INDEX

Note: Figures and tables are denoted by italic and bold text respectively, and notes by “n” and the number of the note after the page number e.g., 270n17 refers to note number 17 on page 270.

absolution principle 80, 83, 85, 87, 91 accomplices 155, 159-169, 238, 239, 275, 328; and

criminal law 374, 377, 379-382, 383, 384 accountability 30-31, 168, 223, 228, 290, 316,

322, 332; backward-looking 216; collective 363; and collective reasons for action 249-250, 252; corporate 489; mutual 193; and scientific fraud 361, 362, 364, 366, 367, 368; and types of collectives 11, 12

acting as a group member 66, 70 acting together 7, 52, 66, 130, 142-153, 396, 458,

503; in midst of disaster 208-213; and group members 24-25, 27; and individual moral responsibility 82, 87 actional events, institutional 96, 98-100, 101-102,

103, 104, 105, 106, 109

actions: contributory see contributory actions;

group 68, 70, 118, 137, 314, 316; individual see individual actions; institutional 49; intentional 11, 72-73, 94, 142, 193-194, 368; in war 433-445 active bystander training 319-320, 323n3 active conspiracy theorists 472-473, 477, 478-479 actus reus 73, 74, 378, 379-380 ad hoc groups 277, 331 administrative autonomy 426, 428-429 affectivity 19-20 affluence 331,340-341,343, 447, 469n2 agency: capacity of 114-115, 426; collective

see collective agency; collective epistemic

202-214; corporate see corporate agency; epistemic 202-214; individual 2, 51-64, 79, 246, 247; joint 2, 247, 268; monolithic 245-246; shared see shared agency

agency challenge 7, 127-128, 391 agency condition 449, 451, 455

agency individualism 95-96, 97-98, 105-106, 109 agency question 185-187, 189

agency requirement 130, 131, 133 agency-based collectivist arguments, for

collective responsibility 297, 298-300, 306-308; see also discursive dilemma

agenthood 7, 127

agential division of labor 439-442 agents: autonomous 83, 111n21, 234, 307, 308,

427; independent 95-96, 99, 100, 104, 105, 234, 423-424; operative 67, 68-70; rational 56, 100, 425, 427; see also individual agency; persons aggregates 1, 13-15, 16, 19, 20, 21,251,391,

412n1; and narrative 286-287, 290-291 aggregation: of individual responsibilities 182, 193,

217, 219; judgment see discursive dilemma aggregative harms 88, 89, 89, 90 aid 313-323

akrasia 285, 291, 293, 294

all-out obligations/all-things-considered

obligations 96, 267 altruism 349-350 anger 222, 292, 321, 389, 391; and corporate

wrongdoing 407-408, 409, 412, 413n9 answerability 191, 332, 361, 362, 364,

366-367, 368

anthropogenic climate change 78, 91, 475 anti-individualism 2, 5

apology 20, 235-236, 303, 328, 388, 390, 504-505;

collective 285, 291,293, 294

Aquinas, Thomas 113, 160, 161,162 Arendt, Hannah 292

Aristotle 21, 113 armored car example 88—89

Arthur Andersen case 402 atomism 5-6, 39-40, 40-41 attributability 11,361,362, 363, 366

Australia, emissions of 464-466, 467, 469 authority: normative 424, 425; putative 431, 435,

436, 440

authority-based argument, for moral responsibility 435,436,439, 441-443, 444

authorization 26, 69, 175, 182, 395, 396, 397, 422 autonomous agents 83, 111n21, 234, 307, 308, 427 autonomous we-mode group 72, 73 autonomy: administrative 426, 428-429; corporate

418, 419, 422-424, 424-425, 426, 427, 428; expectation of 418-429; external 73; internal 73; moral 107, 426, 427, 429

awareness, self- 155, 171-183, 223, 426

backward-looking moral responsibility 143, 298 backward-looking reasons 186, 187 backward-looking responsibility 39, 51, 52, 156,

221, 225, 249-250, 453; and commitments 188, 193, 194, 195, 196; and international relations 332, 334, 338, 341, 343; and the state 390, 393, 394

bad faith 174, 176, 182 bank robbery examples 30, 84, 167-168, 384,

390; and acting together 144-145, 146, 147, 148-149, 149-150, 151,153n9; and joint moral responsibility 39, 40, 41

baseline moral responsibility 157, 274 Beach case 218-220; beach rescue paradox 318

Being and Nothingness 172-173, 177 belief-relative practical reason 440-441 beliefs, individual 131, 234-235, 308 believers, ordinary 432, 472-473, 477, 478, 480 beneficence 447-459

benevolence 317-318, 353 best interests 354-355

Black Flags and Windmills 209, 212 blameworthiness: collective see collective blameworthiness; and corporate moral agency 406-409; group 31,76, 127, 136-137, 138; and guilt feelings 229-230; individual 7, 127, 130, 136, 138, 222; moral 24, 34, 65, 147; shared 136-138

blaming 11, 12, 14, 23, 317, 392, 393, 503; and collective guilt feelings 228, 230, 236-239; and corporate wrongdoing 406-407, 408, 409, 410, 411

bodily movements 19, 20, 73-74 boundaries, of responsibilities 6, 51-64

Brandt, Richard 229, 230

Bratman, Michael 47, 111n16, 342, 377, 382, 438-439; and acting together 143-146, 147, 148-149, 150, 152; and commitments 191-193, 194

British Petroleum (BP) 40, 42, 405, 419, 423, 447, 456-457

bystanders, and shared responsibility 39, 45, 155, 203, 218-219, 222, 224, 313-323

capacity 10-11, 45, 131-132, 329, 449, 451, 455; and corporate wrongdoing 401, 406, 414n13 car pushing example 42, 203

