Conclusions

There is a need to accurately classify herds/ flocks in order to provide producers with the re­quired information to justify the inputs of effort and resources into implementing a disease con­trol programme.

Evidence in the literature regarding the zo­onotic potential of MAP has led to application of PCR test methods to investigate and monitor MAP levels in dairy and meat products intended for consumers. In addition, detection of MAP in tissue samples is a useful ante-mortem diagnos­tic methodology. However, such methods require validation against other diagnostic tests to deter­mine the sensitivity, preferably tissue culture as the gold standard post-mortem diagnostic test and/or histopathology with ZN staining. This is due to challenges associated with the high lev­els of host DNA present in extracts from tissues, which can have a detrimental impact on the de­tection of MAP DNA.

The results of PCR diagnostics for MAP in milk show that this is correlated with humoral immunity, which is consistent with direct ex­cretion of MAP in the milk due to bacteraemia (dissemination to other sites in the body) or in­fection of supramammary lymph nodes, both of which are known to occur more frequently in the later stages of the disease at which time animals are more likely to be seropositive (Sweeney et al., 1992; Bower et al., 2011). PCR methodologies applied to BTM do not have high diagnostic sensitivity and hence are not well suited as herd-level surveillance tools, but are of use in risk assessment regarding poten­tial infection routes and food safety in relation to milk.

The application of PCR-based diagnostics for paratuberculosis still must contend with challenging issues such as PCR inhibition.

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