 221, 259, 266, 269 autonomy 74—6

difference between Kant's concept and contemporary American concept of 75-6

Bacon, Francis 275-6 baseball, natural law of 118-19 Beaver, Diane, see Beaver Memo BeaverMemo 182-4, 192

approves waterboarding 184

Beccaria, Cesare 165

Bedford, Sybille 37-8

Bem, Daryl 272-3, 277

Bentham, Jeremy 80, 155

Berkey-Kodak case 238-9, 252-3 blaming the victim 278-9

Borgia, Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI) 201 Brewster, Kingman 192

Brougham, Lord Henry 22, 24, 49

Burke, Edmund 54-5

Bybee, Jay S. 162, 176 and Rodrigo Borgia 201

BybeeMemo 162, 167, 176-80, 198, 200 compared with Goldsmith draft Article 49 opinion 189

executive supremacy and 174

looniness of 177-8

necessity defense in 179-80

organ failure definition of severe pain in 177, 178-9

outrage of JAGs at 173

provides maximum reassurance to interrogators 177

withdrawn by OLC 180, 185

CAT, see Convention Against Torture Cialdini, Robert 291-2

CID, see cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment

cognitive dissonance 39, 248, 285

Bem’s behaviorist reinterpretation of 272-3 reduction, high and low roads toward 267-8 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 19 confidentiality 80-1, 231

connection between confidentiality and duty of candid advising 155-6

justifications for 80-1 contrived ignorance 209-36

and culpable ignorance 224-5

Smith’s theory of 224-6

and legal ethics 219, 228-36 blameworthiness and 221-2 distinction between screening actions and unwitting misdeeds in 222

doctrine in criminal law 211-17

Model Penal Code approach 213-17,

223

negligence approach 212-13

fox and ostrich 220-2, 227-9

in religious ethics 219-20

waiver theory of 223

Convention Against Torture (CAT) 167-8,

190

US declarations and reservations to 167, 190

counter-attitudinal advocacy 269, 270

Cross, Frank 90-5

cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment (CID) 167, 190-2

Gonzales theory of 190-1

repudiated by Abraham Sofaer 191 violates Geneva Conventions 190

cruel trilemma argument 81-6

and attorney-client privilege 86

CYA (Cover Your Ass) memos 200

Dalkon Shield 35-6, 42

Dan-Cohen, Meir 194-5

Dauer, Edward 49 deniability 210-11

structures of 215

diffusion of responsibility 271-3 dignity, human, see human dignity “dirty questions,” see Dalkon Shield Donagan, Alan 68, 70, 71, 76

argument for right to counsel by 68-9 Doris, John 281, 287

Drinker, Henry 326

Dworkin, Ronald 134-5, 160

right-answer thesis of, criticized 195

Easterbrook, Frank 193, 198 egocentric predicament 71 Eichmann, Adolf 245, 250-2

Eisenberg, Melvin 2, 141

Enron 201

external point of view, see internal point of view

extraordinary renditions 170-1

Felstiner, William 158

Finnis, John 5, 113, 138, 142 foot-in-the-door effect 249-50, 273 Fortenberry, Joseph 238-9 fox, see contrived ignorance

Frank, Anne 186 Frankel, Marvin E.

Freedman, Monroe 10, 28, 30, 40, 59

Fried, Charles 48-51

Friedman, Lawrence 75 frivolous legal argument 192-7

determined by interpretive community of lawyers 193-5

Fuller, Lon L. 4, 10, 12, 70, 145, 151, 271 adversarial ethics of legal profession defended by 129-30

conception of natural law in 103, 116-17 criticized by author 37-40, 127-30 critique of positivism in 102-3 debate with Hart 100-1, 121, 139 defense of adversary system by 37-40 distinguishes law from managerial direction 110

eight canons of 101

as principles of efficacy 112-13, 114

as virtues of the lawmaker 115-16 interactional view of law in 114, 139 morality of duty and morality of aspiration distinguished by 105, 128

