Bibliographic Essay

A useful essay covering variations in violence across different regions and time periods is Wolfgang Gabbert, ‘The longue duree of Colonial Violence in Latin America', Historical Social Research 37.3 (2012), 254-75.

Relevant works relating more specifically to conquest era violence in the Caribbean and Mexico include David Abulafia, The Discovery of Mankind: Atlantic Encounters in the Age of Columbus (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008); Ida Altman, The War for Mexico's West: Indians and Spaniards in New Galicia, 1524-1550 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010); and Matthew Restall, When Montezuma Met Cortes: The True Story of the Meeting That Changed History (New York: Ecco/Harper Collins, 2018). For an overview of the historiography of conquest studies, see Matthew Restall, ‘The New Conquest History', History Compass 10.2 (2012), 151-60.

Among the many works including primary source accounts of conquest violence are Kris Lane (ed.) and Timothy F. Johnson (trans.), Defending the Conquest: Bernardo de Vargas Marchuca's ‘Defense and Discourse of the Western Conquests' (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010); Matthew Restall and Florine Asselbergs, Invading Guatemala: Spanish, Nahua, and Maya Accounts of the Conquest Wars (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007); and Neil L. Whitehead, Of Cannibals and Kings: Primal Anthropology in the Americas (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011).

Studies of the Spanish Inquisition in the New World include John F. Chuchiak IV, The Inquisition in New Spain, 1571-1820: A Documentary History (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012); Inga Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1517-1570, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); and Irene Silverblatt, Modern Inquisitions: Peru and the Colonial Origins of the Civilized World (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004).

For violence relating to African slavery, see Russell Lohse, Africans into Creoles: Slavery, Ethnicity, and Identity in Costa Rica (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2014); Maria Elena Martinez, ‘The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico', William and Mary Quarterly 61.3 (2004), 479-520; Frank T. Proctor III, ‘Damned Notions of Liberty': Slavery, Culture, and Power in Colonial Mexico, 1640-1769 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010); and James Sweet, Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship, and Religion in the African-Portuguese World 1441-1770 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).

For studies on indigenous slavery see Nancy E. van Deusen, Global Indios: The Indigenous Struggle for Justice in Sixteenth-Century Spain (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015); Andres Resendez, The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016); and Alan Gallay, The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002). For more information on genocidal rhetoric and indigenous removal, see Benjamin Madley, An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873 (Newl^m, CT: Yde University Press, 2016); David J. Weber, Barbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005); and Andrew Woolford, Jeff Benvenuto and Alexander Laban Hinton (eds.), Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014).

For scholarship that addresses questions of violence against women and the role of gender in violent encounters in Colonial Latin America, see Nicole von Germeten, Violent Delights, Violent Ends: Sex, Race, and Honor in Colonial Cartagena de Indias (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2013); Lyman L.

For more on violence used to suppress revolt, see Jason Frederick, Riot! (Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2016); Robert W. Patch, Maya Revolt and Revolution in the Eighteenth Century (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2002); Susan Schroeder (ed.), Native Resistance and the Pax Colonial in New Spain (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998); and Charles F. Walker, The Tupac Amaru Rebellion (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014).