Categorical Imperative 9, 56 causal contributions 59, 124, 248, 377, 383, 431,

467; and boundaries of responsibility 41-42, 43, 46, 47; and bystanders 314, 315; and complicity 160, 169n2; and individual responsibility 80, 84, 88, 91,275, 277; and war 435, 442 causal insensitivity 148, 149 causal reach 2, 155, 435 causal responsibility 38, 85, 149, 152n4, 216,

298, 331; aggregate 39; collective 39; of group members 74, 279; in health care 347-356 causation 147-150, 328, 374, 376, 378, 379,

380, 507

chains, of responsibility 39, 49 Christianity 10, 349

CID Structures see Corporate Internal Decision

Structures (CID Structures)

citizenship 67, 394, 396, 397, 399n7, 427 cliff top witness case 318-319 climate change 78, 91, 269, 458n3, 461-469, 475 clods 13-15, 16, 19, 20, 21

CMA thesis (Collective Moral Autonomy Thesis) 107-108

CMR (corporate moral responsibility) 5-6, 9, 10,

13, 23-36, 38-50, 419-420 co-commitment 25, 30 coerced collective action 29 collaborative research 328, 359, 362-363, 364, 366 collective acceptance 66, 71, 72, 76 collective action: coerced 29; criminal law of

374-377; individual responsibility for

274-283; intentional 87, 89, 477;large-scale 269; problems of 205, 221,259, 265, 266, 269, 385; solutions 203, 205, 207, 221; unjust 275, 278-279, 281; voluntary 29

collective agency 2, 6, 232, 249, 258, 291, 375, 377,

462; and boundaries of responsibility 52, 53, 57, 58, 62; and discursive dilemma 298, 308, 309n9, 311n34; and environmental justice 491, 492, 493, 494; and international relations 332, 334, 339, 340-341

collective akrasia 285, 291, 293 collective apology 285, 291, 293, 294 collective attitudes 181, 197n21, 238, 350, 356 collective belief 29, 33, 35n28

collective blameworthiness 5, 7, 30, 34, 216, 222; and acting together 142, 146, 150, 152n2; and collective moral agents 129, 130, 135, 136-137, 138-139 collective brilliance 156, 204, 207—208, 210,

212,214

collective character 156, 229, 238, 239

collective commitment 66, 71,76, 151—152 collective contexts 187, 222, 277, 375, 452 collective cover-ups 356

collective creativity 212, 213

collective decision making 220, 281

collective duties, of beneficence 431, 447—459 collective emotions 32—33, 238

collective entities, supra-human 39—40, 41 collective epistemic agency 202—214

collective failure 47, 214, 260

collective goals 24—25, 30, 31,32, 33, 253, 265; and beneficence 451, 452, 454, 455—456

collective guilt 156, 228—241

collective harm 80, 299, 390, 392, 447, 492, 498 collective inaction 2, 155, 156, 202—214

collective institutional responsibility 39, 43—44 collective intentionality 2, 5, 156, 184, 229, 237, 491; and criminal law 384, 386n27; and plural self-awareness 179, 180, 181

collective intentions 252—253, 271n19, 291,300, 384, 450-451

Collective Irrationality Argument, from discursive dilemma 305-306

collective liability 208, 212, 213, 384

collective moral agency 331, 332, 337, 339, 432, 462, 495

Collective Moral Autonomy Thesis (CMA thesis) 107-108

collective moral obligations 156, 258-271 collective moral responsibility (CMR): atomistic account of 5-6, 39, 41; collectivist account of 5-6, 39, 40-41; factor model of 6, 79, 107; for group members 23-36; as joint moral responsibility 38-50; for omissions 45-47, 224; relational account of 5-6

collective obligations, and the point of morality 94-111

collective omissions 6, 39, 153n10, 270n10, 299 collective outcome 52, 59, 132, 250, 259-260, 274, 282, 377, 396

collective punishment 285, 291, 295n16

collective reasons, for action 156, 243-255 collective remorse 32-33

collective solutions 449, 450, 458n1

collective struggle 204, 207-208, 210, 212, 213, 214, 214n5

collective values 347-356

collective violent action thought experiment 274-276

collective wisdom 351-352

collectively available options 262-264, 266, 267, 270n12, 453

collectives: aggregate 13-15, 16, 19, 20, 21; conglomerate 16, 20; goal-oriented see goal-oriented collectives; membership in 164, 165, 166; social 65; structured 246-247, 252-253, 450-455; unstructured 247, 431,448, 450-455

collectivism 39-41,168, 311n34; see also responsibility-collectivism collectivist account, of collective moral responsibility 5-6, 39, 40, 307, 453 collectivist view 40, 454 collectivities 9-10, 13-16, 74, 431; and beneficence 447-448, 450, 451, 453-454, 457, 458n2

collectivization 133, 134, 307, 356, 456 colorblindness 432, 501-502, 510n4 commitments: and backward-looking responsibility 193-196; Bratman’s account of 191-193; and collective responsibility 193; corporate 120, 234-235; fully shared 185, 188, 197n6; Gilbert’s account of 189-191; interpersonal 185-186, 188, 197n6; joint 5, 25-28, 29, 30-31, 33, 34, 189-191, 232, 233; member 234-235; and obligations 195-196; personal 33, 360; self- 175, 176, 178, 181; shared 185, 189, 191, 192-195, 218, 369, 425 Common Ground Collective 209-213, 214n11 common knowledge condition 189, 190, 191, 192 communitarianism 287, 288 compensation 235-236, 248, 303, 316, 328, 356, 376; and climate change 466, 467; and expectation of autonomy 423, 425; and the state 388, 389, 390, 394, 397, 398-399 competing collective values 347-356 complicity 161-162, 166, 169n3, 169n4 conditions, of collective responsibility 90 conflict criterion 473, 474 conglomerates 13, 16, 19, 20, 21, 286,

