Index

Agency, 13, 14, 238, 239, 240, 248, 250, 263, 271, 290, 293, 294, 295, 298-317

Alkire, S., 284

Allais, M., 147, 204

Altruism, 72

Architecture, 26, 36-9, 43, 48

Aristotle, 28, 177, 280

Arrow, K.

Arrow-Debreu model, 119

Art. See Ruskin, J.

Atkinson, A. B., 4, 328-9

Austrian school of economics, 260

Bacon, F., 26

Banerjee, A., 329

Barone, E., 137, 139, 191

Baumol, W. J., 327

Bensusan-Butt, D. M., 224

Bentham, J., 9, 97, 98, 108, 112, 161, 246 Beraud, A., 121

Bergson, A., 8, 10, 135, 163, 164, 168, 181, 186, 189-93, 194, 197, 198, 203, 246, 257, 258, 261, See Social welfare function, Bergson- Samuelson

Berlin, I., 53, 172, 179

Bias

individualist, 4, 11

perception, 307, 310, 317 sex, 308

towards sensual pleasure, 29

Bortkiewicz, L., 120

Boulding, K. E., 328

Brennan, G., 217

Bromley, D. W., 220

Buchanan, J. M., 233, 238, 239, 246

Burk, Abram. See Bergson, Abram

Capability, 22, 25, 33-4, 43, 46-7, 48, 49, 53, 54, 91, 93, 111, 173, 175, 176, 177-81, 182, 277-95, 298, 301, 302, 311-15, 317, 327

Carlyle, T., 9, 23, 24-6, 48

Character

human, 9, 29, 32, 34, 42, 69, 80, 82-5, 86-8, 89, 91, 93, 103, 109, 112, 115, 322, 323

China, 269

Chipman, J., 146

Chisholm, T., 217

Christianity, 38, 62-3, 74

Clark, J. B., 196

Coase, R. H., 14, 209-12, 220-3, 224, See also

Coase theorem

Coase theorem, 208-28

Cobden, R., 59

Colbertism, 130

Coleridge, S. T., 22, 25

Collard, D., 104

Collini, S., 88

Colm, G., 242

Commensurability, across people, 99, 101-3

Common, M., 216

Community, idea of, 12, 40, 49, 64, 124, 132, 232-43, See also Society

Comparisons of utility

interpersonal, 3-6, 102, 135-6, 137, 139-44, 151, 152, 153, 154, 162, 163, 165, 168, 194, 196, 197, 199, 205, 232, 237, 241, 244, 280, 281, 300, 321 ordinality and cardinality, 2, 4, 6, 147, 148, 162-3, 165, 168, 181, 197, 202, 242, 260, 273, 280, 299

Compensation

criterion, 135, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146, 148, 160, 165-6, 168, 181, 186, 202, 327 for harm, 143, 220, 221

Competition, 45

free, 25, 120, 121, 136, 139, 142, 146, 151, 262 perfect, 119, 170, 196, 212, 263

Consequentialism.

Cooter, R., 244

Coyle, D., 4

Cuba, 269

Dardi, M., 90

Davis, J., 299

Debreu, G., 327, See also Arrow-Debreu model Deliberation and participation, 71, 280, 285, 312, 313, 314, 316, 326, 328, 329

Democracy, 2, 13, 14, 60, 66, 68, 71, 164, 171, 240, 241, 242, 244, 246, 249, 250, 251, 266, 267, 306, 314, 316

Demsetz, H., 219, 221, 224

Desai, M., 313

Dick, D. T., 219, 226

Distribution, 1,4, 8, 10, 40, 46, 322, 324

and diversity, 282

and justice, 45, 121

and opportunities, 278

Arrow on, 264, 268, 269, 270, 271

classical economists on, 174

Hobson on, 59, 60

justice of, 53 legitimacy of rights and, 308 Marshall on, 83, 90

Mishan on, 216

Musgrave on, 240, 241

New welfare economics and, 251 of food, 307, 308

of power and opportunity, 274

Paine on, 60

Pareto on, 137, 138, 140, 141-3, 153

Pigou on, 101, 102, 103, 109, 110, 115, 135, 173, 174, 182

property rights and, 219

Rawls on, 175, 176

redistribution, 10, 12, 59, 60

Samuelson on, 187, 193, 196, 199-201, 204, 205

Walras on, 127, 128, 130

within the family, 307, 308, 310, 317 Dockes, P., 121, 131

Duflo, E., 329

Dworkin, G., 291

Edel, M., 225

Edgeworth, F. Y., 81, 85, 88, 97, 101, 102, 120,

147

Elites, 59, 63, 65-6, 68, 70, 74, 149-50, 190-1,

239

Elster, J., 282

Emmerij, L., 301

Environment

and needs, 278, 286, 287

as constraint, 289

concern with, 14

destruction of, 44

Environmental conditions, 282

Environmental economics, 10, 208-28, 322,

323

Equilibrium, general, 11, 118, 119, 121, 127,

128, 137, 138, 144, 145, 256, 259

Equity, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 109, 115, 127, 170, 173, 214-17, 220, 223, 241, 243, 329, See also Fairness

