Contents

List of Illustrations

System of Transliteration and Dating

Preface

Introduction: A Sea with Many Names

PART ONE The First Mediterranean, 22000 BC–1000 BC

1.

2. Copper and Bronze, 3000 BC–1500 BC

3. Merchants and Heroes, 1500 BC–1250 BC

4. Sea Peoples and Land Peoples, 1250 BC–1100 BC

PART TWO The Second Mediterranean, 1000 BC–AD 600

1. The Purple Traders, 1000 BC–700 BC

2. The Heirs of Odysseus, 800 BC–550 BC

3. The Triumph of the Tyrrhenians, 800 BC–400 BC

4. Towards the Garden of the Hesperides, 1000 BC–400 BC

5. Thalassocracies, 550 BC–400 BC

6. The Lighthouse of the Mediterranean, 350 BC–100 BC

7. ‘Carthage Must Be Destroyed’, 400 BC–146 BC

8. ‘Our Sea’, 146 BC–AD 150

9. Old and New Faiths, AD 1–450

10. Dis-integration, 400–600

PART THREE The Third Mediterranean, 600–1350

1. Mediterranean Troughs, 600–900

2. Crossing the Boundaries between Christendom and Islam, 900–1050

3. The Great Sea-change, 1000–1100

4. ‘The Profit That God Shall Give’, 1100–1200

5. Ways across the Sea, 1160–1185

6. The Fall and Rise of Empires, 1130–1260

7. Merchants, Mercenaries and Missionaries, 1220–1300

8. Serrata – Closing, 1291–1350

PART FOUR The Fourth Mediterranean, 1350–1830

1. Would-be Roman Emperors, 1350–1480

2. Transformations in the West, 1391–1500

3. Holy Leagues and Unholy Alliances, 1500–1550

4. Akdeniz – the Battle for the White Sea, 1550–1571

5. Interlopers in the Mediterranean, 1571–1650

6. Diasporas in Despair, 1560–1700

7. Encouragement to Others, 1650–1780

8. The View through the Russian Prism, 1760–1805

9. Deys, Beys and Bashaws, 1800–1830

PART FIVE The Fifth Mediterranean, 1830–2010

1. Ever the Twain Shall Meet, 1830–1900

2.

3. Ottoman Exit, 1900–1918

4. A Tale of Four and a Half Cities, 1900–1950

5. Mare Nostrum – Again,1918–1945

6. A Fragmented Mediterranean, 1945–1990

7. The Last Mediterranean, 1950–2010

Illustrations

Conclusion: Crossing the Sea

Further Reading

Notes

List of Illustrations

1. Mnajdra, Malta (akg-images/Rainer Hackenberg)

2. The ‘Sleeping Lady’ (National Archaeological Museum, Valletta, Malta. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)

3. Cycladic figure, c. 2700 BC, Greek private collection (Heini Schneebeli/The Bridgeman Art Library)

4. Female head, Early Cycladic II Period, c. 2700–2400 BC (Musee du Louvre, Paris. Photograph: Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library)

5. Octopus vase from Knossos, c. 1500 BC (Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Photograph: Bernard Cox/The Bridgeman Art Library)

6. Fresco c. 1420 BC from the tomb of Pharaoh’s vizier Rekhmire, Upper Egypt (Mary Evans/Interfoto)

7. Akrotiri fresco, Thera, sixteenth century BC (akg-images/Erich Lessing)

8. Gold death mask from Mycenae, c. 1500 BC (National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)

9. Early Philistine clay face from a sarcophagus, Beth She’an, northern Israel (Israel Museum (IDAM), Jerusalem. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)

10. Twelfth-century BC Warrior Vase, Mycenae (National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Photograph: akg-images)

11. Frieze from the temple of Madinat Habu in Upper Egypt (akg-images/Erich Lessing)

12. Phoenician inscription, Nora, Southern Sardinia (Roger-Viollet/Topfoto)

13. Stele, Carthage, c. 400 BC (Roger Wood/Corbis)

14. Model of a Phoenician ship (National Archaeological Museum, Beirut. Photograph: Philippe Maillard/akg-images)

15. Phoenician silver coin (National Archaeological Museum, Beirut. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)

16. Chigi Vase, found near Veii, c. 600 BC (Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome.

17. Panel from the bronze gates of the Assyrian royal palace, Balawat, c. ninth century BC (Musee du Louvre, Paris. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)

18. Dionysos krater, late sixth century BC (Staatliche Antikensammlung & Glypothek, Munich. Photograph: akg-images)

19. Fresco from Tarquinia, late sixth century BC (akg-images/Nimatallah)

20. Marsiliana abecedarium, Etruria, seventh century BC (Florence Archaeological Museum. Photograph: akg-images/Album/Oronoz)

21. Gold tablet, Pyrgoi, late sixth century BC (Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome. Photograph: akg-images/Nimatallah)

22. Etruscan pot helmet (The Trustees of the British Museum)

23. Tower of Orolo, Sardinia (akg-images/Rainer Hackenberg)

24. Sard bronze boat, c. 600 BC (Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Cagliari. Photo: akg-images/Electra)

