Subject Index

Aarhus Convention, 514, 515 Academic, Social, and Emotional

Learning Act of 2009, 419 Accommodation principle, 114 Accommodation processes, 145-146

culture/self-construal, influence of, 145-146

dependency dilemmas and, 145

See also Social cognition Action-reaction patterns, 17-18 Action research, 592 Action tendencies, 108-109 Activism research, 88 Advocacy discourse,

594-595

Affective conflict, 3, 107

cognitive appraisals/attributions and, 108

core affect and, 107

See also Emotion; Interpersonal conflict

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR),

500- 501, 502

Aliasing problem, 61 Alternative dispute resolution

(ADR) strategies, 459, 465, 488, 516, 529

Altruism, 691, 695

American Association of University

Women (AAUW), 406

American Civil Liberties Union

(ACLU), 588

American Psychiatric Association (APA), 238, 240, 251

Amnesty International (AI), 720 Amount-over-time ratios, 44-45 Amphibole asbestos.

Montana asbestos disaster case

Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 54, 56, 57

Anger. See Emotion; Hostile emotions

Antibias education, 406 Anxiety disorders, 239, 242, 249-251

Apology, 12, 28, 195, 449, 507, 708, 818, 822, 823-824 Appraisal. See Problem appraisal Arab-Israeli conflict, 3, 80, 84 Arab Spring, 700, 826, 827 Arbitration, 12, 458, 459, 464, 465, 477

Archival data, 47, 84, 92 Argumentation patterns, 3, 9, 16 advocacy discourse and, 594-595

fearful attachment style and, 135

moral conflict and, 587-588 proxy arguments, 229 secure attachment style and, 135

serial arguments, 9, 17, 229

See also Discourse; Family communication patterns (FCPs); Influence goals Asbestos-related disease (ARD), 500-506

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 719

Association for Conflict

Resolution, 404, 458 Association of South East Asian

Nations (ASEAN), 719 Attachment styles, 135, 143,

144, 145, 151, 171-172, 248-249

Attribution making, 145, 174 Attribution theory, 270-272 Authoritarian parenting, 246, 247 Authoritative parenting, 246, 247 Autobiographies, 79

Autonomy beliefs, 134-135 Avoidance patterns, 2, 12

contention-avoidance strategy and, 86

dating conflict and, 164, 172

emotion, action tendencies and, 109

marital conflict and, 15-16, 172

Back-translated scales, 60

Bale’s Interaction Process

Analysis, 6

Bargaining strategies, 3, 4, 16 attitudinal structuring and, 297 conversation analysis and, 20 distributive/integrative processes and, 18, 297

framing issues and, 20 intra-organizational bargaining, 297 rituals/fantasy themes and, 76 subprocesses of, 297

Beliefs, 134 attachment styles and, 135 autonomy beliefs, 134-135 conflict-related beliefs, 135 dysfunctional relational beliefs, 135 fixed traits beliefs, 134 incremental beliefs, 134, 135 other-related beliefs, 134 relational beliefs, 135 self-efficacy beliefs, 134 self-related beliefs, 134-135 See also Social cognition

Best Alternative To a Negotiated

Agreement (BATNA), 295

Biopsychosocial model of disease (BMD), 244-245, 244 (figure), 252, 253

Blaming, 108, 254, 268, 270, 272, 350

Bridging opportunities, 300-301 Buddhist philosophy, 688-690 altruism/compassion, culture of peace and, 691, 695, 707-708

interdependent origination reasoning and, 692 liberation/enlightenment, emptiness concept and, 692 meditation/thought transformation and, 691 positive states of mind, cultivation of, 691, 692, 708 self-immolation and, 702 spheres in, 707

See also Middle way approach (MWA); Nonviolence approach

Bullying: bullying prevention programs and, 411-413

fixed traits beliefs, shame/ vengeance reactions and, 134

human rights issue of, 412-413 marginalized/nondominant groups and, 412

Olweus Bullying Prevention program and, 413 Peaceable Place program and, 413 social skills deficits and, 412 teacher attitudes about, 413 transtheoretical model prevention program and, 413

See also Conflict resolution education (CRE); School­based conflict resolution programs; Workplace bullying

Business conflict.

Cadre peer mediation, 409-410 Calculus-based trust (CBT) stage, 548, 550-556, 555 (table)

The Carter Center (TCC) case, 89 Cascade model of emotion in conflict, 116-119 conflict outcomes, emotion and, 117 emotional flooding and, 117, 118 implications of, 118-119 intimate partner violence and, 195, 199 negotiation/persuasion and, 118

nonverbal indicators of affect and, 117

outcome cascade process and, 118

positive/negative behaviors, ratio of, 117-118

See also Emotion; Marital conflict

Case study, 73-74 (table), 78, 87 case selection, uniqueness/ representativeness and, 87 characteristics of, 87 community conflict and, 88-89 data sources in, 87 international conflict and, 89 interpersonal conflict and, 87 mixed methods and, 87 organizational conflict and, 88 triangulation of data and, 87 See also Qualitative research methods

Categorical independent variables, 43-44

Causal analysis: canons of causality and, 49 correct temporal order and, 49 covariation and, 49 external validity and, 49 internal validity and, 49 non-spuriousness of variables and, 49

See also Quantitative research design

Censorship debate, 588-589

Center for Asbestos-Related Disease (CARD), 501, 504, 505, 506

Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education (CCARE), 691 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 198, 411, 537-538

Centrality/parity tension, 620 Central Tibetan Administration

(CTA), 696

Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 616 Chilling effect pattern, 116, 124 Christian Roundtable, 592

Circle of Prosperity initiative, 620, 625, 628

Civil unions, 695

Class-linked mediation, 410 Co-cultural theoretical framework, 643, 651, 654, 673-674

Coding process:

computer software for, 86 conflict coding typology and, 274-278, 275-276 (table) content analysis and, 47-48 dialogue movements and, 48 intercoder reliability and, 48 nonverbal indicators of affect and, 117

rhetorical structure analysis and, 48

rules for, 48

systematic observation and, 48 thought units and, 48 unitization process and, 48 See also Measurement; Quantitative research methods; Scales

Coercion strategies, 2, 9, 13, 77 Cognition.

Cold systems of conflict control, 149-150

Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL), 405, 418

Collaborative work, 88, 493, 515-516, 529-530, 551-552 Collective actions, 2, 91

Collective bargaining studies,

11, 76

Collective memory, 81 COMFORT training framework, 446

Communication, 1

competitive situations, distorted communication and, 3 conflict, social definition of, 1-2 conflict/communication, dialectical approach and, 22-25

conflict/communication studies, historical overview of, 2-4 definition of, 43, 75 explicit verbal

communication, 3 interaction variable function

of, 16-17 interpretive approach and, 19-22

issue development and, 20 linear models of, 5 mediation competency and, 13 mediator interventions, processes of, 13

modes of interaction and, 3 normalcy of conflict and, 10 process perspective on, 17-19, 27

reciprocity and, 3-4, 5, 17-18, 19

restorative justice programs and, 498 sequential patterns, 17-18 serial argument and, 9, 17 strategies/tactics, multiple roles of, 11, 12, 13 structural variable function

of, 15-16 systems interaction perspective and, 5-6 tacit nonverbal messages, 3 transactional model of, 5 See also Conflict; Conflict communication; Conflict communication research; Conflict research; Conflict theories; Negotiation Communication accommodation theory (CAT), 647-648, 652, 654, 698, 699 Communication Institute for

Online Scholarship (CIOS), 68, 70

Communication skill deficits

and, 357 Communicative aggression (CA),

189, 192, 198 Community-Based Conservation

Planning (CBCP), 521 Community-based participatory research (CBPR) principles, 538, 549-550, 555 (table) co-learning/capacity building, promotion of, 552 collaborative/equitable partnerships, facilitation of, 551-552 community as unit of identity and, 550-551 cultural humility and, 552 dialogic environment, attention to, 550

dissemination of findings/ knowledge gained and, 554

horizons of situations and, 553 local relevance/ecological perspectives, emphasis on, 553

long-term commitments to communities, maintenance of, 554

ongoing communication/ multiple contacts and, 554-556

research-action balance, research translation/ integration and, 552-553 resources/strengths of community and, 551 systems development, cyclical/ iterative process for, 553-554

trust development models, intersection with, 550­556, 555 (table)

See also Trust in community­academic research partnerships

Community conflict, 2, 487 academic engagement and, 489­493, 495-497 activism research and, 88 alternative dispute resolution and, 488

applied ethics and, 488, 490-491,

497- 500, 503-505 arenas/sources of, 489-491 asbestos-related disaster and,

500- 506

avoidance/denial management strategies and, 492 case study method and, 88-89 coercive/quasi-coercive management strategies and, 492-493 collaborative/integrative management strategies and, 493

community engagement, dimensions of, 493-497,

501- 502

community interventions and, 488

competing narratives of conflict, interactional contexts/cultures and, 491-492

conflict, nuances of, 488 conflict management strategies and, 492-493

conflict trajectories, historical perspective/social awareness and, 492 consequential presence of researchers and, 491 dialectical approaches and,

498- 500, 505-506 empirical research approaches

to, 496-497

engagement processes and, 488 entry points of research/ intervention and, 491 environmental conservation efforts and, 88-89, 490, 494

ethics challenges, community engagement projects/ processes and, 497-500

ethnographic research and,

83, 496

grounded theory and, 86 harm effects and, 488, 504-505 ideological/emotional war legacies and, 81 interest groups, neighborhood coalitions/stakeholder perspectives and, 489-491 interfaces of community groups/ segments and, 493-495 Libby, Montana asbestos disaster case and,

500- 506

mediation and, 488 methodologies of engaged research and, 496-497 multiple levels of analysis, need for, 503

multiple perspectives and, 488 neutrality principle and, 498 online support communities and, 89

pervasiveness of conflict and,

502- 503

practical theory and, 499 public health emergencies and,

501- 506

public relations conflict and, 88 reflexivity and, 488 research partnerships, development of, 495-496 slow-motion technological disaster case and, 500-506

See also Dialogic conversation design; Environmental conflict communication; Moral conflict/transcendent communication; Religion­based conflict; Trust in community-academic research partnerships Community Peace and Safety Networks project, 406 Compassion, 690-691

See also Empathy Competitive processes, 3, 17, 107, 297

Complementary tactic, 18, 19 Compliance strategies, 9 Comprehensive Peer Mediation

Evaluation Project, 411 Computer-mediated communication, 15 Comskil model of communication skills training, 445-446 Concession making, 3, 15, 18

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), 46-47

Conflict:

alternative perspectives on, 9-10 assumptions about, 9-11 communication/conflict studies, historical overview of, 2-4 communication in conflict, 9 consequences of, ix constructive conflict, ix, x, 10, 11

cycles of conflict, 17-18, 19 definitions of, 1-2, 5, 6-9, 6-8 (tables), 10, 43, 714 destructive conflict, ix, 10, 11 discourse of conflict, conceptualization of, 594-596

dual concern model and, 11-12, 298, 778 functional/dysfunctional nature of, 10-11

game theory and, 4 high-intensity conflicts and, 5, 10

incidence of, ix incompatibilities and, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

integrative/distributive negotiation model and, 11 intergroup conflict models, 12 low-intensity conflicts and, 5, 10

mediation competency models and, 12-13

models of conflict, 11-13 normalcy of, 10 predictors of, 5 social definition of, 1-2, 9-10, 75

social exchange model of, 4-5 struggle spectrum and, 9 subjective/objective bases of, 9-10

types/styles of, 8-9, 10, 12, 15 See also Conflict communication; Conflict communication research; Conflict research; Conflict theories

Conflict communication, x, 9, 815-816

benefits/challenges of multilevel approaches and, 816-817, 821-822

bottom-up effects and, 820-821 communication/conflict studies, historical overview of, 2-4 conflict, social definition of, 1-2 conflict contexts, multilevel model of, 817-818, 817 (figure)

conflict theories and, 4-6 emerging themes/future directions and, 822-827 future research topics in, 819-820, 822-827 globalization theme and, 824-826

interactional model, co-created conflict and, 5 interactive effects and, 821 multilevel approaches to, 815-818, 821-822 parallels/discontinuities and, 819-820

persuasion/argumentation and, 2, 3, 9

relationships in multilevel approaches and, 818-822 social media, conflict communication/activism and, 772, 826-827 top-down effects and, 820 transformation theme and, 822-824

See also Communication; Conflict; Conflict communication research Conflict communication research, ix-x, 1

communication, explicit vs.

conflict communication processes, comparison of, 55-56

conflict styles, early research on, 10

conflict theories and, 4-6 culture, role of, 51, 55, 58-59 future research directions in, 27-29, 819-820, 822-827 historical overview of, 2-4 recommended approaches for, 25-26

sampling issues and, 53-56 See also Conflict; Conflict communication; Conflict research; Qualitative research methods; Quantitative research methods