Ethics, 50, 53, 54, 67, 83, 84, 91, 104, 108, 110, 111, 268, 323, 326, 328, See also Utilitarianism; Virtue

and social ideals, 188

Christian, 188

comparative, 197 consequentialist, 4, 98, 100, 108, 167-8, 272,

299, 316, See also Ethics, non- consequentialist development, 285 freedom from, 201 individualistic, 202 non-consequentialist, 5, 7, 13, 169, 170,

172-3, 181, 320, See also Ethics, consequentialist

of dust, 51

of labour, 43

of social relations, 37

pagan, 189

perfectionist, 49

rational, 244

Externalities, 10, 204, 208, 209-11, 212-14, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 225, 226, 227, 234, 262, 323, 324

amoralization of, 220-3

psychic, 234

Fabian Society, 58

Facts and values, 142, 164, 244, 323

Fairness, 4, 5, 209, 214-17, 220, 222, 223, 246,

251, 272, 328, See also Equity

Famine, 178, 300-6, 307, 309, 311, 313, 315, 316, 317

Fichte, J.

Fine, B., 299

Free trade, 59, 122, 194, 196

Freedom, 1, 5, 7, 8, 13, 29, 74, 82, 92, 120, 124,

126, 127, 170, 173, 176, 177, 181, 182, 198,

203, 205, 216, 257, 266, 267, 268-9, 271, 272-3, 300, 314, 315, 316, 322

and human development, 313

as scientific concept, 125

creative, 69, 74

economic, 81, 130, 145

in capability theory, 277-80, 281, 283, 286,

287-94

of choice, 5, 14, 172, 178, 179-81 political, 145

Friedman, M., 249

Fundamental theorems of welfare economics,

10, 212, 227, 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 273, 320, 327

Gender, 300, 307-11

Germany, 25, 54, 232, 235, 236, 239, 242, 250,

251

economics, 234, 236, 249, 250 idealism, 23

philosophy, 25

romanticism, 22, 23, 25, 54

Goethe, J. W., 25

Gossen, H., 121

Government, 35,45, 59,151,178,180,193,209, 218, 233, 235, 237, 238, 243, 266, 289, 298, 301, 306, 316

and democracy, 60, 71, 233

and market, 70, 131, 219, 224

and redistribution, 59, 233

and saving, 202

and social goods, 233

civic, 51

Indian, 316

intervention, 199, 251

planning, 241

role of, 224, 225, 249, 309

Graaf, J. de V., 327

Green, J., 244

Green, T. H., 49, 53, 60, 61, 67, 68, 69, 72

Griffin, J., 111, 113, 114

Growth, organic, See Organic growth Guesnerie, R., 119

Guillebaud, C. W., 90

Hagemann, H., 250

Hahn, F. H., 119

Harsanyi, J., 179, 270-1, 299, 327

Hawtrey, R., 67

Hayek, F. A., 239

Hedonism, 85, 97, 98, 108, 109, 111, 190 Hegel, G. W. F., 246, 249

Hicks, J. R., 1, 8, 13, 14, 77, 78, 135, 154,

159-82, 186, 194, 196, 200, 201, 322, 327 Hobhouse, L. T., 53, 61, 69

Hobson, J. A., 9, 11, 14, 53, 58-75, 91, 187, 322 Hotelling, H., 194

Human development, 300, 311-15 measurement of, 5, 284, 312, 314, 316, 329

Hume, D., 23

Idealism, 53

Illth, 47, 64, 65, 67, 68

Impossibility theorem, Arrow's, 5, 187, 239,

256, 257, 258, 259, 270 Individualism, 4, 7, 8, 54, 124, 186, 188, 200,

205, 208, 239, 242, 252, 320, 321, 322, 326 challenges to, 11-12

ethical, 325

methodological, 108-10, 126, 232, 239, 243, 252, 325

Individuals

Walras on, 123-6

Jaffe, W., 119, 120, 121, 130, 132

Jevons, W.

