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Oetzel John, Ting-Toomey Stella. The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Communication: Integrating Theory, Research and Practice. SAGE Publications,2013. — 912 p.. 2013

The means to express conflict is through communication (verbal and nonverbal messages); likewise, the means to manage and address conflict is through communication. The Second Edition of the award-winning The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Communication emphasizes constructive conflict management from a communication perspective which places primacy in the message as the focus of conflict research and practice. Editors John G. Oetzel and Stella Ting-Toomey, along with expert researchers in the discipline, have assembled in one resource the knowledge base of the field of conflict communication; identified the best theories, ideas, and practices of conflict communication; and provided the opportunity for scholars and practitioners to link theoretical frameworks and application tools. Key Features: Examines conflict in multiple contexts: Rather than focusing on a single context, the Handbook′s four parts focus on contexts in which conflict occurs - conflict in relationships and families, conflict at work, conflict in communities, and conflict in international/intercultural situations - and includes an understanding of how each context impacts the others. Integrates research and practice: The art and science of conflict are blended together by integrating research and practice so that practitioners and scholars know both the theoretical explanations of conflict as well as the skills needed to address conflict. Offers a thorough review of literature: This book assembles the knowledge base of the field of conflict communication in one volume. A thorough review of literature provides access to a vast amount of research. Since culture shapes the way we view and communicate about conflict, a strong emphasis is placed on cultural diversity.

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Acknowledgments

Definitions and Approaches to Conflict and Communication

Linda L. Putnam

Few scholars would deny that communication is an essential feature of conflict.

Challenging Game Theory

Harnessing Social Exchange

Recasting System Theory

Dimensions of Conflict Definitions

Assumptions About Conflict

Integrative and Distributive Negotiation

Dual Concern Model

Intergroup Conflict Models

Mediation Competency Models

Conflict Settings

Types of Methods

Communication as a Variable

Communication as a Process

Communication as an Interpretive Approach

Communication and Conflict as Dialectics

Heeding the Recommendations of Early Scholars

Relationships Between Communication and Conflict

Directions for Future Research

Quantitative Methods for Conflict Communication Research

Edward L. Fink and Deborah A. Cai, with Qi Wang

This chapter focuses on quantitative methods for the study of conflict communication for several reasons.

Measurement and Observation

A Very Brief Philosophy of Measurement

Categorical Versus Continuous Independent Variables

Determination of Qualities and Quantities

Levels of Analysis

Psychological Variables and Multi-Item Scales

Unobtrusive Measures, Content Analysis, and Systematic Observation

Causal Analysis, Internal Validity, and External Validity

Common Threats to Internal and External Validity

Experimental Versus Nonexperimental Research

Conflict Outcome Versus Conflict Process

Conducting Research Online

Nonprobability Sampling for Conflict Communication Research

Sample Size and Statistical Power

Sampling for Group Comparisons

Controls for Group Differences

Using Samples to Compare Conflict Communication Processes

Data Analysis

Statistical Dependence

Moderation and Mediation

An Excursus on Culture

Conflict studies incorporating culture differ in whether the individual is the unit of analysis and culture is a contextual variable versus those in which the unit of analysis is culture (or nation) and the sample includes a set number of cultures.

Is the Meaning of Conflict and the Variables Representing the Conflict Process Comparable Across the Cultures Being Investigated?

Are Cultures at the Same Place in the Process Under Investigation?

Qualitative Research on Communication and Conflict

Min Jiang and Patrice M. Buzzanell

Conflict is ubiquitous in human affairs.

Qualitative Approaches Used in Conflict Research

Paradigms and Metatheoretical Traditions

Hermeneutic/ Phenomenological Tradition

Sociocultural/Social Construction Tradition

Critical/Cultural Studies

PoststructuralistZPostmodernist

Grounded Theory

Ways to Build On the Unique Contributions of Qualitative Communication

SECTION 1 INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT

Introduction to Interpersonal Conflict

Stella Ting-Toomey and John G. Oetzel

Interpersonal conflict, when managed competently, can bring about positive changes in a relationship.

