Infertility

The pathologist may be called upon to investigate infertility in breeding mouse populations. In the absence of discernable lesions, a behavioral basis of the problem should be explored.

The reproductive cycle in the mouse is highly volatile and sensitive to changes in light cycle, noise, stress, and other factors. Despite being maintained in controlled environments for many generations, mice have seasonal variations in fertility and fecundity, which may be more apparent in some strains of mice. In addi­tion, sudden changes in light cycle can induce long-term anestrus. The behavior and reproductive cycles of mice are significantly influenced by olfactory pheromone cues. Altered estrous cycles, fetal resorption, and anes­trus, as well as maternal cannibalism, can result from pheromone-driven responses. The most common cause of unexplained infertility in a mouse colony is the introduction of foreign adult males to the room. Known as the Bruce effect, it results in termination of early pregnancy among females. Foreign males may also stim­ulate maternal cannibalism. Anestrus may be induced among females in the absence of males or by a dominant breeding female within a deme. The presence of males or male urine will synchronize estrus and accelerate onset of puberty among females (Whitten effect). In addition, breeding performance varies markedly among different strains of mice. B6 mice have high copulatory behavior, DBA/2 and AKR intermediate, and BALB/c and A/J mice have low libido, which may influence breeding effi­ciency and fertility. Inbred mice have smaller litters than outbred mice.

More on the topic Infertility:

1. POLYGYNY AND DIVORCE
2. High Environmental Temperature
3. Clinical signs
4. MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
5. Ovarian Cancer
6. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
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