Conflict management, ix, 1,

74, 263

appropriate communication and, 264, 266

attributional control and, 270-272

behaviors repertoire, rational/ skills-based use of, 265 blaming and, 268, 270, 272 cognitive differentiation vs. global assessments and, 266, 270

competence, identification/ criteria of, 264-265 competence-based approach to, 92, 263-265, 273-274 competitive communication patterns and, 278-280 conflict, ongoing nature of, 282-283

conflict coaching, management/ supervision conpetencies and, 92

conflict coding typology, 274-278, 275-276 (table) conflict instigation, factors in, 268-269, 268 (table) demand-withdrawal communication pattern and, 280-282

dual concern model and, 11-12 effective communication and, 264-265

emotional flooding and, 268 episode control and, 268 (table), 269

goal assessment/goal control and, 272-274

individual difference factors and, 269-270

interaction control and, 282 interpretation of conflict and, 270-272

intimate partner violence and, 198-200

locus of control and, 269-270 message production and, 274-278

messages, multiple meanings/ functions of, 276-278 mindfulness vs. mindlessness and, 265-266, 269, 270, 272, 274, 283, 284 mutuality of control and, 282 negotiated order approaches and, 21-22

patterns of communication and, 278-282

personal control and, 270 problem-solving paradigm, assumptions of, 167-170 psychological remedies and, 283-284

reflexive approach to, 25 self-efficacy and, 270 self-serving biases and, 271-272 strategic conflict, model of, 266-269, 267 (figure), 268 (table)

strategy control and, 278 strategy selection, factors in, 269-274

stressful experiences, conflict outcomes and, 269 virtual conflict management, 15 See also Conflict management systems (CMS); Conflict resolution education (CRE); Health care conflict management; Intercultural/intergroup conflict resolution; Relationship-based transformational communication; School­based conflict resolution programs

Conflict management systems (CMS), 457-458 alternative dispute resolution strategies and, 459, 465 attributes in systems and, 471, 473, 474-475, 476 best-practices strategies and, 477-478 clusters of conflict strategies and, 457, 461 complaints, negative implications of, 466 conflict, perspectives on, 458-459

contend strategy-oriented organizations and, 459 deaf-ear syndrome and, 465 definitional issues and, 463-464, 465

Due Process Protocol and, 464 equifinality principle and, 467, 468

external forces on systems and, 472-473, 477 extraorganizational climate, changes in, 458, 467 focused/strategic conversations and, 467

group interactive methods and, 467-468

human resource strategy, organizational interests and, 465

interest-based conflicts and, 459, 465

internal relationships in systems and, 471-472, 474, 475, 476 intervention strategies and, 458 law-based systems, adversarial approach and, 461, 462-463 (table), 464-465, 468, 473-474, 477 legal/organizational context and, 458-461 liti-gotiation system, employment tort law and, 458 management-based systems, positive conflict frame and, 462-463 (table), 465-466, 468,

474- 475, 477 mediation, management-based

systems and, 466 mediation, participation-based systems and, 467 National Women’s Hospital case and, 461, 469-476 objects in systems and, 470-471, 473, 474, 475 online dispute resolution and, 477 open-door policies and, 465, 466

organizational self-regulation, capacity for, 467 organization-level avoidance of confrontation and, 465 participation-based systems, flat structures/team-based work and, 462-463 (table), 466-468,

475- 476, 477 power-based conflicts and, 459 prevention-oriented organizations

and, 459, 467

rational decision process, assumption of, 464 retrospective analysis of facts and, 464-465 rights-based conflicts and, 459, 473 settlement-oriented organizations and, 459 spatial/temporal process dimensions and, 477 stakeholder involvement and, 466-467 systems, dimensions of, 460 systems design decisions and, 459-461, 464-465 systems perspective, value of, 477 third-party/neutrals judgments and, 464, 466, 473 transformative solutions and, 458-459

transgression of rights, labeling of, 464

See also Conflict management; Intercultural/intergroup conflict resolution; Organizational conflict Conflict reality approaches, 594 Conflict research, 13-14 communication, roles of,

14- 25

communication as variable and,

15- 17

conflict development, phases/ stages of, 18-19

conflict messages, communicative functions of, 16-17

context of conflict and, 14, 28 conversation analysis and, 20 cycles of conflict and, 17-18, 19 dialectical approaches to conflict/communication and, 22-25

discourse analysis and, 19-20

framing/issues development and, 20

interaction variable function and, 16-17

interpretive approach to communication and, 19-22

media effects and, 15 methodology, types of, 14 negotiated social/moral orders and, 21-22

Olweus Bullying Prevention program and, 413

Peaceable Place program and, 413

process of communication and, 17-19

sequential patterns, action­reaction communication and, 17-18 serial arguments and, 17 structural variable function and, 15-16

symbolic forms, narratives/ metaphors and, 20-21

See also Conflict communication research; Qualitative research methods; Quantitative research methods

Conflict resolution education (CRE), 403-404 antibias education and, 406 bullying prevention programs and, 411-413 constructive conflict communities, creation of, 404-405

curriculum infusion/integration and, 416-417 exemplary programs in, 408-415

global networks for support of, 416

linguistic diversity and, 406-407

multicultural education, tolerance/awareness development and, 404, 406-407

Olweus Bullying Prevention program and, 413 PATHS Program and, 408 Peaceable Place program and, 413 peace/human rights education and, 404, 407-408 peer mediation/negotiation programs and, 409-411 rationale for, 404 Responding in Positive and Peaceful Ways program and, 410

Responding to Conflict Creatively Program and, 417

restorative justice programs and, 413-415

Second Step Program and, 408-409

sexual harassment and, 406 social/emotional competency, core areas of, 405 social/emotional learning and, 404, 405

Strong Start/Strong Kids Programs and, 409

Strong Teens Program, 409 supportive educational systems and, 415-420

supportive systems development, guidelines for, 418 teacher education/preparation and, 404, 418-420

whole school programs and, 417-418

See also Conflict management; Intercultural/intergroup conflict resolution; School-based conflict resolution programs Conflict Resolution Education in

Teacher Education (CRETE) program, 404, 419-420 Conflict scripts, 793-794

See also Scripts

Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS),

175- 176, 189

Conflict theories, ix, 4

conflict action, sense making and, 5

feminist theory and, 13 functional/dysfunctional conflict and, 10-11

game theory, critique of, 4 linear models of communication and, 5

living systems model and, 5 practical theory and, 499 social exchange models and, 4-5

subjective/objective bases of conflict and, 9-10

systems interaction perspective and, 5-6

systems theories and, 5-6 transactional model, conflict process and, 5

See also Communication; Conflict; Conflict communication research Consensus.

Constructive conflict communities. See Conflict resolution education (CRE)

Contact hypothesis, 745-746 Content analysis, 47-48

See also Coding process; Conversation analysis; Data analysis Contextual theory of interethnic communication, 652, 653, 654

Continuous independent variables, 43-44

Convenience sampling, 50 Convention on the Law of the

Sea, 741

Conversation analysis, 20, 48, 645 See also Dialogic conversation design; Dialogue as transcendence; Discourses of conflict; Identity in intercultural conflict

Cooperative processes, 3, 17, 107, 297, 749-750

Coordinated management of meaning (CMM), 591-592, 603, 798-800, 799 (figure)

Core affect, 107 Counterpersuasion, 2 Crisis rhetoric, 2

Critical studies, 74 (table),

76-77, 92

Critical theory, 9, 76, 63 Cronbach’s alpha, 46, 48 Cross-age mentoring mediation programs, 411

Cross-cultural interactions. See InternationalZintercultural conflict

Crystallization, 90 Cue-response sequences, 17-18 Cultural identification theory, 643-644, 651-652, 654

Cultural intelligence (CI), 726 Cultural studies, 74 (table), 76-77 Culture:

back-translated scales and, 60 conflict communication studies and, 58-59

conflictZconflict process, cross- cultural meaning of,

59- 60

conflict models, cultural constructs and, 125-126

conflict phase differences, time­series data analysis and,

60- 61

cross-culturalZintracultural negotiations, strategies in, 296 (table), 302-306 cross-cultural vs. within-culture factors, 55

derived etic approach and,

59, 60

etic approach and, 59 imposed etic approach and, 59 mental health disorders and, 241-243

validity issues and, 51 work-life conflict and, 384-385 See also Global workplace conflict; Identity in intercultural conflict; InterculturalZintergroup conflict resolution;

InternationalZintercultural conflict; Quantitative research design Culture-based situational

conflict model (CBSCM),

763- 764

case example, multi-layered intercultural conflict and, 782-770

components of, 764-765, 765 (figure)

conflict communication process factors in, 767-768

conflict competence features in, 768-769

critique of, 769-782 cultural value patterns in, 765-766

culture, definition of, 763 individual socialization patterns in, 766-767

multilevel perspective and, 764, 782-770

original model, review of,

764- 770

primary orientation factors in,

765- 767, 782

situationalZrelational boundary features in, 767, 782-770

social ecological framework and, 764, 770-772, 771 (figure)

updated model of, 764, 782-770

See also Culture-based social ecological conflict model (CBSECM); InternationalZ intercultural conflict Culture-based social ecological conflict model (CBSECM), 764, 772

components of, 772-773, 773 (figure)

conflict competence features in, 779-780, 783

conflict goals assessmentZ intensity and, 776

conflict processes in, 778-780, 779 (table), 783

ethical choicesZstandpoints and, 770, 780

exo-level factors in, 774-775, 776-777

family communication patterns and, 774-775

future conceptualZresearch directions and, 784-785

globalization pressures and, 774, 775, 777

in-groupZout-group distinctions and, 776-777

intercultural conflict case study of, 780-783

macro-level factors in, 775, 777-778

meso-level factors in,

774- 775, 776

micro-level factors in, 773-774, 776

migration patterns, intercultural conflict and, 777

multi-layered intercultural conflict and, 782-770,

775- 776, 778, 780

primary orientation factors in, 773-776

relationship parameters in, 776 religionZreligious institutions and, 774-775

situational appraisals in,

776- 778

vertical polarization pattern and, 777-778

See also Culture-based situational conflict model (CBSCM); InternationalZ intercultural conflict Culture lens in negotiation, 296 (table), 301-306, 314, 314(figure), 315 (table) Culture of Peace project, 740 Cultures of peace, 737-738 altruismZcompassion and, 691, 695, 707-708

challenges to dialogue and, 751-755

changing conflict contexts, dialogue group susceptibility to, 752 conditions for peace cultures and, 738

conflict resolution, constructive vs.

contact hypothesis and,

745- 746

cooperation, critical importance of, 749-750

cultural differences, impact on dialogue process and, 7530754

culture of safety, emergence of, 747

Dartmouth Conference meetings and, 743 deep-rooted hostility, power of dialogue and,

746- 747, 751

design of dialogue, commitmentZattention to, 752

dialogue, peace promotion and, 738, 740-744

dialogue, perspectives on, 741-742

dialogue, rolesZutility of, 744-751, 751 (figure) dominator model of society and, 739

enemy system theory and, 747 forgiveness, healingZ reconciliation and, 747 goals of dialogue, large-scale support for, 752-753 infrastructure for peace, creation of, 744 institutionalization of dialogic process and, 754 institutionalized inequitiesZ discrimination, dialogue impacts and, 753 integrative model of dialogue and, 750-751 intergroup dialogue, approaches to, 742-744, 752-755

I-Thou relationship and, 741, 742

narrative of hopeZpeace, development of, 748-749 normsZinstitutions for, 739-740 originZcharacteristics of, 738-740

partnership model of society and, 739

peaceable diversity and, 740 prejudice, reduction of, 745 problem-solving capacity and, 741

problem-solving workshops and, 743

protractedZintractable conflict and, 737, 745, 746, 748, 749

psychodynamic approach to dialogue and, 743 rationalZproblem-solving dialogue and, 742-743 relationship building, toleranceZ solidarity foundations for, 740, 745

respect for the Other, development of, 747-748 separateness concept and, 738 social asymmetries, altered dynamics of dialogue and, 752

sustainability of, 740, 744, 754 sustained contact, promotion of, 745-746, 750, 751 transformative approaches and, 743-744

trust building and, 748, 750 wars, frequency/consequences of, 738

See also Peacemaking processes Cupertino Community Project, 596 Cycles of conflict, 17-18, 19

Dartmouth Conference

meetings, 743

Data. See Coding process; Data analysis; Measurement; Scales Data analysis:

between-dyad interdependence and, 57

conflict phase differences, time­series data analysis and, 60-61

dyadic data sets, interdependence and, 56-57

model testing, variable moderation/mediation and, 57-58 statistical dependence and, 56-57

thematic data analysis, 89 within-dyad interdependence and, 57

See also Coding process; Scales Dating conflict, 161

attachment styles, individual differences and, 171-172 attributions/biases concerning conflict and, 174 breakup scripts, aversive communication and, 136 cognitive scripts, divergence in, 136

conflict behaviors, affect dimension of, 166-167 cross-cultural similarities and,

175- 176

demand-withdrawal patterns and, 165, 170, 171, 173,

176- 177

dyadic conflict behaviors and, 164-165, 176-177 engagement/avoidance dimension and, 164 environmental influences and, 174-178

ethnicity and, 174-175 gender differences, conflict behavior enactment and, 170-171

goals, definition/attainment of,

172- 173

historical period, temporal rhythms of couples and,

177- 178

hurtful messages, relational distancing and, 141 individual conflict behaviors and, 163-164 individuals’ cognitions, relational conflict outcomes and, 170-174 interpretation/perceptions of conflict behaviors and,

173- 174

negative reciprocity and, 164-165

negativity/positivity dimension and, 163-164, 166-167 physical environment and, 177 problem-solving paradigm, assumptions of, 167-170 rape/seduction scripts and, 136 relational conflict, dynamic aspect of, 161-162, 162 (figure), 168-169 same-sex unions and, 175 skills metaphor, behavioral conflict models and, 170, 173

social milieu, influence of, 176 stressful experiences, conflict outcomes and, 172, 269 See also Intimate partner violence (IPV); Marital conflict

Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace, 740-741

Declaration of Helsinki

(1964/1975), 469 Deconstruction, 77-78 Deliberative democracy, 610 Deliberative Mapping tool, 626 Delors Commission report, 407-408