290-291,294

consent 160, 162, 163, 348, 354, 397 consequentialism, rule 97, 100 conspiracy 383-384, 432, 472-482 constitutivism 27, 70, 71, 75, 131, 135 consumers 315, 321, 327, 348, 349, 354-355, 356 Contingency Argument, from discursive dilemma 304-305

contractualism 131, 135 contributory actions 160, 167, 279, 280-281, 282, 283n2; and collective moral obligations 263, 264-265, 266, 269, 270n17; and joint moral responsibility 41, 42, 46, 47

contributory responsibility 496, 497 co-responsibility 36n32, 165, 239 corporate agency 7, 391, 398, 402, 403, 428, 450; and collective guilt feelings 229, 233, 234; and corporate agents 113-115, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124

corporate autonomy 418, 419, 422-424, 424-425, 426, 427, 428 corporate behaviors 114, 116, 120

corporate commitments 120, 234—235

corporate conduct 409, 419, 421-422

corporate decisions 115, 385; and expectation

of autonomy 420, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 428-429

corporate intention 20, 276-277, 279, 280, 281, 282, 420, 421, 426

corporate intentionality 115, 116, 117, 123, 124

Corporate Internal Decision Structures (CID

Structures) 19, 20, 276, 420, 421; and corporate agents 115-116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 125n4 corporate moral agency 391-392, 403, 404, 406-409, 412n4, 418, 419

corporate moral responsibility (CMR) 5-6, 9, 10, 13, 23-36, 38-50, 419-420

corporate personality 352-353, 356, 385 corporate responsibility 5, 19-20, 21, 124, 328,

353, 390, 405; and expectation of autonomy 418, 419, 420, 422, 426, 429n1

corporate shareholders 353, 384-385, 401 corporate wrongdoing 401-415 creativity, collective 212, 213

credit economy, scientific 328, 359, 360, 361,364, 365, 368, 369

crimes against humanity 382, 392

criminal law, and collective action 221,

373-386, 392

crow, scott 208, 209-210, 211, 212, 213 culpability standard, of responsibility 274, 277-278 culpable emitters 432, 462, 464, 465, 466, 469 culpable ignorance 254n6, 254n7

danger 134, 180, 202, 349, 433, 447, 461, 475; and bystanders 313, 317-318, 319, 320, 322; and collective moral obligations 259, 260; and failures to prevent harm 223-224; social 374, 379

death by a thousand cuts example 57-58, 63n10; see also equal blows case

decision-making: collective 220, 281; corporate 115, 385; distributed 423; and expectation of autonomy 420, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 428-429; individual 44, 232, 234, 262, 352, 374

Deepwater Horizon oil spill 405

democratic authorization 395, 396, 397 derogation racism 506-507, 508, 510n7, 510n18 developers, of conspiracy theories 432, 472-473, 477-479

diachronic institutional action 6, 39, 47, 48 diachronic moral responsibility 12-13, 15, 18 dictatorship 54, 73, 117, 334, 335, 398 dilution principle 80, 83, 85, 91 direct liability 380-381

direct responsibility 143, 495, 496-497

directed obligations 34, 192, 193, 198n33, 444n8 discursive dilemma 297-311,300, 302 dispositional case, for group action 75, 76 disseminators, of conspiracy theories 432, 472-473, 477, 478, 480

distribution question 79, 83 distributive collective responsibility 157, 308n2 division of labor, agential 439-442

doctrine of accomplice liability 328, 374, 377, 379-380,381,383

double effect, doctrine of 92n11

duties: of beneficence 431,447-459; of collectives 449-450; imperfect 316, 317, 318; joint 44, 452, 453, 455; moral see moral duties; perfect 316; remedial 394-395, 396, 397, 448; transitional 98, 104, 106, 107, 108

Eckersley, Robyn 486, 488, 490, 497

E-like institutions 503-505, 508

emergency hearts 209, 212-213

emissions 78, 127, 431-432, 461-469; and collective moral obligations 259, 260, 269, 271n29; and criminal law 374-375, 385

emotions 125n2; collective 32-33, 231, 238; group 2, 155, 295n15; moral 20, 295n15, 407; moral responsibility-based collective 32-33; negative reactive 231; organizational 231; and wrongdoing 407; see also guilt; indignation; resentment

employees 19, 20, 40, 115, 122, 385, 457, 463; and corporate wrongdoing 402, 403, 410, 414-415n16

engagement 51,58, 210, 226, 358, 428, 496; and corporate agents 114, 118, 122; and plural self-awareness 177, 178; and the state 392, 393, 394

environmental (in)justice 432, 486-498

epistemic agency 202-214

epistemic authorities 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 480, 481n2, 482n6

equal blows case 83, 84, 85; see also death by a thousand cuts example

ethics 2, 3, 21, 155, 249, 285, 287-288; medical 349, 354

e-waste, transnational 489-490

excused helplessness 137, 138

executive control 290

existentialism 172, 173, 176, 182, 217, 348 expectation of autonomy 418-429 explanatory ineliminability, collective responsibility as 491-493

externally free group action 66, 71, 76

extreme individualism 106, 109

factor model, of collective moral responsibility 6, 79, 107

failure 46, 47, 214, 222, 260, 306; to act 161,219, 220, 222, 226, 453

false consciousness 504

Famine case 219-220, 221-222, 224, 225, 226 faulty norms 292, 293, 294 feelings, vicarious 409, 414n14 feeling-sensations 32, 36n35, 237 ferry ride case 134, 135 filling the tank example 87, 88 first-person narrative activity 289-290 Flooded Community case 223-224 foreseen harm 87, 88, 89, 90 forgiveness 408

formal institutions 19, 218, 493, 494, 498 forward-directed responsibility 432, 487 forward-looking notion, of acting for reasons 244, 248, 250

forward-looking responsibility 39, 52, 143, 221, 222-223, 225, 226, 453; and commitments 187, 188, 193, 195, 198n54; forward-looking collective moral responsibility 152n3; and the state 390, 394, 399n6

fraud, scientific 358-370

French Resistance case 177-178 fully shared commitments 185, 188, 197n6 functionalism 103-104, 118, 234, 236, 306-307

