Vascular response
The vascular response to an injury is essential to the development of inflammation. Trauma can cause transient vasoconstriction. Arteriolar dilation then occurs, which increases blood flow into the area.
Pre-capillary sphincters open to allow capillary beds and venules to fill with blood resulting in hyperemia. At the same time, the permeability of the vasculature in the area of injury is altered and plasma proteins leak out of the vessels, causing edema. One reason for the edema is increased hydrostatic pressure from the increased blood flow. Endothelial changes also occur that permit large molecules and leukocytes to exit through gaps between endothelial cells. These changes are caused directly by injury to the endothelium and indirectly by mediators released by mast cells, by injured cells in the area, or by activated inflammatory leukocytes.
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