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Introduction

The Neolithic transition in Europe has been analyzed quantitatively since the seminal work by Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza (1971). Because the oldest Neo­lithic sites are located in the Near East, Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza (1971) fitted a straight line to the dates of European sites versus their distances to a Near Eastern site (Jericho).

In this way they estimated a speed of about 1 km/y. Later Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza (1973, 1984) applied a model due to Fisher (1937) to the spread of preindustrial famers. They found that this model predicts a speed of about 1 km/y, i.e. similar to the observed one. This indicates that a process based mainly on demic diffusion (spread of populations) agrees with the archaeological data in Europe. Here we report on models with a more refined description of population spread than Fisher's model (Fort et al. 2007, 2008). We also recall a recent model that incorporates the effect of cultural diffusion, i.e. the spread of ideas (hunter-gatherers becoming farmers) instead of populations (Fort 2012). This demic-cultural model is then compared to the archaeological data on the Neolithic spread in Europe and southern Africa.

J. Fort (is) · N. Isern

ICREA/Complex Systems Lab and Physics Department,

Universität de Girona, C/. Ma Aurelia Capmany 61, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain e-mail: joaquim.fort@udg.edu

A. Jerardino

CaSEs Research Group, ICREA/Department of Experimental & Health Sciences,

Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain e-mail: amsjerardino@gmail.com

B. Rondelli

ICREA/CaSEs Research Group, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Institucio Mila i Fontanals, CSIC, C/. Egipciaques, 15, 08001 Barcelona, Spain e-mail: bernardorondelli@yahoo.it

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 189

J.A. Barcelo and F. Del Castillo (eds.), Simulating Prehistoric and Ancient Worlds, Computational Social Sciences, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-31481-5_5

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Source: Barcelo Juan A., Del Castillo Florencia (eds.). Simulating Prehistoric and Ancient Worlds. Springer,2016. — 410 p.. 2016

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