Emotion and Communication in Conflict Interaction

Laura K. Guerrero

ÒÒËate comes home after a long tiring day at J-∖. work to find the house messy, her daughter crying, and her son covered in mud while her husband, Kevin, is watching television.

Conceptual Similarities Between Emotion and Conflict

Emotion and Conflict Are Goal Related

Affect Is Central to Emotion and Conflict

Arousal Is Central to Emotion and Conflict

Cognitive Appraisals and Attributions Are Part of Emotion- and Conflict-Related Processes

Action Tendencies Are Activated in Response to Emotion and Conflict

Hostile Emotions

Vulnerable Emotions

Positive Emotions

Self-Conscious Emotions

Fearful Emotions

Theoretical Frameworks for Studying Conflict and Emotion

Gottman’s Cascade Model

Expectancy Violations Theory

Issue 1: Identifying Conditions That Affect How Hostile Emotions Are Expressed

Issue 2: Examining How Hurtful Messages and Responses to Hurtful Messages Function Within Conflict Interactions

Issue 3: Understanding the Role of Flat Emotion in Withdrawal Patterns

Issue 4: Understanding the Role of Positive Affect in Conflict Interaction

Issue 5: Exploring the Role Self-Conscious Emotions Play in Conflict Interaction

Issue 6: Understanding Types of Fear That Prevent or Promote Communication About Conflict Issues

Issue 7: Incorporating Culture Into Conflict Models

Summary and Conclusion

Social Cognition and Conflict

Michael E. Roloff and Courtney N. Wright

Perceived disagreement and goal interference are central characteristics of interpersonal conflict (Barki & Hartwick, 2004).

Other-Related Beliefs

Self-Related Beliefs

Relationship-Related Beliefs

Conflict-Related Beliefs

Expectation ViolationZConfirmation

Attribution Making

Accommodation Processes

Influence Goals

Sentiment Override

Self-Regulation

Online Processing

Conflict in Dating and Marital Relationships

John P. Caughlin, Anita L. Vangelisti, and Sylvia L. Mikucki-Enyart

Conflict in dating relationships and marriages has generated enormous scholarly and popular interest.

Individual Behaviors

Dyadic Patterns

Critique of Research on Conflict Behaviors and Outcomes

Explanations of Conflict and Conflict Behaviors

Cognition and Relational Conflict

Sexual Orientation

The Cultural Level

The Social Level

The Dyadic Level

The Physical Level

The Temporal Level

Intimate Partner Violence

Brian H. Spitzberg

Aggression and violence are adaptive tools in the ancient evolutionary repertoire of humanity. So are cooperative and peaceful relations.

Family Conflict Communication

Ascan Koerner

Family conflict communication is of great importance to academics, practitioners, Iaypeople, and everyone who has a family.

Family Conflict

Defining Family Conflict

Frequency and Intensity of Family Conflict Communication

Changes in Frequency and Intensity Due to Child Age

Socialization of Conflict Communication Behaviors

Consequences of Family Conflict

The Relationship Between Family Conflict and Family Violence

Outcomes of Family Violence

Conflict and Corporal Punishment in Families

Conflict and Violence in the Family Context

Uniqueness of Family Conflict Communication

Family Communication Patterns and Family Conflict

Family Communication Patterns

Family Types and Conflict Communication

Other Unique Aspects of Family Communication

9 It Happens In Real Life

The Complexities of Conflict and Mental Health Within Families

Keri Bolton Oetzel

In 2005, the city I lived in at the time was rocked to its core when a man with a mental illness lost control; lost his ability to communicate effectively with his family, with his mental health providers, and with hospital workers.