GHGs see greenhouse gases (GHGs) ghostwriting 328, 359, 365, 366, 367 Gilbert’s account of shared action, discussion of 437-438

global emissions gap 259, 269 global moral obligations 268-269 global poverty 203, 206, 207, 450, 451,454, 458 global warming 78, 88, 91, 265-266, 271n29 goal-oriented collectives 15, 157, 342, 450-451;

and individual responsibility for collective action 274, 276, 277, 278, 279-280, 281-282, 283 Good Samaritan 202-203 government business enterprises 465-466 greenhouse gases (GHGs) 78, 91,127, 266,

431-432; and climate change 461-462, 465, 466, 468, 469n2, 469n5

group action 68, 70, 118, 137, 314, 316 group agency 2, 3, 6, 7, 157, 182, 245, 450; and boundaries of responsibility 53, 55, 58, 64n11; and corporate agents 117-118, 119-122; and we-mode 66, 76

Group Agency: The Possibility, Design, and Status of Group Agents 117

group attitudes 72, 117, 118, 228

group blameworthiness 127, 136-137, 138 group decision-making 66, 340, 404, 405 group emotions 2, 155, 295n15

group members 67, 69, 196, 287, 367; causal responsibility of 74, 279; individual see individual group members; putative 225

group norms 290, 291, 293

group obligations 7, 127, 129, 132-133, 134, 136, 139n4 group reason 66, 71, 307

group responsibility: and narrative 290-294; normative objection to 286, 291,294; practical objection to 291,292, 294; reductive objection to 291, 294; we-mode account of 71-76

group structure 217, 277, 287

groups: and beneficence 447-448, 449, 451, 453, 454-455; informal 79, 106, 274-275, 340, 343n3; institutional 130, 404; involuntary 69; narrative construction of 287-290; putative 218-219, 220, 222, 225, 454; social see social groups; structured 391; unstructured 39, 71, 131; voluntary 66, 67, 71, 76

guilt: and blame 229-230; capacity to experience 401,406, 409; collective 156, 228-241; joint commitment to feel 231-233; personal 31, 32, 232, 233, 237; and phenomenology 230-231; vicarious 392

Gulf of Mexico oil spill 405

harm: aggregative 88, 89, 89, 90; collective 80, 91, 299, 390, 392, 447, 492, 498; failures to prevent 156, 216-226; foreseen 87, 88, 89, 90; individual

88, 89; indivisible 84; non-aggregative 88, 89, 91; non-difference-making understanding

of 468; ongoing 205, 222, 223-224; total 88,

89, 89, 90

Haslanger, Sally 120, 121, 122; and institutional racism 501, 503, 505, 507, 508, 510n13, 511n23

hate crime 285, 291, 292, 294

health care 347-356

herd immunity example 259, 260, 269 Hippocratic Oath 348, 349

Hume, David 228, 229, 236, 239 humiliation case 231,245, 247, 249, 250, 314, 315 Hurricane Katrina 208-209, 213

ideal code 97, 98-99, 101

identity 13, 52-53, 285, 287-288, 289

ignorance 30, 264-265, 278, 314, 319, 503-504; and collective reasons for action 246, 254n6, 254n7

IGOs (intergovernmental organizations) 327, 331, 336-340

I-mode 75, 263, 270n14 imperfect duties 316, 317, 318 inaction, collective 2, 155, 156, 202-214 independent agents 95-96, 99, 100, 104, 105, 234, 423-424

indifference racism 432, 503, 506-507, 508, 510n20,510-511n21,511n22, 511n24

indignation 19-20, 127, 222-223, 299, 407, 450; and bystanders 321, 332; and collective guilt feelings 230, 233-234

individual actions 178, 232, 320, 341, 403, 452-453; and collective moral agents 132, 133; and collective moral obligations 259, 269; and discursive dilemma 299, 307, 308; and environmental justice 491,492-493, 495, 496-497; and individual responsibility for collective action 276, 281,282-283, 283n4;

and joint moral responsibility 43, 46

individual agency 2, 51-64, 79, 246, 247 individual attitudes 117, 144, 181,190, 231,237, 300, 438

individual backward-looking responsibility 188 individual beliefs 131,234-235, 308

individual blameworthiness 7, 127, 130, 136, 138, 222

individual contributions 17, 42, 84, 156, 217, 238, 264, 316; and beneficence 451; and boundaries of responsibility 58, 63n10; and corporate wrongdoing 403, 405, 411; and discursive dilemma 299, 304, 306; and scientific fraud 367 individual decision-making 44, 232, 234, 262, 352, 374

individual duties 133, 268; and beneficence 448, 449, 451-452, 453, 455-456, 458

individual failure 46, 222, 306 individual group members 74, 156, 193, 217, 231, 239, 392, 402; and discursive dilemma 297, 299, 303

individual intentions 82, 85, 144, 146-147, 179, 192, 377, 384; and individual responsibility for collective action 276, 279-280, 281

individual, interpersonal commitments 185-186, 188, 197n8

individual moral agents 138, 217, 259,

414n15, 458, 497; and complicity 159, 163, 166-167, 168

individual moral responsibility 2, 6, 78,

79, 116, 157, 274, 405; and joint moral responsibility 38, 40

individual moral subjects 287, 288-289 individual obligations 129, 131, 132-133, 134, 135-136

individual rationality 53, 55, 307

individual responsibility: for collective action

274-283; and institutional racism 501-511 individual-collective responsibility 16-17, 18-19 individualism 163; agency 95-96, 97-98, 105-106,

