CONTENTS
Preface V
About the Book vii
Chapter -1. Energy and Environment 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 SourcesofEnergy 2
1.3 TheEnergyScenario 3
1.4 FutureprojectionsofEnergyDeniand 4
1.5 UtilisationofvariousEnergySources 5
1.5.,1 Conventional Sources 6
Coal 6
Oil and Natural Gas 8
OilShale 9
1.5.2 Non-Conventional Sources 10
SolarEnergy 10
Wind Energy 13
Geothermal Energy 16
Hydropower 16
Biomass 17
Biogas 18
Tidal Energy 20
EnergyfromWaste 21
Hydrogen - The Future Fuel 23
NuclearEnergy 25
Chapter - 2.
Environment 292.1 Introduction 29
2.2 ManagementofEnvironment 30
2.3 ComponentsofEnvironment 31
2.4 TypesofEnvironment 31
2.5 SegmentsofEnvironment 32
2.5.1 Atmosphere 32
2.5.2 Hydrosphere 32
2.5.3 Lithosphere 33
2.5.4 Biosphere 33
2.5.4.1 Biomes 35
2.6 Environmental Pollution 37
2.6.1 TypesofPollution 37
2.7 Ecosystems 37
2.7.1 Types of Ecosystems 38
2.7.2 Components of Ecosystems 38
2.7.3 Energy in Ecosystems 39
2.8 VariouscyclesofEnvironment 40
2.8.1 Gaseous Cycles 41
2.8.1.1 WaterCycle 41
2.8.1.2 CarbonCycle 43
2.8.1.3 NitrogenCycle 45
2.8.1.4 OxygenCycle 48
2.8.2 Sedimentary Cycles 50
2.8.2.1 SulphurCycle 50
2.8.2.2 Phosphorus Cycle 51
2.8.2.3 SodiumCycle 51
2.8.2.4 Potassium Cycle 52
2.8.2.5 Magnesium Cycle 52
2.8.2.6 Iron Cycle 52
Chapter - 3. Atmosphere 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Major Regions of Atmosphere 54
3.3 Composition of Atmosphere 57
3.4 RadiationBalanceonEarth 58
3.5 Chemical and Photochemical Reactions in Atmosphere 59
Oxygen 59
Nitrogen 60
Nitrous Oxide 61
Carbon Dioxide 61
Ozone 62
Chapter-4. AirPollution 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 ClassificationofPollutants 63
4.2.1 NaturalPollutants 63
4.2.2 PrimaryPollutants 64
4.2.3 Secondary Pollutants 64
4.3 MajorAirPollutants 65
4.3.1 OxidesofCarbon 65
4.3.1.1 CarbonMonoxide 66
4.3.1.2 CarbonDioxide 68
4.3.2 OxidesofNitrogen 69
4.3.3 Oxides of Sulphur 72
4.3.3.1 SulphurDioxide(SO2) 72
4.3.4 Hydrogen Sulphide 74
4.3.5 Chlorine 75
4.3.6 Ozone 75
4.3.7 Hydrocarbons 76
4.3.8 Particulates 77
4.4 SourcesofAirPollution 80
4.4.1 PollutantsfromIndustry 81
4.4.2 Pollution by Petroleum 88
4.4.3 Mining Industries 88
4.4.4 Power Plants 89
4.4.5 Automobiles 90
4.4.6 Agrochemical Based Industries 90
4.4.6.1 Fertilizers 90
4.4.6.2 Pesticides 92
4.4.6.2.1 Insecticides 92
4.4.6.2.2 Fungicides 95
4.4.6.2.3 Herbicides 98
4.5 Effects of Air Pollution IOO
4.5.1 AcidRain IOO
4.5.2 Green House Effect 103
4.5.3 Global Warming 104
4.5.4 Depletion of Ozone (Ozone Hole) 105
4.5.5 Smog ’ 108
4.6 Control of Air Pollution 111
Chapter-5.