Mental Health Disorders Defined

Substance Use Disorders

Substance Abuse and Dependence

The Relationship Between Family Conflict and Mental Health

Family Conflict and Communication

Prevention and Treatment for Family Conflict and Mental Health

Practical Suggestions for Providers and Families

10 Managing Conflict in a Competent Manner

A Mindful Look at Events That Matter

Daniel J. Canary, Sandra G. Lakey, and Alan L. Sillars

By now, the reader has learned the importance of conflict.

Identifying Competence

Mindfulness and Mindlessness

A Model of Strategic Conflict

Conflict Instigation

Individual Differences

Interpretation of the Conflict

Goal Assessment

Message Production

Patterns of Communication

Competitive Patterns

The Demand-Withdraw Pattern

The Ongoing Nature of Conflict

SECTION 2 ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT Introduction to Organizational Conflict

John G. Oetzel and Stella Ting-Toomey

Managing conflict is time-consuming and inevitable.

11 Negotiation

Brosh M. Teucher, Jeanne M. Brett, and Brian C. Gunia

In the 20th century, negotiation research has investigated a vast array of topics.

Why Joint Gains Are Important in Negotiations

The Outcome Lens: What Is Negotiation Strategy?

Competitive Versus Cooperative Processes

Distributive Versus Integrative Processes

Concern for Self Versus Others

Claiming Versus Creating Value

Summary of Negotiation Strategies

Distributive Strategy

Integrative Strategy and Insight

Aspiration Level

Do Negotiators From Different Cultures Achieve Similar Levels of Joint Gains?

Do Negotiators From Different Cultures Use Negotiation Strategies Similarly?

What Strategy Is Likely to Dominate Each Stage of the Negotiation?

What Causes Negotiators to Change Strategy?

What Causes Particular Strategy Patterns to Dominate Negotiations?

12 Perspectives on Workgroup

Conflict and Communication

Johny T. Garner and Marshall Scott Poole

Workgroups have become one of the most ubiquitous elements of 21st-century organizations—from project teams to boardrooms.

Perspectives of Conflict in Workgroups

Research Within the Instrumental Perspective

Antecedents of Conflict

Conflict and Workgroup Outcomes

Diversity and Workgroup Conflict

Conflict in Virtual Teams

Workgroup Conflict and Network Analysis

Reflections on Instrumental Research on Workgroup Conflict and Communication

Group Life Cycle and Conflict

Tensions in Conflict and Workgroup Development

Reflections on Developmental Research and Workgroup Conflict

Research Within the Political Perspective

Control and Workgroup Conflict

Pluralistic Approaches to Workgroup Conflict

Political Conflict in Health Care Teams

Reflections on Political Research and Workgroup Conflict

Toward Integration and Cross-Fertilization

13 Conflict Motivations and Tactics of Targets, Bystanders, and Bullies

A Thrice-Told Tale of Workplace Bullying

Pamela Lutgen-Sandvik and Courtney Vail Fletcher

Adult bullying at work is a unique type of escalated, entrenched conflict that occurs between and among organizational members.

The Communal Character of Bullying Conflicts

Motivational Goals, Tactical Communication, and Group Profiles

Motivational Goals in Bullying Conflicts

Tactical Communication in Bullying Conflicts

Bystanders (Nonbullied Witnesses)

Contextual Factors Complicating Bullying Conflicts

Future Directions

14 Work-Life Conflict

Erika L. Kirby, Stacey M. B. Wieland, and M. Chad McBride

The intersections between individuals’ working and personal lives—and the potential for conflicts between them—are of interest to scholars in multiple disciplines (including communication studies, sociology, psychology, and organizational behavior)

Defining and Exploring Work-Life Conflict

Predictors of Work to Life and Life to Work Conflict

Consequences of Work-Life Conflict

Work-Life Synergy/Facilitation

Economic and Political Contexts

Historical and Cultural Contexts

International Contexts

Organizational Responses to Work-Life Conflict

Work-Life Benefits, Policies, and Programs

Workplace Cultures/ Climates Reflecting Concern for Employees’ Lives Outside of Work

Relational Impacts on Work-Life Conflict

Workplace Relationships

Family Relationships

Boundary Construction

Identity Construction

Seeking Out Practices of Power in Studying Work-Life Conflict

15 Building Constructive Conflict Communities Through Conflict Resolution Education

Tricia S. Jones

Domestically and globally many students are in physically and/or emotionally unsafe learning environments that are taking a toll on their academic, physical, and mental health.