Justice, 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 44, 45, 47, 50-1,

53, 59, 80, 98, 108, 109, 110, 120-1, 127, 128, 129-31, 142-3, 153, 160, 173, 175-6, 182, 213, 241, 245-6, 250, 251, 256-74, 278, 281, 284, 285, 298-317, See also Ministry of Justice

social, 40, 48, 120, 121, 128, 129, 130, 131, 216, 316

Kaldor, N., 135, 181, 186, 194, 201 Kaldor-Hicks, 135, 165-6, 168, 211

Kant, I., 25, 246

Kapp, K. W., 208

Keynes, J. M., 92

Keynesian economics, 240

Kidd, B., 61

Kneese, A., 214-15

Knight, F. H., 187-9, 190, 204

Kremer, M., 329

Kuznets, S., 201

Launhardt, W., 196

Legitimacy, 143, 240, 307, 326 Leontief, W. A., 301

Lerner, A., 191, 194

Liebhafsky, H. H., 218

Little, I. M. D., 135, 186, 199, 200, 201, 327 Locke, J., 246

Logical actions, 145, 148

Loury, G. C., 266

Lowry, S. T., 225

Machinery

Hobson on, 69, 70-2, 82

Pigou on, 169

Ruskin on, 65

Macintyre, A., 249

Manifesto, Hicks's, 13, 78, 135, 159-82, 327

Market, 8

absence of, 219

and famine, 305

and pollution, 219

Arrow on, 267, 268-9, 273

Arrow-Debreu, 259

as arbiter of rights, 219 clearing, 127

efficiency, 213, 219, 227, 228, 233, 256, 259 failure, 131, 218, 248, 250, 251, 267 Hobson on, 61, 67, 68, 70 imperfections, 227

in customary society, 62

Knight on, 188 limitations of, 261-5, 273, 324

Marshall on, 88

Musgrave on, 235, 236 organized, 130

Pigou on, 105

primacy of, 224-6

Ruskin on, 11, 32, 35, 44, 46, 67

Samuelson on, 205

Wagner on, 237

Walras on, 119-21, 132

Marshall, A., 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 77-93, 105, 122, 140, 191, 196, 322, 323, 325

Marx, K., 177, 246, 280

Masses, the

in Knight, 188

in Marshall, 79, 80, 86

in Paine, 59

in Pareto, 149, 150, 153

in Ruskin, 63

Maximum welfare, 12, 34, 102, 111, 119-22, 128, 130, 132, 139, 140, 141, 144, 146, 147, 152, 161, 164, 166, 191, 196

McCulloch, J. R., 89

Mclure, C. E., 233

Merit goods, 12, 234-5, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 250, 251, 324

Merit wants, 233-4, 242, 248-9, 250, 251

Mill, J.

MinistryofJustice, 136, 142, 148, 153 MinistryofProduction, 136, 148, 153

Mishan, E. J., 166, 215-16, 219, 220, 221,

223

Money, 82, 106, 113, 261, 262, 269, 282

and cost, 68

and welfare, 189

marginal utility of, 102

measuring rod of, 1, 7, 8, 78, 89, 99-101, 105, 169, 323

public, 83, 86, 107

wealth and, 63

Monopoly, 58, 59, 170, 196

Moore, G. E., 98-9, 109

Morris, W., 67, 70, 72

Musgrave, P., 12, 247-8

Musgrave, R., 11, 12, 14, 132, 232-52, 322, 324, 325

Myint, H., 200

Myrdal, G., 188

National minimum, 103, 105

Nature, 22, 23-5,27, 30-2, 33, 35, 36,41, 42,43,

44, 46, 52, 54, 56, 71, 83, 93

Neutrality

allocative, 218

ethical, 136, 137, 148, 149, 166 NewWelfareEconomics, 7, 10, 135, 136, 141, 142, 186, 194, 195, 197, 200, 201, 232, 240, 241, 251, 259

No beauty but life (Ruskin), 33, 43,

46

No wealth but life (Ruskin), 30-2, 33, 44, 46, 63, 84

Non-consequentialism. See Ethics, non- consequentialist

Non-welfarism, 3-6, 7-8, 12-14, 98, 105, 106, 111, 115, 135, 136, 137, 148, 154, 168, 169, 170, 224, 320

Nozick, R., 171, 243, 245, 246, 262-3, 267, 299 Nussbaum, M., 13, 278, 280, 283, 294

Objectivity and subjectivity

in utility, 8, 10, 29, 31, 103, 104, 106, 111, 113-15, 139, 140, 144, 148, 150, 162, 237, 242, 280, 291, 292, 293, 310, 322

