MANAGEMENT, CONTROL AND REGULATIONS
Francisella tularensis has an extremely broad host range and very complex ecological transmission cycles; therefore it is difficult to control. Monitoring and surveillance of wildlife, arthropod vectors and surface water for tularaemia activity in enzootic areas provides useful information for wildlife managers and public health authorities.
Monitoring focuses on only a small number of primary species, despite the broad host range. At present (in 2011), there are no EU regulations specifically for reporting tularaemia, although it is a notifiable disease on the World Animal Health Information Database. A country is considered free from tularaemia when the disease has not been present for at least 2 years and when bacteriological or serological surveys (both hosts and vectors) in previously infected zones have given negative results(12). Translocating hares can introduce tularaemia into new areas. Screening of hares before they are exported is necessary, but the regulations about this vary and are usually based only on bilateral agreements between countries. The quarantine of individual hares for 15 days and their screening with the slide agglutination test at the beginning and at the end of the quarantine period, at least, should detect most infected animals with a view to preventing the introduction of tularaemia into new areas. Treatment of the hares against blood-sucking parasites (ticks) during the quarantine period is a further measure to prevent the transport and introduction of infection. The lack of any licensed vaccine and the very broad host range and complex disease transmission routes of F tularensis renders vaccination in wildlife as a theoretical management method only.
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