Demand-withdrawal patterns, 17-18, 165, 170, 171, 173, 176-177, 280-282

Democratic paradox, 612-613, 620, 621

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 238, 240, 241, 251

Depressive disorders, 239, 241-242, 249, 251

Derived etic approch, 59, 60 Devils Tower National Monument case, 515

Diagna >sΓιc and Statistical Manaial of Mental Disorders (DSM), 238, 239, 243

Dialectical approaches, 22-23, 27 community engagement/conflict and, 498-500 conflict management and, 25 distance vs. empathy and, 499 hostage negotiations, relational paradoxes and, 24-25 listening vs. advising and, 499 maintenance vs. rupture and, 499 mediation patterns and,

23-24 openness vs. protection and, 498

organizational conflicts and, 24 privilege vs. equality and, 498-499

Dialogic conversation design,

609- 610

affirmation commitment and, 623, 629 (table) antagonism vs. agonism and, 612 centrality/parity tension and, 620

Circle of Prosperity initiative and, 620, 625, 628 citizenship/democratic deficits and, 609, 610 communication as design and, 617-620 consensus/plurality, promotion of, 620-621 convergence/divergence issues, management of, 620-621 conversation commitment and, 624-625, 629 (table) deliberative democracy, talk­centric nature of, 610

Deliberative Mapping tool, 626 democratic paradox and, 612-613, 620, 621 design process, iterative nature of, 626-628 dialogical approaches, theoretical tendencies in,

610- 612

dialogical sensibility and, 617, 622, 626, 629 (table) discourse, centrality of, 610-611 episodic/evolving tension and, 615 equitable/hierarchical relationships tension and, 614 experiential/analytical knowledge and, 616-617 formal/informal relationships tension and, 613-614 future research topics in,

628,630

generativity commitment and, 623-624, 629 (table) government failure, factors in, 609

holistic perspective, communication ecology and, 611

human systems, communication-managed tensions in, 611

imagination commitment and, 624, 629 (table) inclusion/exclusion tension and, 614-615, 620

mathematical/social representations of time tension and, 615-616 meaning making, difference management and,

611- 612

moral/aesthetic commitments/ dialogic sensibility and, 621-625, 629 (table) orientation difficulty, design judgments and, 626-628 past/present tension and, 615 phronesis, process design/tool utilization and, 622 poised resourcefulness and, 627-628, 629 (table) power dynamics and, 611 preparedness and, 627-628, 629 (table)

presencing process, dynamic systems complexities and, 627-628, 629 (table) preservation/change tension and, 620

prosperity game tool, 625 public participation/community dialogue, dialectical tensions in, 612-617 relationality commitment and, 623, 629 (table) silence/expression tension and, 613

temporality tensions cluster and, 615-616, 619 (table) tensional clusters, design issues and, 613-617, 619 (table), 620, 625-628

tension management strategies and, 625-628 tools for managing interactional challenges and, 619, 620, 625

voice tensions cluster and, 613-615, 619 (table) ways of knowing tensions and, 616-617, 619 (table) See also Dialogue as transcendence; Discourses of conflict

Dialogue as transcendence, 597, 604

commonplacing process and, 599

contexts of conversation, changes in, 599-600 dialogic communication and, 598

dialogic virtuosity and, 598 dialogue, process characteristics of, 597-598

dialogue institutes and, 599 ground rules/processes of, 598-599

I-thou relationship and, 598, 611 joining spot, construction of, 598, 599 key practices of dialogue and, 598 scoping process and, 599-600 traditions of dialogue and, 598

See also Cultures of peace; Discourses of conflict; Middle way approach (MWA); Moral conflict/transcendent communication

Dialogue groups, 12 Diary methods, 168, 169 Digital divide, 499

Diplomacy, 595, 706-707 Direct democracy, 610 Discourse analysis, 19-20, 76 See also Conversation analysis

Discourses of conflict, 594 advocacy discourse, 594-595 negotiation discourse, 595 redefinition discourse, 595-596 See also Dialogic conversation design; Dialogue as transcendence; Moral conflict/transcendent communication Distributive processes, 11, 12, 16, 18, 297

Divorce, 13, 87, 117, 118, 165-166, 174

See also Intimate partner violence (IPV); Marital conflict

Domestic violence (DV), 247-248 Dominator model of society, 739 Double blind studies, 51

Dual concern model, 11-12,

298, 778

Due Process Protocol, 464 Dyadic conflict, 3 between-dyad interdependence and, 57

dyadic data sets, interdependence and, 56-57

within-dyad interdependence and, 57

See also Dating conflict; Intimate partner violence (IPV); Marital conflict Dyadic trust, 134

Early Years of Marriage (EYM) Project, 174

Educators for Social

Responsibility, 416

Emotion, 105-106 accommodation principle and, 114

action tendencies/behavioral responses and, 108-109 affective response and, 107, 124 approach-avoidance dimension and, 109

arousal levels, changes in, 107-108

blaming and, 108 cascade model, emotion in conflict and, 116-119 categorization of, 107-108 cognitive appraisals/attributions and, 108 communication decisions

and, 108 conflict/emotion, conceptual similarities between, 106-109, 106 (figure) conflict-related emotions, 109-122

corporal punishment and, 222

cross-cultural studies of, 125-126

definition of, 106 expectancy violations theory and, 119-122

fearful emotions, 110, 115-116, 124-125

flat emotions, 109, 113-114, 123-124

future research, critical issues for, 122-126

goal incompatibility and, 106-107

hard emotions, 109, 110 hostile emotion expression, conditions for, 122-123 hostile emotions, 109, 110-112 hurtful messages/responses, conflict interactions and, 123

interaction strategies and, 16 message affect and, 19 misperception/misunderstanding and, 108

positive emotions/affect, 114-115, 124 qualitative research methods and, 94

relational positivity and, 109 research, theoretical frameworks for, 116-122 self-conscious emotions and, 109-110, 115, 124 self- vs. other-focused emotions and, 109-110 soft emotions, 109, 112-113 stimulus/precipitating factors in, 106

See also Family conflict; Interpersonal conflict; Intimate partner violence (IPV); Marital conflict Emotional flooding, 108, 117, 118, 268

Empathy, 113, 114, 117, 362, 405, 499, 654, 665, 691, 795

Employment. See Global workplace conflict; Work-life conflict (WLC); Workplace bullying; Workplace conflict

Empowerment, 13, 14, 23, 29, 458, 515, 835

End-of-life decisions, 437, 438, 444-445

Enemy system theory, 747 Environmental conflict communication, 490, 513-514

agenda setting and, 520 alternative dispute resolution strategies and, 516, 529 climate change, contrasting frames for, 525 collaborative participatory processes and, 515-516, 529-530 computer-based simulation models and, 529 consensus-based processes and, 517, 517 (table), 521-524, 819

critical performance approaches, transformed environmental conflict and, 526-528

data/data validity, conflicts in, 515

decentralized/horizontal decision process and, 522 definitional hegemony and, 520, 523

democratic participation processes, evaluation of, 518-519

developing nations, biodiversity/ unique landscapes and, 522, 524 ecosystem/adaptive environmental management and, 528, 530 emotional/personal rights discourse and, 519 endangered species, community­based conservation planning and, 521, 530 energy policies and, 522 environmental justice advocacy and, 527 equity/distribution/valuation, core conflicts over, 523 final determinations, agency power and, 520 frame analysis/theory, utility of, 525-526, 527 hydrocarbon governance struggles, 527 integrated assessment/ management processes and, 528

intractable conflicts, emergent complex systems properties and, 530 intractable conflicts, reframing imperative and, 526 land use policies and, 515, 530 Libby, Montana asbestos case, 500-506

mediated modeling, dynamic systems thinking and, 528-529, 530 melodramatic performance, transformed environmental conflicts and, 527 methods/venues for public engagement and, 516-517, 517 (table)

moral culture perspective and, 527

open/free debate, promise of, 522-523

powerful sectors, co-opted communication and, 519, 520-521, 522, 523, 524 progressive environmental policy, reduced likelihood of, 523-524

public hearings and, 517 (table), 518-521

public interest/public good, protection of, 515

public participation, mandate for, 514-517

public participation processes, critiques of, 517-521 research-practice links, promising future of, 524-526

slow-motion technological disasters and, 500

social capital, creation/use of, 521

soft systems approaches and, 529-530

superfund sites and, 500-501, 616-617

sustainable development and, 516-517, 522

systems analysis, biophysical processes/social practices integration and, 528-530 technical/scientific discourse and, 519, 520

timber industry campaigns and, 88-89

water management conflict frames and, 525-526 watershed conservation policy and, 494, 530, 617 Environmental determinism, 5 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 500, 501, 505, 616, 617

Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study, 242

Episode work, 268 (table), 269, 809

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 370, 458

Equifinality principle, 467, 468 Equilibrium, 60

Ethics: applied ethics, 488, 490-491, 497-500, 503-505 community engagement projects/processes and, 497-500

experimental research, manipulation in, 51 external ethics, 42 internal ethics, 42 narrative research

and, 79 neutrality principle, 498 participant protections, 51 secular ethics/values, human well-being and, 690-691 Ethnic identity development theory, 649-651, 653

Ethnicity. See Dating conflict; Ethnic identity development theory; International/ intercultural conflict; Interracial/interethnic conflict and communication; Marital conflict; Mental health disorders; Race

Ethnography, 73-74 (table), 75, 76, 78, 81-82

community conflict and,

83, 496 holistic understandings and, 82 interethnic/intercultural conflict and, 83-84 international/geopolitical conflict and, 84 interpersonal conflict and, 82 organizational conflict and,

82- 83

participant observation, immersion and, 82, 83 racial binaries, race talk and,

83- 84

thick descriptions of conflict and, 82

See also Performance ethnography; Qualitative research methods

Ethno-linguistic Vitality Theory, 699-700

Ethnomethodology, 75 Expectancy effects, 51, 144

Expectancy violations theory (EVT), 119-122 behavior/emotion, regulation of, 119-120 compensatory/reciprocal behaviors, reward value and, 120

expectancy violation, threshold for, 121 forgiveness communication and, 121 implications of, 121-122 investment model and, 121 negative expectancy violations and, 120 negative/reciprocal behaviors and, 121 positive/compensatory behaviors and, 119 positive expectancy violations and, 120 predictive/prescriptive expectancies and, 119 relational transgressions/hurtful events and, 120-121

See also Emotion

Expectation violation/ confirmation, 144

Experimental research, 49, 50-51 culture, role of, 51 double blind studies and, 51 expectancy effects and, 51 manipulations, effectiveness of, 51 pilot studies and, 51 random assignment and, 51

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), 46

External validity, 49-50, 51, 169

Facebook, 772, 826

Face management, 16, 82, 695, 698, 768

See also Face negotiation theory; Face saving; Mutual face concerns management Face negotiation theory, 645-646, 652, 794

Face saving, 4, 195, 352, 366,

439, 645

Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993, 386 Family communication patterns (FCPs), 217, 224-228 consensual families and,

226- 227 laissez-faire families and, 228 pluralistic families and, 227 protective families and,

227- 228

See also Family conflict communication

Family conflict communication, 67, 211-212

adolescents and, 214, 215-216, 218

attachment styles and, 248-249, 248 (box)

behavior regulation, communication strategies and, 217

child age factor and, 214-216 child communication/ relationship skill acquisition and, 211, 212, 216-217, 218, 220 child custody cases and, 87 child psychological development and, 245-246

child self-regulation and, 214, 215

conformity orientation and, 224, 225, 245, 246 consensual families and, 225, 226-227

constructive parental conflict communication and,

218- 219

conversation orientation and, 224-225, 245-246 corporal punishment and, 214, 221, 222

definitions of family conflict and, 212-214

divorce mediations and,

13, 87

family communication patterns and, 217, 224-228

family conflict consequences and, 217-219, 220

family violence and, 214,

219- 221, 222, 223, 247-248

family violence consequences and, 220-221

future research topics in, 230-231

identity formation/separation and, 214, 215-216 intensity/frequency of, 214, 220, 221

interdependent family members and, 229 intergenerational transmission of violence and, 221 interparental conflict, parent­child relationships and, 91 interparental violence, child witnesses of, 221 intimacy of family relationships and, 228-229 laissez-faire families and, 226, 228 long-term quality of life and, 211-212

mixed methods research

and, 91

nagging, factors in, 82 parenting styles/practices and, 246-247, 251

peer relationships and, 215, 218, 219, 220 person-centered approach to, 217

pluralistic families and, 225-226, 227 position-centered approach to, 217

protective families and, 226,

227- 228

psychological/social outcomes and, 218-219, 221

serial arguments and, 229 shared social reality, establishment of, 224 sibling relationships and, 214, 218

socialization, conflict communication behaviors and, 216-217, 220, 221-222

types of families and, 225-228 unique nature of, 222-224,

228- 229

violence avoidance strategies and, 220

young children and, 214-215, 218-219, 245-246

See also Emotion; Health care conflict management; Intimate partner violence (IPV); Marital conflict; Mental health disorders; Work-life conflict (WLC) Fantasy theme analysis, 69, 76 Fault line activation, 328 Fearful emotions, 110, 115-116 avoidant reaction and, 115-116 chilling effect pattern and, 116, 124

conflict issue communication, role in, 124-125

intimate terrorism and, 116 least interest principle and, 125 relationship protection and, 116

traumatic events and, 116

See also Emotion Feminist theory, 13, 77 Field experiments, 51, 497 Field notes, 77, 79 First Big Fight (FBF) studies,