Ophelimity, 143-6, 147, 148, 149 Opportunity, 91, 167, 171, 176 equality of, 60, 68, 71, 75, 130, 322 for a noble life, 80 for choice, 180 for happiness, 85 for trades, 224 lack of, 83 of a noble life, 80, 93 of choice, 274 right use of, 93

Opportunity sets, 13, 171, 180, 258, 292 ranking of, 272 valuation of, 272

Organic growth, 9, 80, 93, See also Wants, and activities

Organism, 11, See also Society, as organism Original position, 175, 257, 268-72

Paine, T., 11, 58, 59-60, 65, 67

Pantaleoni, M., 137, 139

Paretian Liberal, impossibility of, 171, 172, 267

Pareto criterion, 10,12, 135,136, 146,148, 152,

153, 191, 201, 321, 322, 330

Pareto efficiency, 10, 118, 186, 205, 259, 261, 262, 263-4, 273, 299

Pareto optimality.

196, 252, See also Pareto criterion Parrish, R., 227

Parsons, T., 88

Paternalism, 7, 12, 13, 14, 40, 48, 53, 202, 204,

266, 291-3, 294, 295, 320, 325-6, 327 Pattanaik, P., 289

Pearce, D., 224

Pigou, A. C., 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 61, 67, 68, 78,

81, 82, 84, 87, 97-116, 135, 159-62, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169-70, 173-5, 181, 182, 188, 190, 191, 199, 209-10, 212, 213, 214, 220, 223, 224, 226, 237, 241, 246, 257, 322-4

Plato, 26, 62, 250

Pollution, 10, 64, 65, 210, 213-22, 225, 226, 227, 323

Poverty, 14, 44, 63, 68, 69, 80, 81, 83, 93, 234, 269, 280, 281, 285, 301, 302, 303, 306, 307,

315, 316, 317, 323, 324, 329

Pre-Raphaelites, 27

Public finance, 12, 109, 232-4, 235, 239-43, 247, 250, 251

Public goods, 40,65, 73, 104, 108, 109,110, 122, 132, 203, 204, 233, 234, 240, 242, 250, 251, 262, 324

Quality of life, 66, 77, 78, 79, 85, 322

Radin, M., 267

Rainbow Circle, 60 Ramsey, F., 204

Randall, A., 218, 219, 221, 222-3, 224, 225, 227, 228

Rashdall, H., 109

Rau, K. H., 235, 236

Rawls, J., 175-6, 182, 243, 244, 245-7, 249, 263, 266, 268, 269-72, 277, 281, 282, 299, 300, 322, 327

Reasoning, public, 14, 299, 300, 301, 311, 315,

316, 317

Rebeyrol, A., 121

Reciprocity, 214-17 Reiner, T., 249

Residue, 150 Reynolds, L., 217 Ricardo, D., 174

Rights, 1, 5, 13, 175, 176, 216, 257, 266, 267-8, 274, 281, 307, 313, 322

amenity, 216, 219

civil, 7

equality of, 281 individual, 103, 104, 171-2 legal, 11, 285, 307, 308 minority, 285 natural, 196 of society, 74 of women, 313

property, 69, 70, 136, 143, 153, 209, 210, 211, 215, 218, 219, 221, 227, 262, 308

Ritschl, H., 235-6

Robbins, L. C., 12, 67, 104, 161-2, 197, 203, 204, 257, 326, 327

Robeyns, I., 279, 286-7, 291

Romanticism, 9, 21-6, 33, 52-6

Roscher, W., 79

Rousseau, J. J., 246

Ruskin, J., 9, 11, 14, 21, 58, 61-74, 75, 84, 91, 187, 322, 323

Samuels, W. J., 216, 218, 223, 224, 225 Samuelson, P. A., 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 120, 162,

163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 181, 186-205, 242, 246, 249, 258, 322, 324, 326, 327, See Social welfare function, Bergson- Samuelson

Sandel, M., 249

Sax, E., 236, 237

Schiller, F., 25

Schmoller, G., 235

Schumpeter, J. A., 84, 131, 252

Scitovsky, T., 135, 181, 201, 327 Scorza, G., 145

Sen, A. K., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 47, 103, 105,

106, 160, 171-2, 175, 176-81, 182, 209,

211, 244, 267, 271, 272-3, 278, 280-3, 284,

285, 287, 289, 294, 298-317, 322, 326, 327, 328

Sentiments, in Pareto, 149-50

Shaw, G. B., 72

Sidgwick, H., 88, 97, 98, 104, 108, 112, 246 Smith, A., 59, 174, 280, 320

Social choice theory, 160, 161, 256, 269, 273, 299, 315, 329

Social norms, 10, 128, 152, 154, 222, 261, 282,

317

Social welfare function

Arrow, 187, 238, 257, 258, 269 Bergson-Samuelson, 10, 152, 160, 163-5,

181, 186-7, 189-93, 197-9, 202, 205 Pareto, 151

Society

affluent, 40, 223

and art, 37, 38, 39, 42-3

and community, 235, 243

and individuals, 71, 73, 108, 118, 126, 131,

140, 150, 152, 176, 191, 199, 236, 320, 324, 325, See also Social welfare function

