Conclusions

Viable MAP have been successfully cultured from, or MAP DNA detected in, a range of animal-derived food products and drinking water. It is difficult to conclude that humans are not being exposed to MAP-contaminated milk and dairy products on the basis of this ev­idence.

and overgrowth of cultures by other bacteria potentially masking the presence of MAP colo­nies may also lead to underestimates of MAP presence. In recent years, more sensitive and rapid phage-based and real-time qPCR meth­ods for detection and quantitation of MAP have been developed. Despite the fact that fur­ther validation of the phage-based assays is still needed, as these improved detection methods have been adopted for food and drinking water surveillance, a clearer picture regarding levels of MAP present in, and hence risk of human exposure to this pathogen via, animal-derived foods and the environment is emerging. Milk and dairy products, and meat and meat prod­ucts, remain the foods considered to be at the greatest risk of contamination by MAP. Other potential food or environmental sources of MAP may exist, but they simply have not been identified or studied yet. For a safer food sup­ply from a MAP perspective, the focus needs to be on controlling paratuberculosis in food animals coupled with strict hygiene practices during milking and slaughter to reduce levels of contamination of raw milk and meat going forward.

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