25. Bust of Periandros (Vatican Museum)

26. Bust of Alexander the Great (Print Collector/Heritage-Images/Imagestate)

27. The ‘Dama de Elche’ (ullstein bild – United Archives)

28. Bust of Sarapis (akg-images/ullstein bild)

29. Carthaginian Melqart coin (The Trustees of the British Museum)

30. Bronze Nero coin (The Trustees of the British Museum)

31. Cleopatra coin (The Trustees of the British Museum. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)

32. Nero coin marking the completion of the harbour at Ostia (The Trustees of the British Museum)

33. Relief of Roman quinquireme, Praeneste, now Palestrina (akg-images/Peter Connolly)

34. Fresco of a harbour near Naples, possibly Puteoli (Museo Nazionale Archeologico, Naples. Photograph: akg images/Erich Lessing)

35. Sixth-century mosaic of the Byzantine fleet at Classis, from the basilica of Sant’Apollinare, Ravenna (akg-images/Cameraphoto)

36. Cornice from the synagogue at Ostia, second century (Photograph: Setreset/Wikimedia Commons)

37. Inscription from the synagogue at Ostia (akg-images)

38. Panel from the Pala d’Oro, St Mark’s Basilica, Venice (akg-images/Cameraphoto)

39.

40. Majorcan bacino (Museo Nazionale di San Matteo, Pisa)

41. Khan al-‘Umdan, Acre, Israel (Photograph: Ariel Palmon/Wikimedia Commons)

42. The Venice quadriga (Mimmo Jodice/CORBIS)

43. Late-medieval map, after Idrisi (Wikimedia Commons)

44. Majorcan portolan chart, early fourteenth century (British Library)

45. Wall-painting showing the capture of the City of Majorca in 1229 (Museo de Catalunya, Barcelona. Photograph: akg images/Bildarchiv Steffens)

46. Aigues-Mortes, Carmargue, France (Photo: Bertrand Rieger/Hemis/Corbis)

47. Genoa, as depicted in Hartmann-Schedel’s 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle (by permission of the Master and Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge)

48. Dubrovnik (Photograph: Jonathan Blair/Corbis)

49. Manises bowl (Victoria and Albert Museum, London)

50. Votive model of a cargo ship, c. 1420 (Maritime Museum, Rotterdam)

51. The Exchange in Valencia (Photograph: Felivet/Wikimedia Commons)

52. Early manuscript copy of the Consulate of the Sea (Album/Oronoz/akg-images)

53. Portrait of Mehmet II by Giovanni Bellini (akg-images/Erich Lessing)

54. French miniature of the siege of Rhodes (detail) (The Granger Collection, New York)

55. Portrait of Admiral Khair-ed-din, 1540, by Nakkep Reis Haydar (Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Turkey/The Bridgeman Art Library)

56. Portrait of Andrea Doria (Palazzo Bianco, Genoa. Photograph: akg-images/Electra)

57. Cartoon showing the Spanish capture of Goleta (akg-images/Erich Lessing)

58. The expulsion of Moriscos, 1613, by Pere Oromig and Francisco Peralta (ullstein bild – Aisa)

59. Venetian naval victory over Turkey in 1661 by an anonymous artist of the Venetian School (Museo Correr, Venice. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)

60. The assault on Mahon, 1756, by an anonymous French artist (Musee de la Marine, Paris. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)

61.

62. Portrait of Admiral Fyodor Ushakov by an anonymous nineteenthcentury artist (Central Naval Museum, St Petersburg. Photograph: akg-images/RIA Novosti)

63. Portrait of Admiral Samuel Hood, 1784, by James Northcote (National Maritime Museum, London/The Bridgeman Art Library)

64. Portrait of Ferdinand von Hompesch by Antonio Xuereb (attrib.), Presidential Palace, Valletta (Malta) (Photograph by and courtesy of Heritage Malta)

65. Portrait of Stephen Decatur, c. 1814, by Thomas Sully (Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia/courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library)

66. Port Said, 1880 (Wikimedia Commons)

67. Lloyd’s quay, Trieste, c. 1890 (adoc-photos)

68. The Grand Square, or Place Mehmet Ali, Alexandria, c. 1915 (Werner Forman Archive/Musees Royaux, Brussels/Heritage-Images/Imagestate)

69. The Italian occupation of Libya, 1911 (akg-images)

70. The attack on the French warships moored at Mers el-Kebir, October 1940 (Photograph: Bettmann/Corbis)

71. British troops land in Sicily, 1943 (Imperial War Museum, London, A17918)

72. Ship carrying Jewish refugees, Haifa, 1947 (akg-images/Israelimages)

73. Charles de Gaulle in Algeria, 1958 (akg-images/Erich Lessing)

74. Beach scene, Lloret de Mar (Frank Lukasseck/Corbis)

75. Illegal migrants from Africa trying to land on Spanish soil (EFE/J. Ragel)

p. 597 Cartoon of 1936 from Falastin (Mark Levine, Overthrowing Geography (California, 2005))

ENDPAPERS The Brig by Gustave Le Gray (V&A Images/Victoria and Albert Museum, London)