109; extreme 106, 109; moderate 95-96, 106; moral 95, 96, 107, 111n24; normative 390, 392, 395; ontological 299, 307, 308, 311n34; and reduction 105-108

individualistic account, of responsibility 219, 281 individualistic view, of collective duty 451-452 informal groups 79, 106, 274-275, 340, 343n3 innocent persons 147, 149

insensitive causation 147-150 institutional actional events 96, 98-100, 101-102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109

institutional actions 6, 39, 47, 48, 49

institutional actors 44, 48-49, 410 institutional arrangements 48, 49, 419, 428 institutional doers 98, 101-102, 105, 109 institutional environment 432, 486, 487, 488, 490, 491, 492, 494-498

institutional groups 130, 404

institutional obligations 99-101

institutional racism 501-511

institutional responsibility 38, 39, 43, 44, 48, 49, 328; see also legal responsibility

institutionalized oppression 315, 317

intending something sufficient case 86

intention: collective 252-253, 271n19, 291,

300, 384, 450-451; corporate 276-277, 279, 280, 281,282, 420, 421, 426; individual see individual intentions; joint see joint intention; participatory 239, 248, 377, 384, 396, 450; shared 142-153

intention condition 144, 147, 153n7, 191 intentional action 11, 88, 94, 121, 142, 193-194, 368; and we-mode 67, 70, 72-73

intentional activities 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62

intentional collective action 87

intentional control 61, 62, 102-103, 110-111n13 intentional joint action 67, 88

intentional states 103-104, 111n15, 118, 237-238, 281; and climate change 462-463, 463-464

intentional subjectivity 180, 181, 235, 238, 423 intentional wrongdoing 7, 142-143, 145, 146, 147, 148,149,151-152, 153n9

intentionality 118; collective see collective intentionality; corporate 115, 116, 117, 123, 124; group intentionality 118

intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) 327, 331, 336-340

intergroup reconciliation 292-293 interlocking intentions 147, 151, 271n19 international law 343n3, 389, 390, 391, 433 international organizations 225, 226, 338-339 international relations 331-344

Internet 314, 320, 321, 354, 478, 479 interpersonal commitments 33, 185-186,

188, 197n8

interpersonal obligations 192, 445n15

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 461

Isaacs, Tracy 34, 153n9, 203, 205, 222, 278, 341, 392; and beneficence 450-451, 454

Jaspers, Karl 31,36n32, 165, 217, 232, 237, 239, 388

JMR see joint moral responsibility (JMR) joint ability 259, 264-265, 266, 267, 270n16 joint action: intentional 67, 88; large-scale 42-43;

layered structures of 44; and participation 246-250; and self-determination 176-178; significant 41-42, 49

joint activity 24, 59, 177, 379, 380, 412, 438; and commitments 188, 191, 192 joint agency 2, 247, 268

joint commitments 5, 156, 232, 233, 369, 437, 438, 477-478; and group members 25-28, 29, 30-31, 33, 34; see also commitments joint duties 44, 452, 453, 455 joint intention 117, 177, 178, 384; and acting together 144, 146, 147, 151; and individual responsibility 85, 87, 90; and we-mode 68, 72, 74 joint moral obligations 45-46

joint moral responsibility (JMR) 5-6, 38-50;

see also relational account, of collective moral responsibility

joint necessity 259-260, 261,263-264, 265, 266-267,270n9,271n18

joint omissions 41, 42, 44, 45 joint responsibility 1,6, 39, 41, 42, 45, 67, 432 jointly held obligations 261-262 Julius Caesar example 277-278

Kant, Immanuel 9, 10, 100, 113, 135, 173, 262,

287, 395, 448; and criminal law 377, 378,

381; and expectation of autonomy 424-425, 426-427, 428

Katrina, Hurricane 208-209, 213 Kipling, Rudyard 9, 10, 15, 16 knowledge 205, 206, 214n7, 266, 269; and

commitments 189, 190, 191,192

large social groups 290, 292, 293, 294 large-scale collaborative research 328, 359,

362-363, 364, 366 large-scale collective action 269 large-scale joint actions 42-43 large-scale moral obligations 268-269 large-scale scientific collaborations 328, 359,

362-363, 364, 366 legal complicity 161,169n4 legal personhood 352-353, 391, 466 legal responsibility 12, 21, 38, 221; see also

institutional responsibility

Lewis, H.D. 9-10, 11, 13, 21,39, 166 liability: accomplice 328, 374, 377, 379-380, 381,

383; attempt 381; collective 208, 212, 213, 384; conspiracy 383-384; direct 380-381; principal 381; shareholder 385 linking 250-254

Love Canal case 486, 488-489, 490, 491,493, 494,

495, 496, 498 loyalty 350, 410-411,412

makes no difference principle 247-248, 249, 250,

251,252, 253, 254 market values 364-367 marksman/sniper case 147-148, 149 master narratives 289, 290 Maxwell case 379, 381-382 mechanics thought experiment 275-276, 278, 279 mediated capacity 455

member commitments 234-235

member states 338, 339, 447, 448, 452, 454, 458 membership guilt 32, 232, 237, 238, 239 mens rea 73, 74, 378, 379-380

mental states 72-73, 74, 221,238, 378, 422, 462-463; and commitments 186, 189 methodological individualism (MI) 10, 15, 21n1,331

methodology 147, 156, 203-204, 286, 363 Mill, John Stuart 229, 322

million-dollar bank heist example 39, 40, 41 minorities 14, 46, 47, 320, 487

Mr.