85, 169 First-order changes, 12, 595

First-order metaphors, 21, 80, 91 Flat emotions, 109, 113-114 empathy/understanding and, 113

stonewalling and, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123-124 withdrawal behaviors and, 113-114, 123-124 withdrawal/demand patterns and, 113, 123

See also Emotion

Focus groups, 76, 443, 445, 495, 501-506, 665

Forgiveness, 121, 151, 152, 199, 567-568, 690, 708, 747, 823-824

See also Reconciliation

Frame theory, 525-526 Framing approaches, 20, 139 cognitive approach to, 139-140 communication process framing, 795-796 cultural dimensions framing, 796-798

hidden agenda frame and, 140 interaction frames, intergroup conflicts and, 140 intractable conflict and, 140 latent frames, activation of, 140

paradox framing, 796-798 relationship frame, 792 scoping process and, 599-600 strategically ambiguous framing and, 461

workgroup conflict resolution and, 328, 329

See also Dialectical approaches; Social cognition

Functional family therapy

(FFT), 255

Game theory, 3, 4, 67, 306, 749 Gay, Lesbian and Straight

Education Network (GLSEN), 412

Gay experience. See Lesbian/gay/ bisexual/transgendered/ queer/questioning (LGBT2Q) experience

Gender differences: demand-withdrawal patterns and, 172-173

effect size for, 171 gendered dispositions and, 171 goals, definition/attainment of, 172-173

interpersonal behavioral differences and, 170-171 intimate partner violence and, 189, 192, 193 sexual harassment and, 406

social structural model

and, 171 stereotypes about, 171 work-life conflict and, 91, 383-384, 390, 394 See also Dating conflict;

Marital conflict

Generalizability, 90

Geopolitical conflict, 84 Globalization. See Conflict communication; Culture­based social ecological conflict model (CBSECM); Global workplace conflict Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE), 715 Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC), 407, 416

Global workplace conflict, 713-714

adaption strategy and, 726 conflict, definition of, 714 conflict, potential outcomes of, 725, 725 (table) contextual factors, cross- cultural differences and, 717

convergence paradox and,

719- 720

cooperative arrangements, collective outcomes and, 730 corporate/nongovernmental collaborations and, 719-720

corporate strategy, disagreements around, 730 cross-national organizational alliances and, 727, 728 cultural intelligence and, 726 culture/cultural variability dimensions and, 714-718, 716-717 (table) decision-making protocols and, 730-731

diversity paradox and, 718-719 ethnocentrism and, 723 expatriates and, 724 global identity paradox

and, 720 globalization pressures and, 713, 714, 717-718, 719 global mind-set, leadership/ teamwork and, 726 in-group biases and, 723 in-group/out-group categorization and, 723-724

interpretive differences and,

722- 723

interrole conflict and, 721 intervention strategies for, 725-727

joint venture conflict and, 727, 728-730

language-based issues and, 722 liability of foreignness and, 728 managerial intervention strategy and, 726-727

motivations for, 714 national economic development, differing levels of, 728 operational complexity and, 728

oppositional processes, process loss and, 721

paradoxes within, 718-720 procedural preferences, justice perspectives and, 727 productive conflict and, 725, 725 (table)

relational orientation conflicts and, 729

roles/responsibilities alignment and, 730

similarity attraction theory and, 724

social identity theory and,

723- 724

sources of conflict, 721-725 strategic/operational goals alignment and, 730-731 structural intervention strategy and, 726

team identity issues and, 723 transnational teams, conflict in,

720- 725

trust development and, 729-730 work-family tensions and,

721- 722

See also Organizational conflict; Workplace bullying; Workplace conflict Goal assessment/goal control, 272-274

Goal attainment, 147-148, 172-173

Greenpeace, 720

Grounded theory, 73-74 (table),

76, 77, 78, 84

community conflict and, 86 constant comparative method and, 84-85 data sources in, 84 emergent theories and, 84, 85 international conflict and, 86-87 interpersonal conflict and, 85 organizational conflict and, 85-86

social confrontation model and, 85

See also Qualitative research methods

Group-level organizational citizenship behavior (GOCB), 328

Groups. See Family conflict communication; Interpersonal conflict; Organizational conflict; Small group conflict; Workgroup conflict/ communication

Guilt, 115, 120, 124, 134

Habitat Conservation Plans

(HCPs), 521

Hard emotions, 109, 110 Health care conflict management,

429- 430

advocacy role and, 439 ambiguity, challenges of, 442, 449-450

autonomy/interdependence, tensions between,

442- 443

bedside manner deficiencies and, 431-433

COMFORT training framework and, 446 communication improvement strategies and,

443- 445, 446

competing discourses and, 441, 442

complexity, challenges

of, 451

Comskil model of communication skills training and, 445-446 conflict coaching intervention and, 446-447

conflict prevention/management and, 443-449, 444 (table) cross-disciplinary communication, competing discourses and, 441

dispute systems design and, 448-449 disrespectful/insensitive messages and, 438-439 division of labor, negotiations over, 338-339 doctors/nurses/residents, conflict among/between, 441-443

end-of-life decisions and, 437, 438, 444-445 family roles in care, expectations about, 437 health care organizations, conflict within, 430 (table), 439-443, 448 health care teams, conflict within/among, 338-339, 440-441

information-based conflicts and, 433, 436-437, 444 institutional/structural conflicts and, 437-438 interaction process, modification of, 444-445 interdisciplinary teams, mutual respect/power sharing and, 339, 444

internal transformative resolution process and, 448-449

Internet use, provider-patient power distance and, 434 interprovider communication, limited structural opportunities for, 441 levels of conflict in health care and, 429, 430 (figure), 439 malpractice litigation and, 442, 445

medical education/training programs and, 445-448 mentoring programs and, 446, 448

nonverbal communication skill and, 432-433

nurse education programs and, 446-447

organizational/professional culture and, 440-441 parent conflict strategies and, 439

parents of sick children, conflict types and, 436 partnership building, patient participation and, 434 patient characteristics/ illness type, conflict opportunities and, 434-435

patient education programs and, 447-448

patient health management role, expectations of, 433 physician education programs and, 445-446, 447 power, challenges of, 433-434, 440, 451

power relations, models of, 433-434

principled negotiation process and, 444

professional boundaries, violation of, 433 provider-family relationships, conflict occurrences in, 436-439

provider-patient interactions, contextualization of,

430- 431

provider-patient relationships, conflict occurrences in,

431- 436, 432 (table) public health emergencies and,

501-506

rapport building/patient activation behaviors and, 436

revolving door patients and, 435

rule priorities, structural divergence and, 443 social work conflict mediation and, 438

sources of conflict and, 431, 432 (table) status/hierarchy, perceptions of, 440

status inequity/role ambiguity and, 442

systems misnomer and, 429 third-party intervention and, 448

understaffing problem and, 438

verbal communication skill and, 432

whistle-blowing and, 339

See also Mental health disorders; Trust in community-academic research partnerships Health Communities initiative, 467 Hermeneutic tradition, 73 (table), 74-75

Hierarchical linear models

(HLM), 57 Hierarchy of meaning model,

799-800, 800 (figure)

Hostage negotiations, 14, 16,

18, 67 conversation analysis and, 48 message affect in, 19 phase mapping for, 19 relational paradoxes in, 24-25 relationship patterns, ordering of, 22

transcript sampling, selection bias and, 53-54

See also Negotiation

Hostile emotions, 109, 110-112 assertive modes of anger expression and, 111 counterjealousy induction and, 111

destructive/constructive responses to, 111-112 disgust/contempt and, 111, 117, 118

expression of, conditions for, 122-123

jealousy and, 110-112 negative communication and, 111

nonverbal disapproval and, 110, 111

physical attacks and, 110 verbal attacks and, 110 violent communication and, 111 See also Emotion

Hot systems of conflict control, 150

Human resource strategy, 465

Human rights issues, 404, 407-408, 412-413, 687

See also Sino-Tibetan conflict Hurtful events, 112-113, 123, 139, 141

See also Dating conflict; Emotion; Expectancy violations theory (EVT); Family conflict; Marital conflict; Soft emotions

IBM-Lenovo deal case, 296, 298-299, 301-302, 306

Identification-based trust (IBT) stage, 548, 549, 550-556, 555 (table)

Identity in intercultural conflict, 639-640

civil rights era, new ethnicity movement and, 640 co-cultural theory, conflictual intercultural encounters and, 643, 651, 654 communication accommodation theory, in-group identification/intergroup conflict and, 647-648,

652, 654 conceptions of identity,

personal vs. collective lens and, 641-642 contextual theory of interethnic communication and, 652,

653, 654 converging perspectives on,

653-655

cultural communication systems, symbols/practices in, 644-645, 652

cultural identifications theory, dynamic identification systems and, 643-644, 651-652, 654

dominant ideological constructs, reproduction of status quo and, 641, 642-643

ethnic identity development theory and, 640, 642,

649- 651, 653

face negotiation theory, communal identity/ individual enactment and, 645-646, 652

future research topics in, 655-656

group-based identity terminology/ categorizations and, 641-642, 650, 653 identity concept, historical perspectives on, 640-642, 651-655

identity management theory, identity threats/ relationship development and, 646, 652, 654 identity negotiation theory and, 643-644, 646, 652, 654 identity-related inquiry, objectivism to activism and, 640-641 individuation/universalization, parallel synergistic cognition and,

650- 651, 654 integrative theory of cross-

cultural adaptation and, 649, 650, 652, 654 intercultural conflict, institutional/structural intergroup inequalities and, 642-644, 651

marginalized communities, hegemonic structures and, 643,651

person-environment interaction, dynamic/evolving identities and, 649, 653 secure identity, metamotivation/ ego-strength and, 654 self-categorization theory and, 647, 652

shared identity, balanced individualism/community and, 644

social group categorization, flexibility in, 639-640 social identity theory, in-group identification/intergroup conflict and, 647, 652, 654

speech codes theory, shared communication patterns and, 644-645, 652, 654 subjective in-group identification and, 646-648

uncertainty-identity theory and, 649, 653, 654

unitary personhood, intercultural conflict and, 640, 642, 648-649, 652-653

See also Global workplace conflict; Intercultural/ intergroup conflict resolution; International/ intercultural conflict Identity management theory, 646, 652, 654

Identity negotiation theory, 643-644, 646, 652, 654

Imagined interaction conflict linkage theory, 153

Imposed etic approach, 59 Improvisation approach, 89 Incompatibilities, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Independent variables, 43-44

See also Variables

In-depth interviews, 79 Individuals. See Dyadic conflict;

Identity in intercultural conflict; Interpersonal conflict; Small group conflict Individuation process, 650-651 Influence goals, 146-148 future argument episodes and, 147

goal attainment and, 147-148 identity/relational goals and, 146, 147 initiators and, 146 resistors and, 146 self/instrumental goals and, 146, 147 serial argument goals and, 147

See also Social cognition Influence tactics, 9, 13 Information exchange, 3, 11 community-academic research partnerships and, 538, 539 dialogic communication and, 610 global workplace conflict and, 720

health care conflict management and, 430, 433, 436, 437, 444 organizational conflict, negotiation and, 300, 303, 304, 305, 308, 309 In-group/out-group categorization, 19, 406, 646-647, 652, 662, 663-664, 702-703, 723, 776-777

Institutionalization of Peace Education in Basic Education and Teacher Education, 420 Institutions. See Community conflict; Global workplace conflict; Health care conflict management; Organizational conflict; Workplace conflict Integrated Accountability and Collaborative Transparency (IACT), 445

Integrative processes, 11, 12, 17,

18, 297 Integrative theory of cross-cultural adaptation, 649, 650, 652, 654

Interactional data, 48, 53 Interaction Process Analysis, 6 Intercoder reliability, 48 Intercultural/intergroup conflict resolution, 687-688 communication accommodation theory and, 698, 699 compassion, secular nature of, 688, 690-691 dialogic process, shared inquiry/ reflection and, 687 ethno-linguistic vitality theory and, 699-700 intergroup perspective, intergroup communication dynamics and, 698-705 middle way approach and, 691-698, 693 (table), 696 (table), 702-705

mutual face concerns management and, 695,

698, 705-706 nonviolence approach and,

688-691

nonviolent vs. violent practice model and, 689-690, 689 (figure)

secular ethics/values, human well-being and, 690-691 social categorization, intergroup hostility and, 702-703 social competition strategy and,

699, 700, 701-702 social creativity strategy and,

699, 700-701, 702-705 social identity theory and, 698, 699-700, 702 social mobility and, 699 See also Buddhist philosophy; Culture; Cultures of peace; International/ intercultural conflict; Relationship-based transformational communication; Sino- Tibetan conflict Interdependent messages, 5 Interest groups, 489-491 Intergroup conflict models, 12 communication media and, 15 interactional data, systematic observation and, 48 See also Cultures of peace; Intercultural/intergroup conflict resolution; International/intercultural conflict; Organizational conflict; Small group conflict

Intergroup Dialogue, Education, and Action (IDEA) initiative, 495

Intergroup Relations Center: Voice of Discovery Program, 496 Internal consistency reliability, 46 Internal validity, 49-50, 51 International Catholic Migration Commission, 599