Conflict Resolution Education: Making Peace a Behavioral Reality

Social Emotional Learning: Building the Foundation

Multicultural Education: Developing Awareness and Tolerance

Peace Education and Human Rights Education: Valuing Peace and Protecting Rights

Exemplary Social and Emotional Programs

Peer Mediation and Negotiation

Bullying Prevention

Restorative Practices in Schools

Building Educational Systems to Support CRE

CRE Systems Development

Guidelines for Systems Development

Conflict Resolution Education in Teacher Education: The Most Important Step

16 Conflict Management in Health Care Settings

Jessica Katz Jameson and Kelly Fudge Albada

The level of attention toU.S. health care by the public, politicians, and the media makes the charge of writing an overview of conflict in health care somewhat daunting.

Conflict Among Providers, Patients, and Families

Occurrence of Conflict in Health Care Provider-Patient Relationships

Conflict Between Providers and Family Members

Summary of Provider, Patient, and Family Member Conflict

Conflict Within and Among Health Care Groups and Teams

ConflictAmong and Between Doctors, Nurses, and Residents

Summary of Conflict Within Health Care Organizations

Health Care Conflict Prevention and Management

Strategies for Improving Communication and Conflict Management

Medical Education and Training Programs

Institutional Conflict Interventions and Dispute System Design

Summary of Conflict Prevention and Management in Health Care

The Challenge of Ambiguity

The Challenge of Power

The Challenge of Complexity

17 Systems Within Systems

Law, Management, and Participation-Based Conflict Management Systems Within Organizations

Kirstie McAllum And Mary Simpson

Organizations have always had conflict management strategies such as lockouts, legal proceedings, arbitration, facilitation, and mediation, yet some of these options are neither efficient nor effective (Nabatchi & Bingham, 2010).

Analysis of CMS

Management-Based CMS

Participation-Based CMS

A Systems Analysis of Conflict

CMS Analysis: Three Possible Lenses on the Case

Future Directions and Conclusions About CMS and Organizing

SECTION 3 COMMUNITY CONFLICT

Introduction to Community Conflict

John G. Oetzel and Stella Ting-Toomey

Community has many meanings, contexts, and definitions.

18 Community Conflict, Ethics, and Civic Engagement

George Cheney, Gary Beck, and Rebecca J. Cline

Introduction: Outlining and Casing the Terrain

Arenas and Sources of Community-Based Conflicts

The Punctuation and Trajectories of Conflict as Bearing on Community Engagement

Engaged Community Conflict Scholarship

The Interfaces of Community Groups and Segments

Stances Toward Academic Engagement

Stances for Engaged Research Methodology

The Libby, Montana, Amphibole Asbestos Case

Background and Context

Engaging the Community

Community and Family Conflict

Dialectics of Engaged Research

19 Environmental Conflict Communication

Tarla Rai Peterson and Andrea Marie Feldpausch-Parker

Worldwide human population expansion, coupled with increased awareness of drastic disparities in the standard of living experienced by people in different places, has brought environmental conflict to the attention of international institutions ranging from the United Nations to Amnesty International.

Mandate for Public Participation

Critiques of Public Participation Processes

Public Hearings

Promising Links Between Research and Practice

20 Trust in Community-Academic Research Partnerships

Increasing the Consciousness of Conflict and Trust Development

Julie E. Lucero and Nina B. Wallerstein

Consider the following scenario: An academic research team was invited by a tribal community’s public health program to collaborate on a project.