moral commitments 419, 422, 426, 427, 474 moral community 5, 9-10, 10-11, 12, 19, 414n13 moral complicity 161,169n3, 169n4 moral criticism 304, 321, 322, 504 moral culture 97, 99, 110n3, 110n4 moral duties 96, 104, 105, 317, 354; and beneficence 447, 448, 449, 450, 451,455

moral emotions 20, 295n15, 407

moral individualism 95, 96, 107, 111n24

moral integrity 162, 163, 165

moral norms 11, 131, 157, 302, 304-305; and bystanders 313, 314, 320-322, 323

moral obligations: all-things-considered 96; collective 156, 258-271; individual 46;

joint 45-46

moral personhood 19, 20, 419, 426-428 moral principles 88, 191, 329; and expectation of autonomy 418-419, 421, 422, 425, 427, 428-429

moral reasoning 19, 92n2, 104, 390-391, 421, 437; and international relations 332, 335; and types of collectives 10-11, 12

moral responsibility: ascriptions of 10, 12, 16; authority-based 435, 436, 439, 441-443, 444; backward-looking 143, 298; baseline 157, 274; of bystanders 39, 45, 155, 203, 218-219, 222, 224, 313-323; causality condition of 394; chains of 39, 49; and collective emotions 32-33;

corporate 391-392, 403, 404, 406-409, 412n4, 418, 419; forward-looking collective 152n3; individual 2, 6, 38, 40, 78, 79, 116, 157, 274, 405; joint 5-6, 38-50; shared 286-287, 498; see also responsibility moral standards 65, 97, 321,419 moral taint 159, 162-163, 165, 169n8 moral theory 96, 100, 101,262, 376, 378 morality, point of 94-111 motives 134, 149, 173, 276, 277, 278, 382 motorcycle accident case 259-261, 262-263, 265,

267, 270n6

multiple agents 81, 82, 338; and boundaries 52, 55, 56, 57, 61,63n8

murder 41-42, 49, 83, 453, 474; and criminal law 378-379, 381; and individual responsibility for collective action 275, 277, 278; and types of collectives 16, 17, 18

narrative 13, 285-295 nation states 226 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 337,

338, 343 natural responsibility 38, 43, 44 Nazi Germany 36n32, 177, 178, 335, 382, 388,

397; and complicity 162, 167 necessary and sufficient conditions 51, 86, 348,

462-463; and acting together 147, 153n7; and collective moral obligations 261, 266; and commitments 192, 194, 198n37 necessary part of the actual cause 86-87 negative responsibility 11-12, 316 neuro-psychological mechanisms 11, 12, 13 NGOs (non-governmental organizations)

374-375, 419 no relevant difference principle 80, 86, 87, 88 non-agential groups 131-132, 136-137, 332 non-aggregative harm 88, 89, 91 non-basic joint commitments 26-27 non-culpable ignorance 503-504 non-distributive collective responsibility 194-195,

196, 286, 294n6, 297-311,300, 302 non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

374-375, 419 non-identity problem 467-468 non-operative members, of a group 67, 69, 70 non-organized groups 94, 111n24, 207, 268 non-voluntary groups 67 normative authority 424, 425 normative commitment 25, 30, 449 normative competence 10-11, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20,

119, 299 normative individualism 390, 392, 395 normative moral theories 96, 100 normative objection, to group responsibility 286,

291, 294 normative relations 53, 186, 437 normative standards 12, 65, 66, 71, 76, 392 normativity 187, 191, 193, 425

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 337, 338, 343

obligations: all-out 258, 267, 268, 269, 271n27; all-things-considered 267; bearers of 134, 136; collective 94-111; conditional 129; failure to discharge 139n5; group 7, 127, 129, 132-133, 134, 136, 139n4; interpersonal 192, 445n15; joint 45-46, 261-262; positive 156, 216; special 224, 225, 458n1

Occam's Razor 95

offshore wind case 128, 129, 130, 131-132,

133, 136

omissions: collective 6, 39, 153n10, 270n10, 299; collective moral responsibility for 45-47; joint 41, 42, 44, 45

On Social Facts 5, 23

ongoing harm 205, 222, 223-224

ontological individualism 299, 307, 308, 311n34 ontology 94-95, 106, 122, 143, 219, 245, 385, 403, 491; and collective guilt feelings 237, 238; and narrative 288, 294; social 258, 281, 358, 375, 377, 380

operative agents 67, 68-70, 71-72

oppression: institutionalized 315, 317; racial 432, 501, 503, 504, 507, 508, 509, 511n23

ordinary believers, in conspiracy theories 432, 472-473, 477, 478, 480

organization members 33, 276, 277, 282 organizational structure 94, 104, 109, 111n22, 218, 410-411, 412n1

organized groups 14, 94, 125n11, 130, 293, 374 orthodox view, on the morality of war 433, 434 overall rational unity 55, 56, 61-62, 119 overdetermination 80, 85-86, 87, 250, 376

parallel action 146-147, 148, 376

parallel robberies case 144-145, 146, 147, 148-149, 149-150, 151

Parfit, Derek 53, 249, 250, 260, 375

Parole Board example 302, 303-304, 310n20 partial compliance 450, 457-458 partial responsibility 217, 218

participation, and joint action 246-250 participatory intentions 239, 248, 377, 384,

396, 450

partly excused helplessness case 137-138 passive case, for group action 75, 76 peds 14, 21

perfect duty 316

personal commitments 33, 185-186, 188, 197n8 personal decisions 19, 33, 333

personal guilt 31, 32, 232, 233, 237

personal identity 13, 52-53, 285, 287-288,

289, 290 personal racism 502, 505, 507, 508, 511n24 personal responsibility 57, 62-63, 411,492 persons: innocent 147, 149; legal 352-353, 391,

