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Introduction

Political Islam or Islamism is a political ideology which seeks the establishment of an Islamic state based on Islamic law or shari'a. It differs from Islam as a religion or Islamic society and culture.

It is an ideology embraced by choice and through conscious decision. Moreover, contrary to the impression given by many Islamist movements in the twentieth century, namely that it embodies the return to the time of the Prophet Muhammad, the notion of an Islamic state is actually a recent one and, to a large degree, can be seen as the Muslim response to the notion of the Western nation-state. Moreover, the emergence of distinct movements seeking the establishment of such an Islamic state is a twentieth-century phenomenon. It began with the establishment of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in 1928 and has proliferated particularly since the Arab defeat in the 1967 June War with Israel, which marked the decline of secular Arab nationalism.

This chapter looks at the conditions that paved the way for the rise of political Islam and the forces driving the quest for an Islamic state. It will outline the historical circumstances that led to the Islamic resurgence, particularly in the second half of the twentieth century, as well as the Muslim political debate. Drawing upon the case studies of the Islamic revolution in Iran and Islamic resistance in the Middle East, Central and South-East Asia, it will analyse the emergence of Islamist movements, their aims, their strategies, their philosophical

underpinnings and the specific conditions that have shaped them. Finally, it will discuss the shifts in political Islam triggered by the end of the Cold War, American hegemony and globalization.

globalization

The cultural, social and economic changes caused by the growth of international trade, the rapid transfer of investment capital and the development of high-speed global communications.

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Source: Best Antony. International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond. Routledge,2008. — 638 p.. 2008

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