Water 1215.1 Introduction 121
5.2 Availability and Sources 121
5.2.1 GroundWater 122
5.2.2 Desalination of Sea Water 123
5.2.3 ConservationofWater 123
5.3 Characteristics of Water 126
5.4 Water Quality Parameters 127
5.4.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 129
5.4.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 130
5.4.3 ChemicalOxygenDemand(COD) 131
5.4.4 Alkalinity 132
5.4.5 MostProbableNumber(MPN) 132
5.4.6 Total Solids 133
5.4.7 Oxidation State 133
5.4.8 Transparency 133
5.4.9 Silica Content 134
5.4.10 Hardness 134
5.4.10.1 UnitsofHardnessofWater 135
5.4.10.2 Water Softening 137
5.4.11 Dissolved Inorganic Impurities 139
5.4.12 Toxic Metals in Water 139
5.4.13 MicrobialContaminatsinSewage 148
Chapter - 6. Water Pollution ë 151
6.1 Introduction 151
6.2 Types of Water Pollutants 151
6.2.1 BiologicalAgents 151
6.2.2 Chemical Agents 152
6.2.3 Physical Agents 152
6.3 TypesofwaterPollution 153
6.3.1 GroundwaterPollution 153
6.3.2 SurfacewatcrPollution 154
6.3.3 SeaWaterPollution 156
6.4 SourcesofwaterPollution 156
6.4.1 Sewage and Domestic Wastes 157
6.4.2 Industrial Effluents 158
6.4.2.1 TextileIndustry 158
6.4.2.2 Paper and Pulp Industry 158
6.4.2.3 Leather Tanning Industry 160
6.4.2.4 Agrochemical Industry ∙ 161
6.4.2.5 Petrochemical Industry 162
6.4.2.6 Food Processing Industries 166
6.4.2.7 Dairy Industry 170
6.4.2.8 Soaps and Detergents 171
6.4.2.9 Hazardous Wastes 175
6.5 Impact of Water Pollution on Human Health 177
6.5.1 WaterasacarricrfortheTransmissionofDiseases 177
6.5.2 Chemical Toxicants in Water Affecting Health 178
6.5.3 WaterasavectorHabitatinDiseaseTransmissioninHumans 181
6.5.4 TreatmentofWasteWatcr 181
6.5.5 Eutrophication 182
Chapter-7. MarinePolIution 183
7.1 Introduction 183
7.2 SourcesofMarinePollution 183
7.2.1 HazardousMaterials 183
7.2.2 OilPollution 183
7.2.2.1 CompositionofCrudePetroleum 184
7.2.2.2 Some Major Oil Tanker Accidents 185
7.2.2.3 EffectsofoilPollution 186
7.2.2.4 Control of Oil Pollution in Seas 187
7.2.3 Pollution by Radioactive Materials 187
7.2.3.1 TypesofRadionuclides 187
7.2.3.2 Effects of Radionuclides 188
7.3 Thermal Pollution 188
Chapter-8. Soil 191
8.1 Introduction 191
8.2 Formation of Soil 191
8.3 CharacteristicsofSoil.
1938.4 SoilProfile 193
8.5 Composition of Soil 194
8.5.1 InorganiccomponentsofSoil 195
8.5.2 Organic Components of Soil 195
8.5.3 Water and Air in Soil 196
8.6 Macronutrients and Micronutrients in Soil 196
8.7 Sources of Essential Elements in Soil 197
Chapter - 9. Soil Pollution » 199
9.1 Introduction 199
9.2 Sources of Soil Pollution 199
9.2.1 Industrial Wastes 200
9.2.2 Urban and Domestic Wastes 200
9.2.3 Radioactive Pollutants 201
9.2.4 Agrochemicals 201
9.2.5 Chemical and Metallic Pollutants 202
9.2.6 BiologicalAgents 202
9.2.7 Acid Rain 202
9.3 Harmful Effects of Soil Pollutants 203
9.3.1 Effects of Industrial Pollutants 203
9.3.2 EffectsofurbanandDomesticwasteProducts 203
9.3.3 EffectsofRadioactivePollutants 204
9.3.4 EffectsofAgrochemicals 204
9.4 Soil Erosion 205
9.4.1 Causes of Soil Erosion 205
9.4.2 Effects of Soil Erosion 206
9.4.3 Control of Soil Erosion 206
9.5 Reclamation of Soil 206
9.6 Treatment of Soil Pollutants 207
9.7 Control of Soil Pollution 208
9.8 Indicators of Soil Pollution 209
9.8.1 Plants as Indicators of Soil Pollution 209
9.8.2 Organisms as Bio -indicators 210
9.8.3 Micro-organisms as Bio-indicators 210
Chapter-10. HazardousWasteanditsManageinent 211
10.1 Introduction 211
10.2 Radioactive Waste 212
10.2.1 TypesofRadiationandTheirCharacteristics 212
10.2.2 Sources of Radioactive Waste and Radiation 213
10.2.2.1 AccidentsatNuclearPowerPlants 216
10.2.3 EffectsofRadiation 218
10.2.4 ManagementofRadioactiveWaste 219
10.3 Hazardous Waste 221
10.3.1 Incidents of Improper Disposal and Accidents 221
Love Canal 221
Minamata 222
Bhopal Gas Tragedy 223
10.3.2 BiomedicalWaste 223
10.4 Management of Hazardous Waste 224
10.5 Trans-boundary Issues 226
10.6 International Conventions 228
10.7 Hazardous Waste in India 229
Chapter -11. Noise Pollution 4∖ 231
11.1 Introduction 231
11.2 SoundandNoise 231
11.3 WhatisSound? 232
11.4 TheDecibelScale 232
11.5 The Stnicture and Functioning of Ear 234
11.6 SourcesofNoise 236
11.7 EffectsofNoisePollution 237
11.8 Control of Noise Pollution 238
11.9 Legal Provisions and their Implementation 239
Chapter -12.