466; private 72, 73, 74, 75; see also agents; individual agency

Pettit, Philip 113-114, 293, 391-392, 404-405, 462-463; and collective guilt feelings 230-231, 234-235; and discursive dilemma 299, 305-306, 307; and expectation of autonomy 422-423, 425-426, 429n3

phenomenology, and guilt feelings 230-231 philosophy department example 53-55, 56, 57, 58-59, 62, 63n6

physical behaviors 157, 274, 278, 281-282, 283 picnic case 248-249

plural self-awareness 171-183

plural subject theory, of group guilt feelings 184, 193-194, 229, 232, 233, 491; and group members 27, 29, 32, 33, 34; and plural self-awareness 177, 178, 179, 180, 182

point of morality 94-111

policies: unjust 389, 394, 396; wrongful 388, 389, 392, 395

positive obligation 156, 216

power differentials 489, 490-491

practical necessity, of overall rational unity 61-62 practical objection, to group responsibility 291, 292, 294

practical possibility, of overall rational unity 61-62 practical reasoning 435-436, 440-441 pragmatic need 83-84

praiseworthiness 38, 47, 65, 71, 143, 332 predictive significance 147-150 preparedness 133, 134, 135, 139n3 pre-reflective self-awareness 155, 171,173, 174, 175, 181, 182

principal actor 379, 380; and complicity 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 167, 169n2, 169n5, 169n6

principal liability 381

prior intentions 43, 150

private prison corporation board case 405 problem of sociality 96-97, 101, 110n4 propositional ignorance 265 propositions 98, 106, 108, 117; and discursive dilemma 301, 305, 306, 309n14, 309n15, 310n28, 310n32

prospective reason for action, and retrospective responsibility 243-244, 245, 249, 250

prospective responsibility see forward-looking responsibility

protected reasons 431, 435, 436, 438, 439-440, 441, 442, 443, 445n16

psychological connectedness 13, 21n7 psychological reductionist account, of personal identity 53

public knowledge 266, 269

public shaming 322

publishers, of conspiracy theories 432, 472-473, 477-479

punishment: collective 285, 291, 295n16; moral theory of 378; social 321-322

pure institutional racism 503-504, 505, 510n14 pushing a car up a hill example 42, 203

putative authority 431, 435, 436, 440

putative groups 218-219, 220, 222, 225, 454

quality of will 7, 142-143, 147, 149, 150-152

racial antipathy 506-507, 510n18, 510-511n21 racial derogation 506-507, 508, 510n7, 510n18

racial indifference 432, 503, 506-507, 508, 510n20, 510-511n21,511n22, 511n24

racial inequality 432, 501, 502, 503, 505

racial oppression 432, 501, 503, 504, 507, 508,

509, 511n23

racism: indifference 432, 503, 506-507, 508,

510n20, 510-511n21, 511n22, 511n24; institutional 501-511; personal 502, 505, 507, 508, 511n24; structural 501-511

radical collective responsibility 155, 171-183

radical (ir)responsibility 155, 171-176, 177, 178, 181, 182

radically collaborative research 363

random collectives 14, 318

rational agents 56, 100, 425, 427

rational autonomy 113, 114

rational point of view (RPV) 6, 52, 57; and corporate agents 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 rational unity 53, 55, 56, 59, 61-62, 119, 423, 424 reactive attitudes 19-20, 152, 332, 407, 428, 441, 450; and collective guilt feelings 229, 231, 239; and corporate agency 233-236; and discursive dilemma 298, 299, 309n8; and failures to prevent harm 221, 222, 223, 224; and the state 389, 391

reason for action, prospective 243-244, 245,

249, 250

reasons-responsiveness 131, 254n10, 299 reductionism 15, 16, 51-64, 105-108, 111n22 reductive individualistic view, of collective duty 451

reductive objection, to group responsibility

291, 294

relational account, of collective moral responsibility 5-6, 39; see also joint moral responsibility (JMR)

remedial duties 394-395, 396, 397, 448

remedial responsibility 328, 389-390, 392, 394-398

rescue, moral duty to 317-318

resentment 222, 233, 299, 332, 389, 391, 398, 407-408

responsibility: accountability aspect of 11; assignment of 402-409; attributability aspect of 11; backward-looking see backward­looking responsibility; boundaries of 51—64; causal see causal responsibility; and climate change 461-469; and complicity 161-162; contributory 496, 497; corporate see corporate responsibility; culpability standard of 274, 277-278; direct 143, 495, 496-497; forward­looking see forward-looking responsibility; group see group responsibility; individual 274-283, 501-511; individual backward­looking 188; individual-collective 16-17, 18-19; institutional 38, 39, 43, 44, 48, 49, 328; interpersonal 62; joint 1,6, 39, 41,42, 45, 67, 432; joint moral see joint moral responsibility (JMR); moral see moral responsibility; natural 38, 43, 44; negative 11-12, 316; partial 217, 218; personal 57, 62-63, 411, 492; prospective see forward-looking responsibility; radical 155, 171-176, 177, 181; remedial 328, 389-390, 392, 394-398; retrospective see backward-looking responsibility; shared see shared responsibility; for ultimate actions in organizations 279-283; for ultimate collective actions in goal-oriented collectives 277-279

responsibility question 185, 187-188 responsibility-based collectivist arguments, for collective responsibility 297, 298-300, 302, 304, 308, 309n9; see also discursive dilemma responsibility-collectivism 297-298, 308, 309n5 responsibility-individualism 298, 303, 309n5 responsible agents 51, 73, 253, 299, 398, 447, 494;

and expectation of autonomy 419, 420, 421, 424, 428

restraint 337, 421-422, 424-425 retribution 292, 378, 407 retrospective responsibility see backward-looking responsibility

revisionist view, on the morality of war

433-434, 444

role acceptance 350, 351 role enactment 351, 353 RPV (rational point of view) 6, 52, 57; and corporate agents 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 rule consequentialism 97, 100

Sartre,Jean-Paul 155, 171-173, 174, 176-178, 181, 182, 217

scientific misconduct 358-370

Searle, John 102, 111n15, 237 secondary agents 148, 379, 380 Security Council, United Nations 337, 338,