Fuller, Lon L. (cont.) mutual misunderstandings between

positivists and 103-4, 122-3, 139 role morality in 102, 117, 119-20, 128 fundamental attribution error 281, 295-6

Geneva Conventions 165-6

protections stripped away from Al Qaeda and Taliban 175-6

violated by CID treatment 190

Yoo's analysis of 199-200

Gideon, Clarence Earl 69

Goldsmith, Jack 178, 184 disavows work by John Yoo 184 draft Article 49 opinion 184-90, 192 compared with Bybee Memo 189 senseless formalism of 187-9 warns against detainee abuse 189-90

Goldsmith, Lord Peter 202-3

Gonzales, Alberto 162, 175, 180

offers unusual analysis of CID 190-1

Gray, John Chipman 133, 134 graymailing 21, 45

Griffin, Anthony 276-7

Griffiths, John 29

group polarization 277-8

Hampshire, Stuart 10, 35

Harman, Gilbert 281

Hart, H.L.A. 100, 131, 135, 151 criticized by author 137-8 debate with Fuller 100-1, 121, 139 “gunman writ large” 109, 137-8

Hasnas, John 31 heat-of-passion defense 255-8

Nourse's theory of 255-7

Model Penal Code on, criticized 256

Hebrew Bible:

and primogeniture 312-15 anti-legalism in 315

(See also Jewish ethics)

Heilbroner, David 294-5

Helms, Richard 21

Holmes, OliverWendell,Jr. 12, 133, 134, 145, 150, 157

Horton, Scott 163

Hudson v.

Hume, David 53

human dignity 65-95

as basis for human rights in international law 67-8

as having a story of one's own 70-2

as non-humiliation 6, 88-90

as property of relationships, not of individuals 66

different from autonomy 74-6, 84-5 enhanced by rule of law 4-6 in criminal defense 72-3

respected more by rule of law than by managerial direction 110-12 human nature, as malleable 266 (see also moral compass)

Hutner, Joseph, see Singer, Hutner case

indeterminacy of law 195-7 inquisitorial system 32, 37-40 institutional excuses 21-3, 57-62 integrity 267-97

and Socratic skepticism 296-7

“cures” for 291-7

genuine v. ersatz 285-91 internal point of view 136-43

as interpersonal linguistic practice, not psychological state 141

as point of view of lawyers, not officials 140-3

contrasted with external point of view 136-7 austere and less austere external points of view 136

officials' adoption of as necessary for a legal system 137

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 166

intuitive lawyering 270

Jackall, Robert 210 Jamadi, Manadel 170

Jewish ethics 316-19

and anti-humiliation 316-17

and justice 316

as this-worldly 330-1

laws of holiness (kedushim) in 92, 316-17 (See also Hebrew Bible; Maimonides, Moses)

Jones v. Barnes 74

Joseph, Lawrence 289 judge-centeredness, see jurisprudence, judge-centered

judicial decisions, atypicality of 146-50 jurisprudence

importance of point of view for 136-7 judge-centered 131, 132-5 arguments for judge-centeredness 143-54 based on impartiality 144

based on Judaeo-Christian outlook 143-4

based on legal realism 144, 145-52 based on reasoned opinions 144

Kaczynski, Theodore 76-9

Kahan, Dan 256

Kahtani, Mohammed, see Al-Kahtani,

Mohammed

Kant, Immanuel 75

on duty to improve oneself 105

Katz, Leo 218-19

Kawabata, Yasunari 25

King, Martin Luther, Jr. 123, 126, 127, 156 Koskoff, Theodore 41

Kronman, Anthony 135

Kunstler, William 142

Lake Pleasant Bodies Case 23, 24, 59

Langdell, Christopher Columbus 134 Langevoort, Donald 268-9 law:

acoustic separation in 195

Austinian notion of, as “commands backed by threats” 137

essential mediocrity of 194-5

Fuller’s concept of as life-work of lawyers 102-3

indeterminacy of 195-7 internal point of view in Hart’s concept of 136-43

Lawyerland (Lawrence Joseph’s novel) 289 lawyers

access to 160

as absolvers 159, 200-2

as advisors 131, 198-9

distinguished from advocates 153-5 distinguished from predictors of what courts will decide 157-8