International Communication Association, 72

International/intercultural conflict, 67, 635

adaptive negotiation, emergent process of, 18-19

bullying prevention programs and, 412, 416

case study method and, 89 conflict resolution education programs and, 412, 414-415, 416 constructive engagement, dimensions of, 87 diplomacy/negotiation discourse and, 595

dual concern model and, 11-12 environmental issues, public participation and, 514, 515

ethnographic research and, 83-84

foreign policy threats, measurement of, 44-45 frame analysis/theory and, 525-526

framing phenomenon and, 139-140

grounded theory and, 86-87 intergroup conflict models and, 12

moral orders, conflicting differences in, 586, 587 narrative research and, 80-81 peace/conflict processes, geopolitical conflict and, 84, 89

planned improvisation in peacemaking/ organizational actions and, 89

religious beliefs, effects of, 576-577

restorative justice processes and, 414-415, 416 validity issues and, 51 work-life conflict and, 384-385 See also Culture; Culture­based situational conflict model (CBSCM); Cultures of peace; Global workplace conflict; Identity in intercultural conflict; Intercultural/ intergroup conflict resolution; Interracial/ interethnic conflict and communication Interpersonal conflict, 2, 67, 99 argumentation patterns and, 9 case study method and, 87 collective vs. individual resistance and, 91 definition of, 99-100 dual concern model and, 11-12 empowerment and, 13 ethnographic research and, 82 framing approaches and, 139-140

grounded theory and, 85 health settings and, 85 incompatibilities and, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

mediation competency and, 12-13

narrative research and, 79-80 negative metaphors and, 21 negotiated order approaches and, 22 serial arguments and, 17 symmetrical message patterns in, 4-5

systems interaction perspective and, 5-6

systems theories of communication and, 5-6 transactional model, conflict process and, 5 turning point event studies, 85 See also Dating conflict; Emotion; Family conflict communication; Intimate partner violence (IPV); Marital conflict; Relationship­based transformational communication; Social cognition

Interpretive perspectives, 19, 27, 74 communication/conflict, constitutive relationship between, 22 conversation analysis and, 20 discourse analysis and, 19-20 framing/issue development and, 20 negotiated social/moral orders and, 21-22 poststructualist/postmodernist tradition and, 77-78 symbolic forms, narratives/ metaphors and, 20-21 See also Communication;

Conflict research

Interracial/interethnic conflict and communication, 661 abilities of individuals, conflict strategy enactment and, 677

African American conflict styles and, 667, 668, 669, 672 African American-Jewish interactions and, 663, 665

African American-Korean American interactions and, 664

African American-Latino interactions and, 663, 666

Asian conflict styles and, 667 bicultural/multicultural individuals, communication competence and, 677 co-cultural theoretical framework, communication practices and, 673-679

collectivistic-individualistic dichotomy and, 667, 671 communication approaches, negotiated intergroup interactions and, 676-677 communication styles/values, misinterpretation of, 664-665

communicative behaviors, costs/ rewards of, 677-678 conflict, race-based definitions of, 669

conflict styles, comparative studies of, 667-670, 671, 675

contemporary conflict, larger historical frame for, 664 contemporary social inequalities and, 662-663

culturing, dynamic perspective on culture and, 676 difference vs. similarity, research focus and, 672 empathy/perspectival knowledge, lack of, 665 essentializing generalizations, research limitations and, 671-672, 676 ethnic identity salience and, 670 Eurocentric/ethnocentric bias and, 671

European American conflict styles and, 667, 668, 669, 672

existing research on, 662, 663, 670-673

field of experience/life occurrences, conflict behaviors and, 675-676 friendship conflict, differences within, 669, 670

future research topics in, 674-678

in-group/out-group tensions and, 662, 663-664 interracial roommate conflict and, 666, 668 intragroup differences, conflict styles and, 667, 671 Latino conflict styles and,

667, 669

limitations of existing research on, 670-673 marginalized racial/ethnic groups, perspectives of,

668, 673, 678 micro-level practices, research

focus on, 672-673

Native American conflict styles and, 668

neighborhood conflicts/crime and, 666

perceptual differences and, 664-665

points of comparison, insight into, 669

positive effects of conflict and, 678

preferred communication outcomes, past experience and, 678-679 prototypical culture-typed persons, preferred conflict styles of, 671-672 pseudoconflicts and, 666 racial/ethnic conflict styles and, 667-668

racial integration, ideal

of, 665

racial segregation, misunderstanding/ relational inequalities and, 665

racial vs. ethnic differences and, 671 self-construals, predictors of conflict styles and, 667-668, 671

silence, interpretation of, 668 situational context of communication interactions and, 675 socialization, conflict behaviors and, 675-676

sources of conflict and, 661-666, 678 stereotyping/limited intergroup interaction and, 665-666 television programming, racialized meanings/ attribution bias and, 665, 666

traditional empirical approaches to, 670-671

See also Identity in intercultural conflict; Intercultural/ intergroup conflict resolution; International/ intercultural conflict

Interviews, 76, 77, 79, 80, 83 Intimate partner violence

(IPV), 187 additive/cumulative effects of, 197

affective effects of, 197 attributive cause/motives, taxonomy of, 190-191, 191 (table)

avoidance patterns and, 15-16 behavioral effects of, 197 biocultural aspects in, 187, 192 cascade models of, 195, 199 communicative aggression and,

189, 192, 198, 264 conflict management processes/

skills and, 198-200 contextual/relational factors

in, 195 definition of, 188 deotological ethical perspective and, 187-188

domestic violence and, 247-248 effects typology for, 195-198, 196 (figure)

episodic occurrence of, 193 expressive motives and, 190 forgiveness and, 199 future research priorities on, 200-201

gender differences and, 189, 192, 193

injuries from, 193, 197 instrumental motives, power/ control objectives and,

190, 191-192 interactional processes, general

patterns of, 192-195 interparental violence, child witnesses of, 221, 247 interventions, efficacy of, 199-200

intimate terrorism and, 116, 194

physical violence, 188, 198 physiological effects of, 197 prediction of, 199 prevalence of, 189 psychological abuse and, 188-189, 192, 197, 198 rape/seduction scripts and, 136

reciprocal nature of, 192-193, 195 relational effects of, 197 resource effects of, 197 risk factors for, 192, 193 self-regulation and, 150, 195 severe/disordered subset in, 194-195

severity of, 193

situational couple violence and, 194

social network effects

and, 197

spiritual effects of, 197 typologies of, 193-195 victim resilience and, 198 violence as communication and, 188-189

workplace/organizational effects of, 198

See also Dating conflict; Interpersonal conflict; Marital conflict

Intractable conflict, 67 Invertibility, 60

Investment model (IM), 121, 122-123

Israeli-Palestinian conflict,

80, 84

Issue development, 20

I-Thou relationship, 598, 611, 741, 742, 795

Jasmine Revolution, 700

Jealousy, 110-111, 576

John Templeton Foundation, 690 Justice reality principles, 594

Knowing. See Social cognition;

Ways of knowing tensions Knowledge-based trust (KBT)

stage, 548-549, 550-556, 555 (table)

Labor. See Global workplace conflict; Organizational conflict; Work-life conflict (WLC); Workplace bullying; Workplace conflict

Lag-sequential analysis, 48 Law-based systems, 461, 462-463 (table), 464-465, 468,

473- 474, 477

Least interest principle, 125 Lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgendered/ queer/questioning (LGBT2Q) experience, 80

bullying phenomenon and, 412 intimate partner violence and, 189

marriage equality and, 695

mental health disorders

and, 241

same-sex unions, conflict in, 175

school-based engagement training program and, 497 See also Gender differences Libby, Montana asbestos disaster case, 500-506

Life histories, 71, 78, 94 Linguistic style matching, 18 LinkedIn, 826

Liti-gotiation system, 458 Living systems model, 5

Living Well case, 805-809, 807 (tables), 808 (figure)

Locus of control, 269-270 Logrolling, 300-301

Magnitude scales, 44 Management-based systems, 462­463 (table), 465-466, 468,

474- 475, 477

Maquiladoras, 83 Marital conflict, 14, 67, 161 affective conditions/mood

and, 169

attachment styles, individual differences and, 171-172 avoidance patterns and,

15-16, 172

child psychological development and, 245-246

complaint episodes and, 85 conflict-avoiding couples and, 117

contempt and, 111 contentious situations, responses to, 18 conversation analysis and, 48 demand-withdrawal patterns and, 165, 170, 171, 173 divorce and, 13, 87, 117, 118, 165-166, 174

domestic violence and, 247-248 dual-ethnic marriages, communication conflict and, 81

ethnicity and, 81, 174-175 facial expressions of emotion and, 113

hidden agenda frame and, 140 hostile couples and, 117-118 hostile/detached couples and, 117-118

imagined interactions, role

of, 153

interparental violence, child witnesses of, 221, 247 jealousy and, 110-112 negative behaviors, predictive power of, 166, 169, 170, 174

observational studies of, 169-170

partner memory structures and, 138-139

positive emotions, stable relationships and, 114-115 positive/negative behaviors, ratio of, 117-118 predictors of divorce, research on, 166 problem-solving paradigm, assumptions of, 167-170

relational conflict, dynamic aspect of, 161-162, 162 (figure), 168-169 religiosity, role of, 85 silence and, 75 skills metaphor, behavioral conflict models and, 170, 173 social ecological model and, 161 stressful experiences, conflict outcomes and, 172, 269 symmetrical message patterns in, 4-5

validating couples and, 117 volatile couples and, 117 weness and, 113

See also Cascade model of emotion in conflict; Dating conflict; Emotion; Family conflict communication; Intimate partner violence (IPV) Marriage. See Family conflict; Intimate partner violence (IPV); Marital conflict; Marriage equality Marriage equality, 695 Maternity leave conflict, 78, 85-86, 386

Measurement, 42 categorical/continuous independent variables and, 43-44 content analysis and, 47-48 interactional data and, 48 invalidity, sources of, 49 levels of analysis and, 45 philosophy of, 42-43 psychological variables, multi­item scales and, 46-47 qualities/quantities, determination of, 44-45 self-report measures and, 47 standardization of, 56 systematic observation and, 48

unitization process and, 48 unobtrusive measures and, 47 See also Coding process; Quantitative research methods; Scales

Media:

minority issues/voices, mainstream media outlets and, 494

news reporting, prejudicial discourse and, 92

Pornotopia film festival, reporting on, 588 social ecological model and, 772

social media, 772, 826-882 television programming, racialized meanings/ attribution bias and, 665, 666

virtual work teams and, 329-330

Mediated modeling, 528-529, 530 Mediation competency, 12-13 communication patterns and, 13

conversation analysis and, 20 dialectical approaches to mediation and, 23-24 empowerment and, 13, 23 feminist theory and, 13 issues framing and, 13 mediator interventions, timing of, 13

mediator neutrality and, 21, 23 phase development patterns and, 19

strategies/tactics, taxonomy of, 13

transformational mediation and, 13, 16

turn-taking norms and, 20 Mediation of variables, 58 Medical Genetics Project, 545 Meditation, 691, 692, 708 Memorandum on Genuine

Autonomy for the Tibetan People (MOGAFTP), 697-698

Mendez Foundation, 413 Mental health disorders, 237-238 anxiety disorders, 239, 242, 249-251 attachment styles, mental health outcomes and, 248-249, 248 (box) biopsychosocial model of disease and, 244-245, 244 (figure), 252, 253 commonalities among disorders and, 252, 254 conflict issues in families and, 245-249 conformity-oriented families and, 245, 246 conversation-oriented families and, 245-246 culture-bound syndromes and, 243

definition of, 238-239 depression/mood disorders, 239, 241-242, 249, 251 dual diagnosis/multiple diagnosis disorders and, 251

family-based interventions and, 254-256, 256 (box), 258 (appendix)

family conflict-mental health relationship and, 243-249, 244 (figure) family violence/domestic violence and, 247-248 functional family therapy and, 255

future research topics in, 256-257

generalized anxiety disorder, 239 incidence of, 238, 241-243, 249 interparental violence, child witnesses of, 221, 247 marital/family conflict, child psychological development and,

245- 246, 247-248

mental health services, minority group utilization of, 243 multisystemic family therapy and, 255

parenting styles/practices and,

246- 247, 251 prevention/intervention models

and, 252-255, 253 (box, figure) psycho-educational training and, 252, 256 race/ethnicity/culture and, 241-243, 249

resource list, 258 (appendix) schizophrenia, 240-241, 240 (box), 243, 251 substance abuse/dependence disorders, 239-240, 242-243, 244 (figure), 251-252

suicide incidence and, 245, 249, 250 (box) See also Family conflict communication; Health care conflict management Mentoring peer mediation, 410-411

Metaphors, 20-21, 69, 722 Middle East Crisis, 687 Middle way approach (MWA),

687, 688, 691-692 conflict perspective and, 693-694 culture of peace, capacity for understanding/conflict resolution and, 694 dialogue/communication approach and, 694-695,

696- 697, 698, 702-707 emptiness, interdependent

origination and, 692, 693 enlightenment practice, threefold approach to, 692 intergroup perspective, intergroup communication dynamics and, 698-705 Karma, theory of, 692 middle way-based memorandum and,

697- 698, 701 middle way-based solution,

695, 696, 696 (table) mutual face concerns management, intergroup harmony and, 695, 698, 705-706 philosophy of, freedom from nihilism/eternalism and, 692-694, 693 (table) polarized/win-lose ethnocentric stances and, 694-695 positive interdependent relationships, recognition of, 694-695, 698 power negotiation, power currencies and, 694 relational perspective on power and, 694-695 social creativity strategy and, 702-705 transcendent creative thinking, intergroup conflict resolution and, 695

See also Buddhist philosophy; Intercultural/intergroup conflict resolution; Nonviolence approach Mindfulness, 265-266, 269, 270, 272, 274, 283, 284, 691