Central Concepts Defined

Community-Academic Partnerships

Conflict in Community Academic Partnerships

Trust in Community Academic Partnerships

Trust Development Models

Building Trust Through CBPR Principles

Future Directions and Conclusion

21 Religion and Conflict

An Emerging Field of Inquiry

Stephen M. Croucher

There has been a great deal of intercultural and cross-cultural research conducted on conflict behavior.

Philosophical/Doctrinal Traditions and Roots of Conflict in Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism

How Religion Affects Organizational Dissent, Relational Conflict, and Conflict Styles

Dissent and Religion

Relational Conflict

Religion and Conflict Styles

Future Directions

Organizational Conflict and Religion

Relational Conflict and Religion

Intercultural Conflict and Religion

Interfaith and Intrafaith Conflict

22 Moral Conflict and Transcendent Communication

Stephen W. Littlejohn and Kristen L. Cole

Human beings live in a world of difference, as we naturally make distinctions and set boundaries.

Moral Difference and Moral Conflict

The Basis of Moral Difference

Characteristics of Moral Conflict

An Illustrative Case of Moral Conflict

An Evolving Inquiry

Theoretical and Methodological Influences

Early Case Studies

Conceptualizing the Discourse of Conflict

Exploring Transcendent Communication

Lessons Learned and Challenges Remaining

23 Communities, Conflict, and the Design of Dialogic Conversations

J. Kevin Barge and Dorothy C. Andreas

Acentral challenge communities confront is how to manage significant conflict and disputes over important issues such as land use, economic development, environmental concerns, education, poverty, access to health care, and safety.

Dialogue, Tensions, and Differences

Dialectical Tensions in Public Participation and Community Dialogue

Cluster 1: Tensions Involving Voice

Cluster 2: Tensions Involving Temporality

Cluster 3: Tensions Involving Ways of Knowing

Designing With a Dialogical Sensibility

Communication as Design

Designing With a Dialogical Sensibility

Orientation and Design

SECTION 4 INTERCULTURAL/ INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT

Introduction to Intercultural/ International Conflict

Stella Ting-Toomey and John G. Oetzel

The study of intercultural/international conflict is a daunting task.

24 The Identity Factor in Intercultural Conflict

Young Yun Kim

Thirds of a feather flock together.” This JJfolk wisdom speaks of one of the basic human instincts—to identify and associate with an “in-group,” be it a tribe, a race, a nation, or a culture.

The Concept of Identity: A Historical Perspective

Approaches to Identity Inquiry: From Objectivism to Activism

Identity Conceptions: From the Personal to the Collective

Theoretical Accounts Linking Identity and Intercultural Conflict

Identity as Collectivity, Power Inequality, and Intercultural Conflict

Identity as Cultural Communication System and a Source of Intercultural Conflict

Culture-Based and Individually Flexible Identity as a Source of Intercultural Conflict

Identity as Subjective In-Group Identification and a Source of Intercultural Conflict

Identity as Unitary Personhood and a Source of Intercultural Conflict

Identity as Unitary Personhood, Intercultural Conflict, and Identity Development

Identity as Conflictive, Cooperative, and Evolving Entity

Convergence of Ideas

Looking Forward

25 Interracial and Interethnic Conflict and Communication in the United States

Mark P. Orbe, Melodi A. Everett, and Angela L. Putman

Conflict is an inevitable part of the human experience, one that people in relationships find themselves in on a regular basis (Collier, 1991; Roloff, 1987).

Summary of Existing Research on Interracial/Interethnic Conflict

Sources of Conflict

Conflict Styles

Limitations of Existing Research

Traditional Empirical Approaches

EurocentricZEthnocentric Bias

Essentializing Generalizations

Assumption of/Focus on Difference

Focus on Microlevel Practices

Co-Cultural Theory: A Framework for Future Research and Practical Applications

Future Research

Situational Context

Field of Experience

Communication Approach

Perceived Costs and Rewards

Preferred Outcome

26 Intercultural and Intergroup Conflict Resolution

Nonviolence and Middle Way Approaches

Tenzin Dorjee

As long as humans exist on this planet, conflicts are inevitable in our relationships and interactions.