339, 340

Seinfeld 156, 202-208

self, narrative construction of 287-290 self-authorization 175, 182 self-awareness 155, 171-183, 223, 426 self-choice 171, 172, 173, 181 self-commitment 175, 176, 178, 181 self-consciousness 173, 175, 425-426 self-constitution 6, 172, 181, 288; and boundaries of responsibility 52, 56, 58, 63, 63n3, 64n12 self-control 130, 131, 136, 138, 422 self-creation 172 self-detachment 172 self-determination 131, 155, 209, 211; and plural self-awareness 171, 172, 176, 177, 178, 181, 182 self-identification 172, 175, 176, 178, 181 self-referentiality 11, 179 self-reflection 19, 173, 186, 224, 329, 419, 426 self-regulation 378, 479 selves see agents; individual agency; persons serendipity case 135, 136 Shakespeare, William 20-21, 381,475 shame, Larry May on 220, 222-223, 224, 225 shared action, in war 433-445 shared agency 6, 84, 145-146, 156, 246, 294, 380;

and commitments 184-186, 187, 188-196, 197n8, 197n24; and war 436, 443-444 shared akrasia 293 shared blameworthiness 136-138 shared commitments 185, 189, 191, 192-193, 194, 218, 369, 425

shared deliberation 184, 192-193, 194, 374 shared intentional action 142-153, 153n8, 153n16, 194, 195

shared intentional wrongdoing 7, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153n9 shared moral responsibility 286-287, 498 shared plan account 82-83, 84 shared responsibility: for aiding 316-320;

and bystanders 39, 45, 155, 203, 218-219, 222, 224, 313-323; for corporate wrongdoing 409-412; forward-directed 432, 487; for harms 314-316; Larry May on 216-223; to enforce moral norms 320-322; for failing to protect 223-225; for wrongs 314-316 shared robbery case 144, 145, 146, 147, 148-149, 150, 151, 153n9

shareholders, corporate 353, 384-385, 401 Simple Argument, from discursive dilemma 301-305,302

smartphones case 185-186, 187, 188, 189, 193 sniper/marksman case 147-148, 149 social contract 131

social epistemology 258, 359

social existentialism 217

social groups 14, 27, 65, 67, 68, 75, 157, 377; and narrative 285, 287, 290-291, 292, 293, 294 social kinds 14 social media 269, 360, 375, 401; and bystanders 314, 320, 321, 322, 323

social norms 176, 320, 359, 360, 369 social ontology 258, 281, 358, 375, 377, 380 social punishment 321-322 social sanctions 229, 236, 239

social structures 119, 121-122, 124, 174, 490, 502 sociality, problem of 96-97, 101,110n4 society-centered moral theory 96-97, 98, 99, 100, 101,108-109, 110n6

solidarity 165, 211,214n1,291,349, 355, 356; and corporate wrongdoing 410-411,412, 414-415n16

special obligations 224, 225, 458n1

Spock, Mr.

Strawson, P.F. 138, 142-143, 228, 299, 309n8, 407

strict joint necessity 259-260 structural environmental injustice 487-491 structural injustices 389-390, 393-394; and environmental justice 487, 488, 490, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497

structural racism 501-511

structured groups 246-247, 252-253, 391, 450-455

subjects see agents; individuals; persons Summa Theologiae 160 Sutcliffe, Peter 48, 49

Sverdlik, Stephen 39, 145, 153n8 synchronic moral responsibility 12, 18 systemic problems 206, 207, 213

taxonomy: of collective responsibility 5; of complicity 161; of institutional racism 509 Tenure Committee example 300-301,300, 304, 305-306, 307, 309n12, 310n32 terrorist bomb case 379, 381-382 third party witness, to an event or action 39, 45, 155, 203, 218-219, 222, 224, 313-323 third-person narrative activity 289-290 thousand cuts example 57, 58, 63n10 three's case 128, 129-130, 131-132, 133, 136 total harm 88, 89, 89, 90 transference, of intentions 280 transitional duty 98, 104, 106, 107, 108 transitional justice 292 transitional rule 99, 101, 109 transmission, and linking 250-254 transnational e-waste 489-490 trapped persons 39, 208, 223-224, 451-452, 454; motorcyclist case 259-261, 262-263, 265, 267, 270n6

Trump, President Donald 373, 383 truth conditions 94, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110n6, 237 truthmakers 6, 65

ultimate actions, responsibility for 277-279, 279-283

uncertain success case 132, 133, 136, 138 unifying projects 56, 57, 60, 62, 336 unintended tank filling example 88-89 United Nations Security Council 337, 338,

339, 340

unity, within a single human life 55-56, 61-62 unjust collective action 275, 278-279, 281 unjust policies 389, 394, 396

unorganized groups 94, 111n24, 207, 268 unstructured groups 39, 71,131,247, 431, 447-448, 449, 450-455

values, collective 347-356 vicarious emotion theory 20 vicarious feelings 409, 414n14 vicarious guilt 392 vicarious liability 386n13 virtuous epistemic norms 432 visible helplessness case 133-134 Volkswagen 419, 423, 425 voluntary collective action 29 voluntary groups 66, 67, 71, 76

waiter case, Sartre's 17^-175, 176

war 99, 433-445

War-Plagued Nation case 225 we-framing 263-264, 267, 269 we-intentions 67, 68, 69, 82, 84-85, 477-478 we-mode 65-76

we-reasoning 71, 133, 134; and collective moral obligations 263, 266, 267, 270n13, 271n24 West, the 10, 327, 331,341-343, 348 we-thinking 66, 71

wide joint necessity 260, 261, 270n9, 271n18 will, quality of 7, 142-143, 147, 149, 150-152 witnesses see bystanders, and shared responsibility wrongdoing 165, 374-378, 391, 401-415; and bystanders 314-317, 319, 320, 322, 323; corporate 401-415; group 317; intentional see intentional wrongdoing; personal 31; state 389, 393, 394, 395, 398

wrongful actions 162, 163, 165 wrongful policies 388, 389, 392, 395

Yorkshire Ripper example 48, 49

(2) Capacity: An agent is not responsible for S if he or she is never able to Φ.²

A farmer, for example, is not responsible for the loss of her crops if in conditions of sudden and unforeseeable extreme drought she is unable to irrigate her fields.