See also Intercultural/intergroup conflict resolution; Middle way approach (MWA); Nonviolence approach

Mixed methods research, 73-74 (table), 78, 89-90 case study and, 87 community conflict and, 92 crystallization, genre-bridging methods and, 90 generalizability and, 90 interparental conflict, parent­child relationships and, 91 intractable multiparty conflict, holistic view of, 92 problem-driven research and, 90

purposes of, 90-91 social conflict and, 92 third methodological movement and, 90

See also Qualitative research methods

MODE instrument, 11 Moderation of variables, 57-58 Moral/aesthetic commitments, 621-622, 623, 629 (table) affirmation commitment, 623 conversation commitment, 624-625

generativity commitment, 623-624

imagination commitment, 624 relationality commitment, 623 See also Dialogic conversation design

Moral conflict/transcendent communication, 585 action research approach to, 592 advocacy discourse and,

594- 595

argument, obstruction of,

587- 588

case studies of moral conflict,

588- 589, 592-594 conflict reality approaches

and, 594

conflict resolution practices, cultural differences in,

586- 587

constructive conversation, encouraging process for, 601-602

coordinated management of meaning and, 591-592, 603

culture/moral order, reflexive relationship between, 586 dialogue process as transcendence and, 597-600, 604

discourse of conflict, conceptualization of,

594- 596

dispute mediation cases and, 593-594

future research/practice, agenda for, 605

intercultural conflict, cultural/ moral differences and, 587 intermural discourse vs. intramural discourse and, 593

intractable conflict and,

587- 588, 602-604

justice reality principles and, 594

lessons learned from research on, 602-604, 603 (figure) moral conflict, characteristics of, 587-588

moral difference, incommensurate moral orders and, 586-587 moral order, personal action and, 585-586

moral reality ideals and, 593 negotiation discourse and, 595 optimal conditions for dialogue, creation of, 600-601 outcomes of conversations, possibilities for, 602 Pornotopia film festival case and, 588-589, 600-602 power dynamics and, 604 practical guidelines for dialogue and, 600-602

practical theory approach to,

591- 592

redefinition discourse and,

595- 596

Religious Right case and,

592- 593

research history on,

589- 592, 602

safety management issues and, 601

social constructionist approach to, 590-591

sources of conflict, cultural/ moral differences and, 587

systems theory approach to, 590

theoretical/methodological influences on research and, 590-592

Transcendent Communication Project and, 596-597 See also Community conflict; Dialogic conversation design; Dialogue as transcendence

Moral imagination, 595-596 Moral Majority, 592

Moral order negotiation, 21-22, 595

See also Moral conflict/ transcendent communication Moral reality ideals, 593 Mothers Against Genetic Engineering, 88

Multicultural education, 404, 406-407

Multinational corporations. See Global workplace conflict Multiple regression analysis, 54 Multisystemic family therapy (MFT), 255

Mutual face concerns management, 695, 698, 705-706

Myth, 76, 641, 643

Narrative, 20-21, 74 (table), 76, 78 characteristic issues in, 79 conflict experience, sense­making and, 78-79, 81 data sources in, 79 embodied approach in inquiry and, 79

in-depth interviews and, 79 interethnic/intercultural conflict and, 80-81

interpersonal conflict and, 79-80

interpretive responsibility in, 79 lived experience and, 78 organizational conflict and, 80 validity issues and, 79 See also Qualitative research methods

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 403, 418

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 198

National Communication

Association, 72

National Curriculum Integration

Project (NCIP), 417 National Elk Refuge, 530 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, 514, 515

National Institute of Mental

Health (NIMH), 242, 249 National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 242

National Women’s Hospital (NWH) case, 461, 469-476 systems analysis of conflict and, 470-473

See also Conflict management systems (CMS); Health care conflict management Naturalistic studies, 14, 26,

51, 816

Negative reciprocity, 164-165 Negotiated order theory, 22 Negotiation, 295

aspirations, joint gain attainment and, 299 (figure), 301

bridging opportunities and, 300-301

competitive vs. cooperative processes and, 297 content analysis and, 48 cross-cultural negotiations, negotiation strategies in, 302-306

culture lens, negotiation strategy/joint gains and, 296 (table), 301-306, 314, 314 (figure), 315 (table)

distributive strategy and, 11, 299-300, 299 (figure) distributive vs. integrative processes and, 297-298, 299 (table)

dominant strategy patterns, rationale for, 311

dual concern model and, 298

explicit communication, cooperation and, 3 feminist theory and, 13 game theory and, 4 heuristic trial and error process and, 300

information exchange process and, 300

integrative strategy/insight and, 11, 299 (figure), 300-301 intracultural negotiation, levels of joint gains and, 302, 306

joint gains maximization and, 295, 298-299, 299 (figure), 301

labor negotiation, behavioral theory of, 297 lag-sequential analysis and, 48 logrolling and, 300-301 mediation competency models and, 12-13 mind-set/culture, negotiation strategy and, 304 mixed-motive negotiation and, 297

negotiation research, lenses of, 295, 296 (table), 314, 314 (figure), 315 (table) outcomes lens, negotiation strategy and, 296-298, 296 (table), 314, 314 (figure), 315 (table)

phase development in,

18-19, 48 pre-negotiation plans

and, 11

process lens, joint gains/ negotiation strategies and, 296 (table), 298-301, 299 (figure), 314, 314 (figure), 315 (table)

question/answer technique of, 296 (table), 302-306, 312, 313

research, gaps/inconsistencies in, 312-313, 312 (table) self vs. other concern and, 297-298

social/cooperative process

of, 295

social exchange model of, 4-5 stages of negotiation, changing dominant strategies in, 307-309

strategic change, causes of, 309-310

strategies/tactics, multiple roles of, 11

strategy alignment/adjustment, agreement quality and, 18 substantiation/offers technique of, 296 (table), 302-306, 312, 313

time lens, negotiation strategy dynamics and, 296 (table), 306-311, 314, 314 (figure), 315 (table) trust/culture, negotiation strategy and, 305-306 value claiming vs. value creation and, 298

See also Community conflict; Hostage negotiations; Organizational conflict; Peer mediation; Workgroup conflict/ communication; Workplace conflict Negotiation dance, 18-19 Negotiation discourse, 595 Neutrality principle, 498 New Christian Right, 592-593 New Hampshire Forest Sustainability Standards Work Team, 527 New Mexico Center for Dispute Resolution (NMCDR), 598-599

New Zealand Accident Compensation Commission Act of 1974, 469 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 719-720, 727, 744 Nonprobability sampling, 53-54 Nonviolence approach, 687, 688 altruism/compassion, emotional and physiological well­being and, 691

Buddhist principles and, 688-690

compassion, secular nature of, 688, 690-691

global peace leadership and, 688, 690

human motivation, introspection and, 691 inter-religious harmony and, 688

meditation/mind training, enlightenment outcome and, 691

mindfulness, cultivation of, 691 nonviolent vs. violent practice model and, 689-690, 689 (figure)

secular ethics/values of compassion/tolerance and, 688, 690-691

self-immolation and, 702 universal responsibility and, 688

See also Intercultural/intergroup conflict resolution; Middle way approach (MWA)

NVivo software, 86

Observation data, 48, 51, 67 marital conflict studies and, 169-170

participant observation and, 80,

82, 83

Occupy Movement, 490, 700, 826, 827

ODIS (observe/describe/interpret/ suspend evaluation) model, 806

Olweus Bullying Prevention program, 413

Online data-gathering, 52-53 Online dispute resolution, 477 Online processing studies,

153-154

Online support communities, 89 Ordinary least squares linear regression, 56

Oregon Resiliency Project, 409 Organizational Communication Conflict Instrument (OCCI), 46, 59

Organizational conflict, 1, 2, 67, 291-292

case study method and, 88 competitive situations, distorted communication and, 3 conversation analysis and, 48 dialectical approach in, 24 dual concern model and, 11-12 ethnographic research and, 82-83

explicit communication, cooperation and, 3 grounded theory and, 85-86 interprofessional collaboration and, 88

levels of analysis of, 292 metaphors, prototypes of, 21 mixed methods research and, 91-92

narrative research and, 80 public relations conflict and, 88 See also Community conflict;

Conflict management systems (CMS); Global workplace conflict; Health care conflict management; Negotiation; Workgroup conflict/communication; Work-life conflict (WLC); Workplace bullying; Workplace conflict Other, 74, 75

alienation and, 80 doubly other experience, narrative research and, 80

enemy images, 747 I-thou relationship and, 598, 611, 741-742, 795

meaning making, difference management and, 611-612

personal identity, shifting labels and, 80

See also Cultures of peace;

International/intercultural conflict; Relationship­based transformational communication Outcomes lens in negotiation, 296-298, 296 (table), 314, 314 (figure), 315 (table)

Paradox. See Global workplace conflict; Relationship­based transformational communication

Participant observation, 80, 82, 83 Participation-based systems, 462-463 (table), 466-468,

475- 476, 477

Participatory research. See Community conflict; Environmental conflict communication; Trust in community-academic research partnerships

Partner memory, 137-139 Partnership model of society, 739 Partnerships. See Community conflict; Trust in community­academic research partnerships

PATHS Program, 408

Payoffs, 3, 4, 727

Peaceable diversity, 740 Peaceable Place program, 413

The Peace Builders Program, 417 Peace education, 404, 407-408, 420, 740-741

See also Conflict resolution education (CRE); Cultures of peace; Peacemaking processes; Restorative justice programs; School­based conflict resolution programs

Peace Education Working Group, 407, 416

Peacemaking processes, 84, 89, 487, 587, 595, 687 global peace leadership and, 688, 690-691 meditation/mind training, enlightenment outcome and, 691 secular ethics/values, human well-being and, 690-691 understanding/conflict resolution capacity and, 694

See also Cultures of peace; Middle way approach (MWA); Nonviolence approach; Peace education

Peer mediation, 13, 86, 407, 409, 417

cadre peer mediation and,

409- 410

class-linked mediation and, 410 comparative research on, 411 cross-age mentoring mediation programs and, 411 mentoring peer mediation and,

410- 411 negotiation/general conflict

curricula and, 411 perspective-taking skill development and, 410 See also Conflict resolution education (CRE); School­based conflict resolution programs

People for the American

Way, 5923

People’s Republic of China

(PRC), 694 interpersonal interaction/ intergroup dialogue and, 694, 698

memorandum of Tibetan aspirations and, 697-698 Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet White Paper, 696, 697

Sino-Tibetan meetings, dialogue as solution and, 696-697, 704

Tibetan priest-patron relationship and, 696

See also Middle way approach (MWA); Sino-Tibetan conflict

Performance ethnography, 78 Permissive parenting, 246, 247 Perspective-taking skill development, 410

Persuasion communication, 3, 9 counterpersuasion and, 2 mediation competency models and, 12-13

Phenomenological tradition, 73 (table), 74-75

Phronesis, 622

Pilot studies, 51

Planned improvisation approach, 89 Political conflict, 3 foreign policy threats, perceptions of, 44 geopolitical conflict and, 84 interest groups and, 489 See also Global workplace conflict; International/ intercultural conflict; Sino-Tibetan conflict Pornotopia film festival case,

588- 589, 600-602

Positive emotions, 114-115 accommodation/forgiveness and, 114-115 closeness/interdependence and, 114

cooperative behaviors and, 114 See also Emotion

Postmodernism, 9, 74 (table), 77-78, 90

Poststructuralism, 74 (table), 77-78 Post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD), 197

Power imbalance, 9, 12 conflict, fueling of, 604 critical/cultural studies and, 76-77

dialogical tensions and, 611 workgroup conflict and, 335-336

workplace coercion and, 77 Practical theory, 499

coordinated management of meaning and, 591-592 moral conflict/transcendent communication research and, 591-592

Principle components analysis (PCA), 46

Prisoner’s Dilemma game, 1 Problem appraisal, 140

hurtful messages, physiological stress and, 141

partner interference/relational uncertainty and, 142 primary/secondary appraisals and, 140-141

relational turbulence and, 141-142

types of appraisals and, 141 See also Social cognition Problem-solving paradigm, 101, 163, 165, 167-170

Process lens in negotiation, 296 (table), 298-301, 299 (figure), 314, 314 (figure), 315 (table) Program on Intergroup

Relations, Conflict, and Community, 496

Project Peace, 411 Prosperity game tool, 625 Protest movements, 2, 700,

826, 827

Psychodynamic approach to dialogue, 743

Psycho-educational training, 252, 256

Public Conversations Project,

596- 597, 600

Public Dialogue Consortium, 596 Public health emergencies, 501-506

Public hearings, 518-521 Public relations conflict, 88 Punctuated equilibrium model, 333

Qualitative research methods, 41, 67, 78

case study and, 73-74 (table), 78, 87-89

communication process of conflict and, 93, 94 conceptual relationships, network of, 71-72, 71 (figure)

conflict, deep/rich processes of, 69, 72

conflict communication research and, 72-73 contemporary conflict scholarship and, 92-93 critical/cultural studies tradition and, 74 (table), 76-77 ecological/multilevel frameworks and, 69-70, 70 (figure)

emerging research fields and, 93 ethnography and, 73-74 (table), 75, 76, 78, 81-84

generative function of, 93 grounded theory and, 73-74 (table), 76, 77, 78, 84-87 hermeneutic/phenomenological tradition and, 73 (table), 74-75

mixed methods approach, 73-74 (table), 78, 89-92

naive theories and, 41 narrative and, 74 (table), 76, 78-81

paradigms/metatheoretical traditions and, 73-78, 73-74 (table)

poststructuralist/postmodernist tradition and, 74 (table), 77-78

research agendas in, 93-94

sociocultural/social construction tradition and, 73 (table), 75-76

traditions/theories, methods alignment and, 70-71

See also Conflict communication research; Conflict research; Quantitative research methods

