Footnotes

1 www.pcr.uu.se and www.prio.no/cwp/armed conflict list current conflicts.

2 Of the skeletons in a prehistoric Nubian cemetery,40% had multiple wounds or broken left forearms apparently from warding off blows.

3 There is uncertainty if Narmer, Menes, or Scorpion King are one person, or two, or three, or one or more are fictional, or just what their role was in unifying Egypt.

4 Either 1295 or 1274 BC.

5 e.g., French Wars of Religion, US Civil War, Russian Revolution, Spanish Civil War.

6 e.g., Armenian, Gypsy, Jewish, and Cambodian genocides and, within their technical limits, the wars of Cortez against the Aztecs and Pizarro against the Incas.

7 e.g., Muslim conquests of the seventh century, the Crusades, the Hindu-Sikh and Hindu-Muslim conflicts, the Thirty Years War, and the current Islamic terrorist jihad.

8 Keeley limited his analysis to intertribal wars. He points out that until the late nineteenth century, medical practice in Western armies probably were no better than that by tribal medicine men.

9 His Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) is an early effort to discover a pattern to the changes that occur in social and political organization. In effect, he invented modern historiography and pioneered sociology.

10 The French advantage is reinforced by a peculiarity of the concentric ridges facing Germany, which rise gradually from the west but fall off precipitously on the east, so are easier for the French to defend than for the Germans to attack

11 Haushofer convinced Hess to fly to Britain in 1941. His brother was part of the 20 July plot to kill Hitler. He was acquitted at Nuremberg but committed suicide in 1946.

12 Dean Acheson, George Kennan, George Marshall, and Paul Nitze