Conclusion

This is a necessarily cursory and incomplete glance at the complex relationship between empire and religion over time. However, it does identify some parameters of the relationship.

The examples can be multiplied and many variations on the themes added, signaling the enduring importance of religion to empire from ancient times to the present. In the pre-modern world, legitimation without any reference to religion, morality, or heaven was inconceivable, and all the many dimensions of power were infused with a religious dimension from theories of rule, to government, patronage, and the practice of war. Whether such constructs and activities were convincing is a moot point, but the equally regular enlistment of religion in discourses of opposition and rebellion suggests that the underlying premises were widely accepted. Even in the secular age, religion has been and continues to be evoked as a justification for empire and also to oppose it. Although its power was subdued and masked during the twentieth century when nationalism and other ideologies including Communism stepped into religion's “space,” in the Islamic domain in particular religion has returned to the forefront to explain, legitimize, and popularize political action.

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Source: Bang Peter F., Bayly C.A., Scheidel Walter (eds.). The Oxford World History of Empire. Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press,2020. — 584 p.. 2020

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