Quantitative research design, 48-49 causal analysis, validity issues and, 49 conflict outcome vs. conflict process, research emphasis and, 52 culture, role of, 51, 55, 58-61 data analysis issues and,

56-58 experimental realism and, 49 experimental vs.

nonexperimental research and, 50-51

external validity and, 49-50 internal validity and, 49-50 invalidity, sources of, 49 mundane realism and, 49 online data-gathering and,

52- 53

psychological realism and, 49 representativeness, convenience sampling and, 50 role-playing research, 50 sampling issues/methods and,

53- 56

theory-development goal and,

50, 55, 67

threats to validity and, 50,

51, 52

See also Coding process; Measurement; Quantitative research methods; Scales Quantitative research methods, 41-42

areas in, 42 categorical/continuous independent variables and, 43-44 conflict/communication, definitions of, 43 content analysis and, 47-48 intercoder reliability and, 48 levels of analysis and, 45 magnitude scales and, 44 measurement, philosophy of, 42-43

method-theory interdependence and, 43-44 psychological variables, multi­item scales and, 46-47 quantities/qualities, determination of, 44-45 systematic observation and, 48 theory construction strategy and, 43-44

unitization process and, 48 unobtrusive measures and, 47 See also Coding process;

Conflict communication research; Conflict research; Qualitative research methods; Quantitative research design; Scales

Race:

Black/White Americans, divergent perspectives of, 586

cultural richness frame and, 596

health care conflict occurrences and, 434-435

intimate partner violence and, 189

lexical analysis, prejudicial discourse and, 92

mental health issues and, 241-243

minority issues, mainstream media coverage of, 494 racial binaries, race talk and, 83-84

workplace bullying and, 357 See also Interracial/ interethnic conflict and communication

Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II (ROCI-II), 59 Reactor oversight process

(ROP), 597 Reciprocity, 3, 4, 17-18, 19 intimate partner violence and, 192-193, 195 negative reciprocity, dyadic conflict behavior and, 164-165

Reconciliation, 12 community trauma, mutual understanding and, 418, 507 forgiveness, space for, 747 group cooperation/friendly relationship and, 749 nonviolent practice of, 691 restorative justice programs and, 413, 414, 416 retribution bias and, 366 transcendent communication/ dialogue and, 809, 822,823

See also Forgiveness Redefinition discourse, 595-596, 597

REDRESS program, 458

Relational turbulence model (RTM), 141-142

Relationship-based transformational communication, 791-792 action paradox and, 797-798 communication paradox and, 797 conflict scripts and, 793-794 consciousness, levels of, 803-804

coordinated management of meaning practice/theory and, 798-800, 799 (figure), 805

episode work, shifts in context and, 809

face negotiation theory and, 794

facilitator role in, 811-812

focus/orientation paradox and, 797

frames of communication process and, 795-796 frames of reference, culture/ social realities and, 792-793, 795, 804, 810 hierarchy of meaning model and, 799-800, 800 (figure)

intercultural conflict competence and, 810-811 interdependence, characteristic elements of, 801

I-Thou relationships and, 795 knowing paradox and, 797, 811

Living Well case study and, 805-809, 807 (tables), 808 (figure)

meaning making process, elements in, 793-795, 793 (figure), 796

multilevel contexts of communication and, 795-798

mutuality/reciprocity in relationships and, 795 needs, understanding/fulfillment of, 794

other, intercultural competence and, 810-811

paradox framing and, 796-798, 810-811

reflective processes and, 803-804

relationship, higher order context of, 800-802, 800 (figure), 804

response paradox and, 798 self, transformative learning and, 810

tactical conflict behaviors and, 804

transcendent communication and, 801-802

transformed/reframed viewpoints and, 795 transforming communication, ways of knowing and, 802-804

transforming conversations, strategies for, 809-811 unwanted repetitive patterns of social interaction and, 801

See also Intercultural/intergroup conflict resolution; International/intercultural conflict; Interpersonal conflict

Reliability:

intercoder reliability, 48 internal consistency reliability, 46 unitization process and, 48 See also Quantitative research methods; Validity Religion-based conflict, 563-564 Bhagavad Gita in Hinduism and, 570-571

Buddhist philosophy and, 688-690

Christianity and, 564, 565 (table), 567-568, 572, 774-775

conflict styles, religion and,

574- 575 forgiveness/compromise/love

beliefs and, 567-568 fundamentalist Christian beliefs and, 572, 592-593 future research topics in,

575- 577

globalization pressures and, 774

Hinduism and, 565-566 (table), 570-571, 572, 688, 774

intercultural conflict, religion and, 576-577

interfaith/intrafaith conflict and, 577

Islam and, 566 (table), 568­570, 572, 774

Islamic principles of conflict response and, 569-570

Jainism and, 688 organizational dissent/conflict, religion and, 572-573, 575-576

pre-Islamic conflict behavior and, 568-569

relational conflict, religion and, 573-574, 576

religious beliefs/traditions, roots of conflict and, 564-572, 774-775

violence/vengeance beliefs and, 564, 567

See also Intercultural/intergroup conflict resolution; Nonviolence approach Religious Right, 592-593 Research. See Community conflict;

Conflict communication research; Conflict research; Moral conflict/ transcendent communication; Qualitative research methods; Quantitative research methods; Trust in community-academic research partnerships Research partnerships. See Community conflict; Trust in community-academic research partnerships Responding in Peaceful and

Positive Ways (RIPP), 410 Responding to Conflict Creatively

Program (RCCP), 417 Restorative justice programs, 413-415

accountability, nonpunitive reconciliation/community building and, 413-414 basic processes in, 414 circle processes in, 414 citizenship, development of, 414, 415

community engagement and, 498

group conferencing and, 414-415

quality/impact of, 415 reconciliation and, 413, 414, 416

Scottish educational model

of, 415

South Philadelphia High School case study of, 414 victim offender mediation and, 414

See also Conflict resolution education (CRE); School­based conflict resolution programs

Rhetorical scholarship, 2-3

Rhetorical structure analysis, 48

Ripeness theory, 86

Rituals, 76

Role-playing research, 50, 86

Romantic relationships. See Dating conflict; Intimate partner violence (IPV); Marital conflict

Rule violations, 139

Rumination response,

151-153, 283

Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act (SDFSCA) of 2002, 404

Sampling, 53

conflict communication processes, comparison of,

55- 56

conflict communication research and, 53-54 conflict situations, resource­exchange universe and, 54 convenience sampling, 50 dyadic data sets, interdependence and,

56- 57

group comparisons, sampling for, 54

group differences, controls for,

54- 55

nonprobability sampling, 53-54 sample size, statistical power and, 54, 57

selection bias and, 53

See also Quantitative research design; Quantitative research methods

Scales, 67 amount-over-time ratios and, 44-45

assumptions of, 45 back-translated scales, 60 confirmatory factor analysis and, 46-47

derivative measures and, 44 exploratory factor analysis and, 46 magnitudes scales, 44 multi-item scales, psychological variables and, 46-47 principle components analysis and, 46

structural equation model and, 46-47

unidimensional multiple-point scales, 45

See also Coding process; Measurement; Quantitative research methods

Schizophrenia, 240-241, 240 (box), 243, 251

School-based conflict resolution programs, 86 bullying prevention programs and, 411-413, 416 engagement training program, 497 moral reasoning/constructive conflict orientation and, 411

Olweus Bullyng Prevention program and, 413

PATHS Program and, 408 Peaceable Place program and, 413 peer mediation/negotiation programs and, 409-411, 416

Project Peace and, 411 restorative justice programs and, 413-415

Second Step Program and, 408-409

Strong Start/Strong Kids Programs and, 409

Strong Teens Program and, 409 teacher education/preparation and, 404, 418-420 violence prevention intervention and, 417-418 whole school programs and, 417-418

See also Conflict resolution education (CRE) School harassment/violence, 404, 406-407

School Health Promotion Council, 417

Scoping process, 599-600

Scripts, 136 breakup scripts, aversive communication and, 136 conflict scripts, 793-794 interaction scripts, conflict resolution and, 136-137 personal vs. normative scripts and, 136

positive interpersonal relations and, 137

same-script actors, divergent goals and, 136

script divergence and, 136 single situation, multiple scripts for, 136

See also Social cognition Second-order changes, 12 Second-order metaphors, 21, 80, 91

Second Step Program, 408-409 Self-categorization theory, 647, 652, 698

Self-conscious emotions,

109-110, 115

action tendencies of, 115 conflict interaction, role in, 124 guilt, 115 self-reflection/self-evaluation and, 115

See also Emotion Self-efficacy, 134, 198, 270 Self-esteem, 4, 141, 215 Self-interests, 4, 298, 541, 614 Self-regulation, 149

brain activity, influence

of, 151

child self-regulation, family conflict and, 214, 215 cold systems of conflict control and, 149-150

conflict behaviors, influence over, 149 conflict-related stress, recovery from, 150-151 conversation content, recall of, 150

dispositional self-control and, 150

forgiveness, capacity for, 151 habituated behaviors and, 149 hot systems of conflict control and, 150

intimate partner violence and, 150, 195

resource depletion and, 150 rumination about provoking events and, 150

See also Social cognition Semi-structured interviews, 80, 83 Sender-oriented approach, 5 Sentiment override hypothesis, 148-149

Separate-but-equal solution, 695 Separateness concept, 738

Serial arguments, 9, 17, 229

Seville Statement on

Violence, 738

Sexual harassment, 406, 461 Sexual orientation. See Lesbian/ gay/bisexual/transgendered/ queer/questioning (LGBT2Q) experience

Similarity attraction theory (SAT) and, 724

Sino-Tibetan Conflict, 687, 688, 691 convergence/maintenance communication strategies and, 701

dialogue approach to, 696-697,

702- 705

diplomacy outcomes and, 706-707

divergence communication strategy and, 701

intergroup perspective, intergroup communication dynamics and, 698-705

interpersonal interaction/ intergroup dialogue and, 694, 698

Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy for the Tibetan People and, 697-698,

703- 704

middle way approach-based solution to, 695, 696, 696 (table)

reincarnation issue and, 705 self-immolation and, 689, 698, 702

Sino-Tibetan meetings and, 696-697, 704, 705

social categorization, intergroup hostility and, 702-703

social competition strategy and, 701-702

social creativity strategy and, 700-701, 702-705

Tibetan diaspora in India and, 696, 698, 703-705

Tibet/China, priest-patron relationship of, 696

See also Middle way approach (MWA)

Sino-Tibetan Friendship

Associations, 698

Situational conflict model. See Culture-based situational conflict model (CBSCM)

Slow-motion technological disasters (SMTDs), 500-506

Small group conflict, 3 affective conflict, ego involvement and, 3 content analysis and, 47 interactive problem-solving and, 12

reciprocity and, 3, 4-5 substantive messages, reciprocal exchange of, 3

systems interaction perspective and, 5-6

See also Intergroup conflict models; International/ intercultural conflict Social capital, 521, 609 Social categorization, 702-703, 723-724

Social cognition, 133 accommodation processes and, 145-146

attachment styles and, 143, 144, 145, 151, 153 attribution making and, 145 beliefs and, 134-135 cognitive processes, mediation roles of, 143-151 cognitive processing, interpersonal conflict and, 143

conflict-related beliefs and, 135 contemporary research, summary of, 154-155 expectation violation/ confirmation and, 144 forgiveness and, 151, 152 framing approaches and, 139-140

imagined interaction conflict linkage theory and, 153 influence goals and, 146-148 knowledge structures, interdependency among, 142-413, 143 (figure) online processing studies and, 153-154

other-related beliefs and, 134 partner memory, compartmentalization/ relational stage and, 137-139

problem appraisal, framework for, 140-142

relational beliefs and, 135 rule violations and, 139 rumination, response to distress and, 151-153

scripts, goal-related actions and, 136-137 self-regulation and, 149-151 self-related beliefs and, 134-135 sentiment override hypothesis and, 148-149

social knowledge, interpersonal conflict and, 133-142 thought processes, influence of, 151-153

Social competition strategy, 699, 700, 701-702

Social conflict, 2-3

conflict, subjective/objective bases of, 9-10 intergroup conflict models and, 12

lexical analysis, prejudicial discourse and, 92 mixed-methods approach and, 92

narrative analyses of, 21 social/moral order negotiation and, 21-22

See also Community conflict; Identity in intercultural conflict; Intercultural/ intergroup conflict resolution; Religion-based conflict; Social cognition Social confrontation model, 85 Social constructionism, 9, 13 moral conflict/transcendent communication research and, 590-591

qualitative research and, 73 (table), 75-76 Social creativity strategy, 699, 700-701, 702-705 Social ecological model, 161, 174, 177-178, 764, 816

analytical levels/ecological layers in, 771-772, 771 (figure)

core principles of, 771 mass media, position of, 772 overview of, 770-771

See also Culture-based situational conflict model (CBSCM) Social/emotional learning (SEL), 404, 405, 419