as multidimensional, 245

as necessary fact, 129

as organism, 11, 22, 34, 36, 48, 61, 67, 72, 75,

88, 238, 239, 322 evolution of, 69 founded on clothes, 25 goals of, 195 ideal, 51, 62, 74

individuals and, 11

philosophical underpinnings of, 245 Rawls’s vision of, 245 reality of, 73

religious foundation of, 25

stabilization of, 266

values of, 222

Walras on, 122-3

Sociology, 12, 60, 84, 123, 136, 145, 148, 149,

150, 153, 154, 232, 245, 252

economic, 79

fiscal, 250

Solidarity, 4

Spencer, H., 58, 59, 60, 61, 67, 68, 69, 72 Stevenson, A., 239

Stigler, G. J., 188, 195, 203, 212, 221

Sumner, L. W., 111, 112

Surplus

consumer’s, 78, 89, 90, 194, 196 distributable, 147

equivalent, 147

unproductive, 58, 59, 60, 61, 69

Tarascio, V., 136, 152

Taxation, 59, 61, 69, 132, 153

burden of, 235

equal sacrifice criterion, 12 justice in, 241 progressive, 59, 60

Taylor, C., 5, 249

Thompson, D., 226

Tinbergen, J., 301

Tonnies, F., 240, 245

Toynbee, A., 53

Transcendentalism, 23, 25, 160, 250, 300, 314 Tullock, G., 239

Turner, J. M. W., 23, 25, 26-8, 63

ul Haq, M., 284, 301,312

Unger, R. M., 245

Utilitarianism, 9, 30, 33, 34, 47, 50, 53, 68, 85,

88, 90, 91, 97, 130, 131, 161, 179, 190, 192, 240, 241, 246, 250, 267, 279, 281, 291, 294, 299, 321, 328

Pigou and, 97-116

rejection of, 2, 9, 25, 193, 243

Value, intrinsic, 46, 47, 64, 66, 68, 69, 108, 115, 177

Value judgements, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 44, 103, 108, 135, 136, 142, 145, 164, 179, 186, 187, 188, 190-3, 195, 198, 199, 205, 245, 260, 261, 264, 269, 270, 292, 300, 315, 317, 324, 326, 329

Values, Christian, 38, 50, 51, 63, 65, 189

Veblen, T. B., 91

Violence, 113

avoidance of, 82

domestic, 313

Virtue, 29, 30, 34, 41-2, 49, 50-1, 53, 54, 85, 91, 93, 109, 112

Wagner, A., 236-7

Walras, L., 11, 118-32, 140, 196, 325

Walsh, C., 217

Walzer, M., 243, 249

Wants

and activities, 85, 86, 87-90

Ward, J., 83

Weber, M., 238, 243, 244-5

Weld, J., 221, 222, 223

Welfare. See also Welfarism; Non-welfarism economic welfare, 1, 7-9, 16, 60, 77-8, 82, 85, 87, 99-102, 105-7, 112, 135, 136, 137, 141, 145, 147, 151, 153, 169-70, 191, 192, 195, 204, 224, 247, 257, 258, 323 general welfare, 77-9, 85, 99, 169, 170, 329 social welfare, 1-4, 7-11, 78, 90, 118, 120,

128, 129, 135, 136, 149, 150, 151, 152,

159, 160, 163-6, 168, 169, 181, 186,

187, 189-93, 195, 197-9, 201, 202, 205,

209, 237, 238, 256-69, 272, 273, 312, 318, 320

Welfare state, 53

Welfarism, 1-6, 7-8, 10, 14, 98, 105, 108, 110,

111, 113, 137-48, 168, 179, 181,209, 232,

242, 259, 260, 264, 273, 274, 279, 287,

288, 290, 292, 293-5, 298, 316, 320-6, 329, 330

economic, 77, 135, 136, 142, 149, 152, 154, 167, 170

Well-being

assessment of well-being, 180, 281

human well-being, 77, 84, 85 hybrid strategy for, 111, 114, 115-16 Wicksell, K., 196

Winch, D., 89

Wordsworth, W., 9, 22, 23-5, 26, 27, 31, 63

Xenophon, 47, 62

Xu, Y., 289