Model Rule 2.1 155, 198

obligation of independence and candor of 154-6, 163

as architects of social structure 5, 104, 151 government 202-4

in political asylum cases 232-5 paternalism toward clients of 74-9 role morality of 102, 117, 119-20, 276 tax 193 4

torture, see torture lawyers

Leff, Arthur 49

legal opinions, ethics of 198-9 (see also lawyers as advisors)

legal profession

as interpretive community 3, 193-6 common education of 2-3, 141

legal realism 43 4, 134, 145-52, 237 Lerner, Melvin 261-2, 278-9

Letter from Birmingham City Jail (Martin

Luther King, Jr.) 123, 126

Levin, Daniel, see Levin Memo

Levin Memo 180-2

Leviticus, book of 92, 316

Lewis, C.

McCain, John 191

Macaulay, Thomas Babington 9, 275-6 mafia legal system 138-9

Maimonides, Moses 93-4 analysis of tzedakah of 92, 316 managerial direction, distinguished from law 110

Margalit, Avishai 6, 88, 316-17

Mayer, Martin 201

Mellinkoff, David 25, 30, 48-9, 53 mens rea 212

and contrived ignorance 221-2, 222-3 Milgram experiments 239-66, 274-5, 283 4, 287

and moral responsibility 253-65

and warranted excuses 258-9

description of 239 41 explanations of compliance in 242-9

Agentic Personality theory 242-3

Authoritarian Personality theory 243-4 Corruption-of-judgment theory 248-50, 275

and Berkey-Kodak case 252-3 similarities of with Arendt’s analysis of Eichmann 250-2

Deferential Personality theory 245-6

Libertarian Personality theory 243

Sadistic Personality theory 244—5

Situationism 246-7

places performance principle and no-harm principle in conflict 242

subjects of don’t blame themselves 295 underestimates of compliance in 240, 241-2, 287

Milgram, Stanley, see Milgram experiments Millemann, Michael 13

Miller, Geoffrey (Gen.) 183

Miller, William Ian, analysis of humiliation by 89

Mirandella, Pico della 65, 66, 75

Model Penal Code 212, 255, 256 Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh 181

Montaigne, Michel de 289-91 “schizophrenic” versus “restricted identification” strategies in 290-1

Moore, G.E. 262

Moore, Michael S. 177, 261, 262

on “character argument,” criticized 264

Moore’s Paradox 213

Mora, Alberto 173

moral compass 266, 272, 286, 291

moral judgment, as judgment of particulars 248 moral responsibility, see responsibility Morgenbesser, Sidney 193

Moscovici, Serge 266

Murphy v. Waterfront Commission 81-3

(see also cruel trilemma argument)

NAACP v. Alabama 277

Nagel, Thomas 44 neutral partisanship 9

Niebuhr, Reinhold 237

Nietzsche, Friedrich 24, 76, 270

Nisbett, Richard 281, 283-4

North Carolina v. Alford 85-6

Nourse, Victoria 255-7

Nussbaum, Martha 256

Office of Legal Counsel 162, 177, 180, 184, 203-4

and waterboarding 181-2

permits same techniques as previous memos 181

OLC, see Office of Legal Counsel

Old Testament, see Hebrew Bible opinions, legal, see legal opinions, ethics of organizational evil 7-8, 46, 216 ostrich, see contrived ignorance

Parsons, Talcott 143, 159 paternalism 74-9

Perkins, Mahlon 238-9 pluralistic ignorance 272 political asylum 232-5

Popper, Sir Karl 33, 34

Posner, Richard 3, 194

Postema, Gerald 20, 61, 285

analysis of Montaigne by 290-1 primogeniture, analysis of 318-19 principle of charity 125 Principle of Neutrality, see Principle of

Nonaccountability

Principle of Nonaccountability 20, 21, 25, 27, 49, 63

Principle of Partisanship, see Principle of Professionalism

Principle of Professionalism 20, 21, 27, 63 pro bono 90-5

progressive positivists 120

erroneous critique of Fuller by 123-6

erroneous critique of natural law by 122-3 property 316-17

paradox of 316

purposive concepts 108

as aspirational concepts 109

as species of functional concepts 108 lawmaking as 125 pyramid of disputing 146-50

in the United States 148-50

Randall, John 37-9, 70

Ransom, Elwin (fictional character of C.

