Footnotes

1 This section relies on Baumer (1977), Bronowski & Mazlish (1960), Commager (1950), Havens (1955), Johnson (1988), Rothkrug (1965), Ryan (2012), Skinner (1978, 2012), and Sowell (1987, 1995).

2 I use Man in the traditional sense inclusive of all people regardless of sex to avoid politically correct circumlocutions that are even more turgid than my usual style.

3 For example, radicals include anarchists who divide at least into the following mutually antagonistic forms: capitalist, Christian, collectivist, communist, feminist, individualist, insurrectionist, pacifist, philosophical, primitive, and syndicalist. Ironically, although anarchists generally expect everyone to be able to get along peacefully without government, they seldom get along among themselves.

4 This section draws primarily on Adams (1986), Hart (1978), Ibn Khaldun (1967), Muller (1957), Murray (2003), and Nisbet (1980).

5 A Horde of Data. 8 December 2012. Economist.

6 e.g., Autonomist Marxism, Deleonism, Euro-communism, Feminist Marxism, Hoxhaism, Maoism, Marxism-Leninism, Neo-Marxism, Structural Marsixm, Trotskyism.

7 This section relies primarily on Goldberg (2007), Heilbroner (1962), Heyne (1973), Johnson (1988), and Sowell (1985).

8 Some believe this prediction is coming true in twenty-first century America, pointing to data suggesting a declining middle class and a widening gap between the very rich and the very poor, outsourcing of jobs, and a shift to service work. The actual situation is considerably more complex and the outcome less certain given capitalism’s record of adjusting to changing circumstances (Wall Street Journal, 16 March 2005). For example, despite all the concern over outsourcing, the US in 2012 still produces the same 25% of total world manufactures as it did in 1980—although the product mix is different.

9 Fortune.com

10 H. G.

11 This section draws mainly on Baumer (1977), Bronowski & Mazlish (1960), Commager (1950), Kline (1953) and Tarnas (1991).

12 Some historians use 1543 as a “marker date” dividing the medieval from the modern mind, as it also is the year in which Vesalius’s De Humani Corporis Fabrica was published. Just as Copernicus changed our conception of the heavens, Vesalius reversed the conception of the human body in vogue since Galen and, along with Harvey, established sound principles for medical research.

13 In 1991, Lovelock wrote that, “Neither Lynn Margulis nor I have ever proposed that planetary self-regulation is purposeful.... Yet we have met persistent, almost dogmatic, criticism that our hypothesis is teleological.”

14 Estimating climate historically relies on methods such as tree ring and ice core analysis and ratios of oxygen isotopes in minerals precipitated from seawater.

15 This section relies mainly on Baumer (1977), Dawkins (1987), Ehrman (2003), Haven (1955), Muller (1957), Tarnas (1991) and Van Doren (1991)

16 Other religions have their own characteristic disputes rooted in their own theologies.

17 Only five years earlier, the Fourth Crusade started for but never made it to Jerusalem, instead capturing Orthodox Christian Constantinople to pay the Venetians for its transportation. The Crusades, originally aimed at Muslims, now seemed aimed primarily at Christians who did not recognize Rome’s authority.

18 This section is based on Esser (1998), Janis (1982), Peterson (1998), Sunstein (2003) and Turner & Pratkanis (1998).