Nonviolence Principles in Buddhism

Secular Nature of Compassion

A Middle Way Approach Philosophy (MWA-P): Between Nihilism and Eternalism

Middle Way ApproachBased Dialogue (MWA-D) and Communication Approach

Middle Way Approach-Based Solution to Sino-Tibetan Conflict

Sino-Tibetan Dialogue

Middle Way Approach-Based Memorandum (MWA-M)

Intergroup Communication Theories and Strategies

Tibetan Intergroup Strategies: Social Competition and Social Creativity

MWA-Based Dialogue (MWA-D: Social Creativity Strategy

Historic Changes in Tibetan Diaspora: Social Creativity Strategies

Summary and Future Directions

7 Conflict in the Global Workplace

Cynthia Stohl, Robert M. McCann, and Hassan Abu Bakar

Globalization and the increased complexity and interdependence of contemporary issues have concomitantly created a greater need for organizational cooperation and a greater possibility for organizational conflict.

What is Globalization's Relationship to Workplace Conflict?

What is Culture's Relationship to Global Workplace Conflict?

Emerging Paradoxes in the Global Workplace

The Paradox of Diversity

The Paradox of Convergence

The Paradox of Global Identity

Interrole Conflict

Work-Family Tensions

Linguistic Issues

Interpretive Differences

Identity Issues

Explanatory Paradigms

Making Conflict Productive

Understanding Conflict in Global Alliances and Joint Ventures

Operational Complexity

Level of Economic Development

Explanatory Paradigms

Strategies for Dealing With Conflict

28 Building Cultures of Peace

The Role of Intergroup Dialogue

Benjamin J. Broome

In her influential book Cultures of Peace:

Culture of Peace

Approaches to Intergroup Dialogue

Contributions of Dialogue in Building a Culture of Peace

Challenges to Dialogue

29 Culture-Based Situational Conflict Model

An Update and Expansion

Stella Ting-Toomey and John G. Oetzel

With rapid changes in the global economy, technology, transportation systems, and immigration policies, the world is becoming a small, intersecting community.

A Synoptic Review of the Original Cbscm

Primary Orientation Factors

Situational and Relational Boundary Features

Conflict Communication Process Factors

Conflict Competence Features

Critique of the CBSCM

Social Ecological Framework

Overview of Social Ecological Model

Social Ecological Layers: Analytical Levels

Culture-Based Social Ecological Conflict Model: A New Model

Primary Orientation Factors

Situational Appraisals

Conflict Processes

Conflict Competence

An Intercultural Conflict Case Study

Applying the CBSCM: Connecting Model to Practice

Future Directions

Conceptual and Research Directions

30 Transforming Intercultural Conflict Through the Context of Relationship

Beth Fisher-Yoshida

The Dancing Monkeys

Role of Culture, Communication, and Conflict

Frames to Understand Conflict

Cultural Dimensions Framing

Paradox Framing

Coordinated Management of Meaning

Transforming Communication

“Living Well” Case Study

Understanding Context

Sequence of Events

Addressing Context Through Episode Work

Addressing Self Through Transformative Learning

Addressing Other Through Intercultural Competence

Role of Facilitator

31 Conflict Communication in Contexts

Organizing Themes and Future Directions

John G. Oetzel, Stella Ting-Toomey, and Willow J. Anderson

Any systematic review or synthesis of a vast amount of research studies within a certain spatial constraint is a daunting task.

Multilevel Approaches

Benefits and Challenges of Multilevel Approaches

Levels in Multilevel Approaches

Relationships Among Levels

Emerging Themes and Future Directions for Theorizing, Research, and Practice

About the Editors

About the contributors

Books and textbooks on the discipline General conflictology:

- General conflictology -

- Conflictology - Ecology - Economy - Finance - History - Law - Medicine - Philosophy - Religious studies -

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