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Introduction

Siberian spruce trees (Picea obovata) experience the extreme range of seasonal temperatures characteristic of a continental climate. In the Siberian boreal forest, air temperatures regularly drop below -50°C (-58°F) in winter, and in summer they reach 30°C (86°F).

Being an immobile tree, the Siberian spruce lacks the option to move to Florida for the winter or head to the coast to cool off in summer. The spruce must tolerate these temperature extremes, surviving the 80°C (144°F) seasonal change in its body temperature. Other organisms can avoid these extremes through some behavior or physiological change. These two options for coping with environmental change, tolerance and avoidance, provide a useful framework for thinking about how organisms cope with the environmental extremes they face.

The range of physical environmental conditions described in Chapter 2 establishes the variation in biomes and marine biological zones described in Chapter 3. In this chapter and the next, we will examine the interactions between organisms and the physical environment that influence their survival and persistence, and therefore their geographic ranges. The study of these interactions is known as physiological ecology.

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Source: Bowman W., Hacker S.. Ecology. 6th ed. — Oxford University Press,2023. — 744 p.. 2023

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