Bibliographical Essay

Richard Kaeuper's work constitutes the best study of chivalric violence, due in large part to his emphasis on the violent nature of medieval chivalry. See R. Kaeuper, Medieval Chivalry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), Holy Warriors (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009) and Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

The general scholarship privileges French chivalry. Taylor offers an excellent recent study focusing specifically on the French evidence; see C. Taylor, Chivalry and the Ideals of Knighthood in France during the Hundred Years War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013). Copious scholarship exists on English chivalry and violence; Crouch follows Keen's approach as he examines aristocratic behaviour, while Strickland and Vale focus on warfare and chivalric violence; see D. Crouch, The Birth of Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France 900-1300 (New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005), William Marshall: Knighthood, War, and Chivalry, 1147-1219 (New York: Longman, 2002), M. Strickland, War and Chivalry: The Conduct and Perception of War in England and Normandy, 1066-1217 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) and M. Vale, War and Chivalry: Warfare and Aristocratic Culture in England, France and Burgundy at the End of the Middle Ages (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981). Beyond England, France and the crusades, scholarship is developing but still scarce. For German chivalry see Jackson and Arnold, though neither prioritises chivalry and violence specifically; see W. H. Jackson, Chivalry in Twelfth-Century Germany: The Works of Hartmann von Aue (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1994) and B. Arnold, German Knighthood 1050-1300 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985). For a general approach to Spanish violence, see T. Ruiz, Spain's Centuries of Crisis, 1300-1474 (Oxford: Wiley, 2011); for the Spanish experience of religious warfare, see J. O'Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011) and The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014). Italian chivalry lacks a major treatment. Sposato has begun to pioneer this field; see P. Sposato, ‘Chivalry and Honor-Violence in Late Medieval Florence', in Daniel Franke and Craig Nakashian (eds.), Prowess, Piety, and Public Order in Medieval Society: Studies in Honor of Richard W. Kaeuper (Leiden: Brill, 2017).