Assyrian Blueprints
A dynasty based on the Chaldean tribal confederation rose out of the former Assyrian provinces in Babylonia to gain status of world power in the sixth century bce. This was a period of economic and demographic growth and expansion, urbanization, and increased agricultural productivity.[325] The new empire took over elements of the previous infrastructure and state paraphernalia, but was based on a somewhat different economic setup.[326] The city-states of the south had remained strong during Assyrian rule, and the kings of Babylon created a distinct domain that was defined in relation to the powerful local religious and civic institutions.
The main temples played a central role in both state identity and economy.[327] They owned huge rural and urban estates, and were a nexus of urban society that most citizens were affiliated with one way or another. Unlike Assyria, the strong southern regionalism meant that the cities and temples of Babylonia survived also the demise of the Chaldean dynasty to continue under the changing rule of Achaemenid, Seleucid, and Parthian kings. The transformation from city-state to city in the south was slow, perhaps first linked to a reversal in the prevailing trend of de- urbanization[328] and later to a gradual reorganization of imperial space itself.[329] New farmland was opened up to agriculture through state-sponsored irrigation projects in the south, and large populations converged in recently founded urban centers.[330] When Assyria had been dominant in the Near East, it had been an integrated multiethnic state ruled from an imperial court of grand proportions. With the progressive integration of foreign and local dignitaries, it changed its focus to universalist claims and ethnic pluralism centered on the patronage of an absolute ruler. The same approach was not reproduced in Babylonia, where royal power was separate from the religious institutions, and local communal authorities, ethnic leaders, and social corporations continued to play a vital role.The Achaemenid conquerors[331] introduced a new order under which the center of political power lay in Iran. The new dynasty was the first one to rule Mesopotamia without embracing its culture (at least not exclusively) or to place its political center in its territory. Also, unlike rulers of Assur and Babylon, the Achaemenid kings reserved high offices in the empire mainly for their own kinsmen. Yet, the new state in some ways came to represent the ultimate realization of political ambition and a culmination of unification that had its roots in Mesopotamian tradition. Although the Assyrian dynasty ceased to exist, and the state itself was demolished, the notion of universal empire had become deeply entrenched, and continued to define society for centuries to come. The successes achieved by Assyria in bringing massive diversity under a single-state ideology and personal direction proved so robust that it became a foundational prototype for a succession of empires across Eurasia.
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