Social exchange model, 4-5, 67 Social group categorization, 639-640

Social identity theory (SIT), 647, 652, 654, 698, 699, 702, 723-724

Social learning theory, 247 Social media, 772, 826-827 Social mobility, 699

Social order negotiation, 21-22 Social structural model, 171

Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM), 385, 387

Sociocultural tradition, 73 (table),

75-76

Sociolinguistics, 75

Soft emotions, 109, 112-113 acquiescent responses and, 112 active verbal responses and, 112-113

conflict interactions, hurtful messages/responses and, 123

hurt, 112-113, 123, 139 hurtful messages, appraisals of, 140-142

hurtful messages, types

of, 112 integrative communication/ relational repair and, 113 intense hurt, limited response tactics and, 112 invulnerable responses and, 112

sadness, 113

See also Emotion

Soft systems approaches, 529-530

South Philadelphia High School case, 414

Speech codes theory, 644-645, 652, 654

Speech Communication

Association, 1

Stationarity, 60

Statistics. See Data analysis Stonewalling, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123-124, 277

Storytelling. See Narrative

Strategic conflict model, 266-269, 267 (figure), 268 (table)

Strategies, 11, 12, 13

Strong Start/Strong Kids

Programs, 409

Strong Teens Program, 409

Structural equation model (SEM), 46-47, 55, 56, 57

Struggle spectrum, 8, 9

Substance Abuse and

Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 238, 242

Substance abuse/dependence disorders, 239-240, 242-243, 244 (figure), 251-252

Suicide, 44 depressive disorders and, 249, 250 (box)

family conflict, suicide incidence and, 245

intimate partner violence and, 197

self-immolation and, 702 Superfund sites, 500-501, 616-617 SustainAbility, 720

Sustainable development,

516-517, 522

Symbolic interactionism, 75 Symbols. See Interpretive perspectives

Systematic observation, 48 Systems interaction perspective, 5-6, 13

Systems theories, 5-6, 13, 67

moral conflict/transcendent communication research and, 590

See also Conflict management systems; Environmental conflict communication

Tactics, 11, 12, 13

Teaching Students to be Peacemakers Program (TSPP), 410

Telecommunications

workgroups, 331 Temporality tensions, 615, 619 (table)

episodic/evolving tension, 615 mathematical/social representations of time tension, 615-616 pats/present tension, 615 See also Dialogic conversation design

Tensional clusters, 613-617, 619 (table), 620, 625-628

See also Dialogic conversation design

Thick description, 82, 485, 610 Third methodological movement, 90

Threats, 9, 99, 109, 125, 195, 299, 328, 357, 569, 576, 577, 649, 739

Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR), 701

Tibetan Children’s Village, 690 Tibetan Youth Congress and

International Tibet Independence Movement, 696, 702

See also Sino-Tibetan conflict Timber industry campaigns, 88-89 Time lens in negotiation, 296 (table), 306-311, 314, 314 (figure), 315 (table) Time-series models, 42, 49, 60, 409

Tort law, 458

Transactional model, 5, 26,

694, 741

Transcendent Communication

Project, 596 dialogue as transcendence and,

597- 600, 801-802 liberal-conservative opposition and, 596 multiple worldviews, powers/ limits of, 597 reconceptualized differences/ common ground, grammar for, 596 redefinition discourse and, 597 relationship transformation, facilitation/ground rules and, 596-597 transcendent communication, characteristics of, 596 See also Dialogue as transcendence; Middle way approach (MWA); Moral conflict/transcendent communication

Transformational communication.

See Conflict communication; Relationship-based transformational communication Transformational mediation,

13, 16 Translation process, 60 Triangulation, 87 Trust in community-academic research partnerships, 537-538

calculus-based trust stage and, 548, 550-556, 555 (table) co-alliance trust and, 546-547 community-academic partnerships, characteristics of, 540 community-academic partnership, definition of,

539- 540

community-based participatory research principles and, 538, 549-556, 555 (table) community engagement models and, 539-540 competency-based/cognitive trust and, 548 conflict, definition/role of,

540- 541

conflict, sources of, 541-543 consultative relationships and, 539 convergence of values/priorities and, 541 cultural/communication styles differences and, 541-542 emotion-based/affective trust and, 548 identification-based trust stage and, 548, 549, 550-556, 555 (table)

information sharing and, 539 interorganizational teams and, 537-538, 539, 540 knowledge-based trust stage and, 548-549, 550-556, 555 (table)

macrosources of conflict and, 542-543

memoranda of understanding and, 556

microsources of conflict and,

541- 542

power dynamics issues and, 542 relational trust and, 547 research methods, contentious selection of, 543 resource allocation inequities and, 542-543

risk, voluntary acceptance of, 544-546

romantic relationships, phases of trust in, 547-548 swift trust and, 546 trust, definitions/definitional components of, 543-546 trust, types of, 546-547 trust development/decline models and, 538, 547-549 See also Community conflict; Health care conflict management

Truth and Reconciliation

Commission, 691 Turning point event studies, 85

Turn-taking norms, 20, 619 Twitter, 772, 826

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 597, 600

U.S. Postal Service (USPS) case, 458, 466

Uncertainty-identity theory, 649, 653, 654

Unidimensional multiple-point scales, 45

Unified diversity concept, 10, 14 Unitary personhood, 640, 642, 648-649, 652-653

United National Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 738, 739, 740

United States. See Interracial/ interethnic conflict and communication

Unitization process, 48 Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, 407 Universalization process, 650-651 Unobtrusive measures, 47 Uppsala Conflict Data Program

(UCDP), 737

Validity:

causal analysis, canons of, 49 culture, role of, 51 experimental research and, 49, 50, 51

external validity, 49, 50, 51,

169

internal validity, 49, 50, 51 invalidity, sources of, 49 narrative research and, 79 naturalistic studies and, 51 observational studies and, 169 online data-gathering and, 52-53 representativeness issues and, 50

role-playing research and, 50 threats to validity, 50 See also Quantitative research design; Reliability Variables:

categorical/continuous variables, 43-44, 56 conceptual/operational definitions of, 56 experimental research and, 49, 51

independent variables, 43-44 interaction variables, 16-17 invalidity, sources of, 49 model testing, moderation/ mediation and, 57-58 non-spuriousness of, 40 predictor/predicted variables, covariation of, 49 structural variables, 15-16 See also Sampling Verbal immediacy, 19-20 Virtual conflict management, 15 Virtual teams (VTs), 329-330 Visual Communication Concept Explorer, 68 (figure), 69, 70, 70 (figure)

Voices of Discovery Program, 496 Voice tensions, 613, 619 (table) consensus/dissensus tension, 613 equitable/hierarchical relationships tension, 614 formal/informal relationships tension, 613-614 inclusion/exclusion tension, 614-615 silence/expression tension, 613 See also Dialogic conversation design

Vulnerable emotions. See Soft emotions

W.R. Grace Company disaster case, 500-506

War:

deep-seated hostility, intractable violence and, 746 dominator model of society and, 739

foreign policy threats, perceptions of, 44 frequency/consequences of, 738 ideological/emotional legacies, community narratives and, 81

intercultural communication conflict, dual-ethnicity marriages and, 81 nation-level sociopolitical organization and, 739 outdated concept of, 688 transformation to peace systems and, 744

violent conflict, conflict management techniques and, 84

See also Cultures of peace Water management conflict, 525-526

Watershed conservation policy, 494, 530, 617

Ways of knowing tensions, 616, 619 (table)

common content, sharing

of, 616 experiential/analytical knowledge tension, 616-617

humans/nature relationship tension, 617

questions of fact/questions of value and, 617

See also Dialogic conversation design; Relationship­based transformational communication

Whistle-blowing, 339

Withdrawal. See Demand­withdrawal patterns

Workgroup conflict/ communication, 321-322 alternative conflict resolution strategies and, 328 antecedents of conflict and, 324 coalition building and, 329 concertive control and, 336-337 conflict efficacy and, 326 conflict management models and, 341-342 conflicts of interest and, 336 contested terrain concept, power dimensions and,

335- 336

control structures and, 336-337 developmental perspective on, 323 (table), 332-335, 341, 342

discourse management strategies, positive conflict management and, 328 diversity in workgroups and, 327-329

emergent states, conflict and, 326

fault line activation and, 328 formal/informal work groups and, 338

framing process, conflict resolution outcomes and, 328, 329

global group dialectics and, 334 group developmental stages and, 325-326 group-level organizational citizenship behavior and, 328

group life cycle, long-term group development and, 332-334

health care teams, political conflict in, 338-339 horizontal control and,

336- 337

inherent paradoxes/coexisting opposites and, 334 instrumental perspective on, 323-332, 323 (table), 341, 342

integrated traditions, cross­fertilization and, 340-342 leadership emergence in workgroups and, 334-335 moderators of, 325-327 network analysis, connectedness effects and, 330-331 perspectives on workgroup conflict and, 322-323, 323 (table)

pluralistic approaches, human relations/industrial organizations and,

337- 338

political perspective on, 323 (table), 335-340, 341-342 process conflict and, 325, 326, 327

punctuated equilibrium model and, 333

relational conflict and, 324, 325-326, 327, 329 service-oriented teams and, 325 struggle, ongoing process of, 338

subgroup diversity and, 328 task conflict and, 324, 325-326, 327 technology-oriented teams and, 325

telecommunications workgroups and, 331 vertical control and, 336 virtual teams and, 329-330 whistle-blowing and, 339 workgroup, definition/ characteristics of, 322 workgroup development, dynamic of tensions and, 334-335

workgroup outcomes, conflict and, 324-327

See also Organizational conflict; Work-life conflict (WLC); Workplace bullying; Workplace conflict Work-life conflict (WLC), 78, 377 boundary construction process and, 392-393 communication technologies/ telework and, 383 consequences of work-life conflict and, 379-381 coworker relationships and,

389- 390

definition of, 378 dominance-resistance tensions, practices of power and, 394-395

economic/political contexts of, 382

family leave policies, managerial interests and, 337

family relationships and,

390- 392 family unit effects and, 390-391 future research topics in, 395-396

gendered experiences and, 91, 383-384, 390, 394 global team context and, 721-722

historical/cultural contexts of, 382-384

identity construction process and, 393-394 levels of analysis of, 377-378, 378 (figure) macrosocietal contexts of, 382-385

maternity leave conflict, 78, 85-86, 386

meanings of work, shifts in, 384

mixed methods research and, 91 national/international contexts for, 384-385 organizational cultures/climates and, 387-388, 395 organizational responses to, 385-388, 389 parent-dependent relationship effects and, 391-392 predictors of work-life conflict and, 379, 380 (table) relational impacts on, 388-392 relational partner effects and, 391 supervisory relationships and, 389 supportive workplace relationships and, 389-390

transformational processes and, 388, 392-396 types/models of, 378-379, 379 (table)

work-life benefits, policies/ programs and, 385-387, 386 (table), 388 work-life synergy/facilitation and, 381

See also Family conflict communication; Workgroup conflict/ communication; Workplace bullying; Workplace conflict Workplace Aggression Revised Questionnaire (WAR-Q), 370 Workplace bullying, 349 accidental bully type and, 363-364, 367

blaming and, 350

bully ally bystander type and, 360-361, 362

bully profile traits and, 363-365 bully role in, 351, 353, 363-367, 370 bystander profile traits and, 360-361

bystander role in, 350, 351, 359-363, 371 collective responses to, 371 communal character of, 350-351, 353, 369 communication pattern in, 350 communication skill deficits and, 357 communicatively assertive target type and, 355-356, 358 complicating contextual factors in, 367-369 economic resource goals and, 357, 358, 361, 365 escalatory nature of, 350 future research topics in, 371-372

individual responses to, 370-371

moral imperative to act and, 357

motivational goals and, 351, 352, 352 (table), 357­358, 361-362, 365-366, 368 (table) narcissistic bully type and, 364, 366, 367

organizational leadership strategies and, 369-370

organizational position and, 357 personal resource goals and, 357, 362 power disparity, centrality of, 350, 353 profile markers and, 351-352, 353, 355-357, 363-365, 368 (table)

provocative assertive target type and, 355, 357-358, 359 psychopathic bully type and, 364-365, 366, 367 racial groups and, 357 reporting of, 351 rigidly conscientious target type and, 356-357, 358, 359 self-care/social support responses to, 370 silent/neutral bystander type and, 361, 362, 363 social functionality goal and, 358

social identity goals and, 357, 362, 366

social justice goals and, 357, 362, 366

social power/hostility goals and,

357- 358, 362, 366

social relationship goals and, 362

standpoints on, 349-350 submissive target type and, 256, 358, 359

tactical communication and, 351, 352-353, 353 (table),

358- 359, 362-363, 366-367, 368 (table)

target ally bystander type and, 361, 362

target profile traits and, 355-357

target role in, 350, 351, 353, 355-359, 370 transformational responses to, 369-371

unique situation of, 350 Youth Matters case study of, 354-367

See also Workgroup conflict/ communication; Workplace conflict Workplace conflict, 291-292 collective vs. individual resistance and, 91 conflict coaching, management/ supervision competencies and, 92

individual vs. collective nature of, 458 interprofessional collaborative assignments and, 88 labor-management conflict, 13, 14, 18, 21, 76-77, 91 mixed methods research and, 91-92 pregnancy/maternity leave discourses and, 78, 85-86

productivity, worker well-being and, 80

See also Global workplace conflict; Negotiation; Organizational conflict; Workgroup conflict/ communication; Work­life conflict; Workplace bullying

World Commission on Environment and Development, 516

World Health Organization (WHO), 403, 404, 408, 467, 539

World Medical Association, 469 Worldviews, 20, 597, 774, 791, 793, 795, 804

Youth Matters case, 354-367 Youth Offending Teams, 415 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 411-412

YRG CARE program, 496