Climate Change 24312.1 Introduction 243
12.2 RoleandlmportanceofClimate 243
12.3 Factors Affecting Climate 244
12.4 TheGlobalClimate 245
12.5 ClimateChange 246
12.6 EffectsofClimateChange 247
12.6.1 Climate Change in Asia 248
12.6.2 Impacts of Climate Change on India 251
12.7 Monitoring Climate Change 253
12.8 UNFCCCandIndia 254
12.9 OtherAspectsofCIimateChange 256
Chapter -13. Biodiversity 259
13.1 Introduction 259
13.2 TheRichnessofBiodiversity 259
13.3 The Importance of Biodiversity 260
13.4 BiodiversityofIndia 262
13.5 The Threatened Biodiversity 267
13.5.1 TheIndianScenario 268
13.6. CausesofExtinction 269
13.7. ConservationofBiodiversity 270
13.7.1 Conventions, Protocols and Acts 272
13.7.2 OtherNationalInitiatives 275
Chapter -14. Environmental Management 277
14.1 Introduction 277
14.2 Important Environmental Laws and Acts 277
14.3 Environmental Impact Assessment 284
14.4 Environmental Auditing 285
14.5 EnvironmentalManagementsystemsiisO-HOOOStandards 285
14.6 Agencies and Institutions involved in the Environmental Management 291
14.6.1 TheCentralPollutionControlBoard 291
14.6.2 State Governments 292
14.6.3 Role of Governmental Organisations (NGOs) 293
14.6.4 Other Bodies 293
Chapter -15. Some Case Studies 295
15.1 Introduction 295
15.2 Bhopal Gas Tragedy 295
15.3 Vehicular Pollution in Delhi 301
15.4 Industrial Pollution in Delhi 311
Chapter -16. Towards Cleaner Future 317
16.1 IntroductiontoGreenChemistry 317
16.2 Designing a Green Synthesis 318
16.2.1 ChoiceofStartingMaterials 318
16.2.2 ChoiceofReagents 318
16.2.3 ChoiceofCatalysis 318
16.2.4 Choice of Solvents 318
16.3 BasicprinciplesofGreenChemistry 318
16.3.1 Prevention of Waste Λy Products 320
16.3.2 Maximum Incorporation of the Reactiants 320
(Starting Materials and Reagents) in the Final Product
16.3.2.1 RearrangementReactions 321
16.3.2.2 Addition Reactions 321
16.3.2.3 Substitution Reactions 322
16.3.2.4 Elimination Reactions 323
16.3.3 PreventionorMininiizationofHazardousProducts 324
16.3.4 DesigningSaferChemicals 324
16.3.5 Energy Requirement for Synthesis 324
16.3.6 Selection of Appropriate Solvent 324
16.3.7 SelectionofStartingMaterials 325
16.3.8 UseofprotectingGroups 325
16.3.9 Use of Catalyst 326
16.3.10 ProductsDesignedShouldbeBiodegradable 327
16.3.11 DesigningManufacturingPlants 327
16.3.12 Re-use of Waste or By-products 328
16.4 Rain Water Harvesting 328
16.5 Sustainable Development 334
16.6 Some Success Stories 336
Glossary 341
Inxex 347
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