Lewis) 286

Rashi 314

realism, legal, see legal realism

renditions, see extraordinary renditions responsibility

and Milgram experiments 253-65 divided 7-8, 46

Rhode, Deborah 286-7

on character requirements for bar admission 282

role morality 102, 117, 119-20, 128, 288-9 Roosevelt, Eleanor 67-8

Root, Elihu 154, 156

Ross, Lee 281, 283-4

rule of law 1-6

connection with professional ethics of lawyers 100

lawyers as precondition for 141

origin of concept in Plato 99

Rumsfeld, Donald 173

closely followed Kahtani interrogation 182-3

St. Augustine, see Augustine of Hippo

Sarat, Austin 158

Schauer, Fred 12, 121, 122, 123-5, 195

Schiltz, Patrick 273-4

School of the Americas 168

Schwartz, Murray 20

Seidman, Louis Michael 84 self-incrimination 81-6

as equivalent to self-alientation 83-5 privilege grounded in concern for human dignity 82 4

Shaffer, Thomas 301, 323, 328-31

Jewish-ethical themes in 319-21

legal ethics of (“the advocate on the Cross”) 306-8, 309

in Legal Ethics of Radical Individualism 328-9

portrayal of Lady Mason by criticized 309-12

Sharswood, George 20, 45

Silver, Charles 90-5

Simon, William 20, 55, 72, 159, 231

Singer, Hutner case 209, 235-6 situationism in social psychology 246-7, 281-5, 295-6

Six Days War 196

SLAPP suits (Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation) 36, 42

Smith, Holly 224 6

social cognition 271-3

social psychology experiments

Asch 270, 287

Darley and Latane 271, 279, 292 Freedman and Fraser 249-50, 273

Isen and Levin 282

Lerner just-world experiments 278-9

Milgram 239-66, 274-5

on counter-attitudinal advocacy 270

Stanford Prison Experiment 280-1, 288, 293 4

Tajfel 278

Socratic skepticism 296-7

Sofaer, Abraham 191

Spaulding v. Zimmerman 59-60 Speer, Albert 217-18, 220, 228-36

Sporkin, Stanley 87

standard conception of the lawyer’s role, see neutral partisanship

Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) 280-1

tax lawyers, obligations of 194

Three Pillars of Advocacy 27

Titus Castricius 42

Tocqueville, Alexis de 5

torture

CIA tactics of 169

legal prohibitions on 165-9 outlawed in US 167-8

torture lawyers 6, 162-205 violation of craft values by 198

“torture lite” 190

torture memo, see Bybee Memo Transitivity Argument 57, 61 Trollope, Anthony 291, 302, 302-6

and adversarial ethics 325-7

Orley Farm 308-12

does not take sides between Jewish and

Christian ethical outlooks 323 failure of Mrs.

Unabomber, see Kaczynski, Theodore

Vaccaro v. Stephens 192

Walzer, Michael 52 warranted excuses 257-64

and free will 260

applied to Milgram experiments 258-9 Wasserman, David 13

Wasserstrom, Richard 11 Whewell, William 19

Wilkins, David 277 willful blindness, see contrived ignorance Williams, Bernard 61

Wittgenstein, Ludwig 71

Wolf, Susan 262-3

Yoo, John 162, 164, 172

and executive supremacy 174—5

and Geneva Conventions 176, 199-200 work disavowed by Jack Goldsmith 184 Younger, Irving 33-4

zeal, see zealous advocacy zealous advocacy 24, 26

goal of, in criminal defense 30 Zimbardo, Philip 288

inability of to escape role-playing in his own experiment 293-4

Zubaydah, Abu 176