Index

accidents 87, 94, 96-7, 352-3 cost of 89

acidification policy in Netherlands 371 acquis Communautaire 261-2, 266 Acta Borussica (Schmoller) 663 action, Weber on 734-5 activity level incentives 94, 95, 96 administration, science of 692-3 administrative costs 87 administrative law and economics 239-45

administrative structures 691 adoption laws 105, 108, 114 adversarial proceedings 580, 581, 582 adverse possession 254-5 agents, independent 80 agricultural indebtedness 577 agricultural production 592 agricultural reform 594 agriculture

age of 677

Roscher on 648-9 air pollution 365 Alcoa v.

Essex 151, 155, 158 alimony 113 allocation 68, 89 of accidents costs of resources 18, 20 of rights 19 systems 68-9 theory 629 allocative effects 19-21 alternative dispute resolution 399 alternative liability rules 15-16 alternative precaution 89, 90, 92 American Economic Association 532 Amsterdam Treaty of European Union 279 anarchy 47

Angelini, Elizabetta Croci 261-79 Anglo-American legal analysis 61 Anglo-Saxon system 582 annulment of marriage 104, 107 Anson (Law of Contract) 574

Anti-Corn Law League 444, 561 antitrust law 494-7, 512

Arab and Israeli occupation 565 arbitration 399

artisan firms 646, 649

asceticism, religious and worldly 738-9 assent 454

asset change (abusus) 40

asset disposal 119

asset proprietors 42

asset specificity 9, 146

assignment of property rights 21, 249

assignment of rights and liability 19 assurance cover in US 360

atrocity, crimes of 479-80 attenuation of property rights 42

Austrian Civil Code (AbGA) 577

Austrian Civil Procedural Code (ZPO) 577

Austrian Criminal Code 577

Austrian school 560, 627, 628, 632 authority 153, 154

authors’ rights 130

Backhaus analysis 236

Backhaus, Jurgen 280-88, 297-309, 329-44, 381-9

balance of payments, Stein on 512, 695-6

bank, central 650

banking 303, 554

free 555, 631

Bank of England 165

bankruptcy law 55

barbarianism, Veblen on 729-30 bargaining 13, 26, 87, 97, 190, 256

bargaining power 154, 194

Coasean 15-18

costless 41

barter 571, 573, 574, 630

Bass v.

Gregory 54-5

Beccaria, Cesare (1738-94) 475-88 benefits and costs 68, 204, 263 benevolent government 200

Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832) 58, 66-9, 129, 588

Berle-Means hypothesis 686 best practice approach 330-36 bilateral monopoly situations 669 bilateral precaution 89 bilateral relationship 156 bills of exchange 686 biology, child rearing 111

Bismarck’s social reforms 693

Bohm, Franz (1895-1977) 489-98 bonding of investments 301-304, 306 Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co. 250, 258, 345-6

borrowing, domestic 695-7 boundary errors 255 bounded rationality 9, 10, 31,290, 453, 455-6

bourgeoisie 622

Brandeis brief 444-5, 448

Brandeis, Louis Dembitz 444-5, 448 breach of contract 529, 574 breach of promise action 107 brewery case 54-5

Bright, John 561

Brinig, Margaret 103-17

British Act of Navigation 602, 606

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 448

Buchanan, James M. 188-91, 208, 227,

515

budget 199, 695, 697

Buechtemann, Christoph 311-28 burden-sharing rule 696 bureaucracy, inefficiency of 594-5 business administration 585 business and economic law 58 business contracts 456 business cycle theory 554, 556, 643 businesses as entities 686 business transactions, legal forms 685

Calabresi, Guido 59, 61, 62, 97 Calvinism 673

capital 645, 666, 679, 694 capital and labour 681 capital and needs 655 capital markets 56, 206, 305, 307 capital punishment 481-2 see also death penalty

capitalism 193, 506, 622, 669, 688, 737-9

capitalist development 646 capitalist system 685 capitalists and workers 662-3 carbon taxes 385

care versus activity level 91-5 Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Schute (1991) 455, 457

carpal tunnel syndrome 438

Carroll Towing 90, 91

cartel agreements 231, 492, 5120, 668, 681

Cartel Law 577 causation 100

cause of external harm 247 cement factory pollution 345-6 central banks 165-81 centralization 200, 217, 654 change and power structures 601 Charter of Fundamental Rights 266 Chicago school 63-4, 187 child-bearing out of wedlock 106 child labour 446

child rearing 107-10, 123 children

and divorce 113, 114 in a family 103-105 state provision for 107

Christianity 516, 654

Civil Procedure Code, Austrian 576-83 civilization 596-7, 653-4 class system 534, 623, 693, climate policy 365

CO² emissions trading 365, 366, 367, 371

Coasean bargaining 15-18, 256 Coasean view on pollution 382-4 Coase, Ronald H.

7-39, 59, 63, 67 Coase theorem 7-39, 41, 46, 87, 247-9 Cobden, Richard 561 code law systems 448

Code Napoleon 430 codes of conduct 53 codetermination legislation 297-306, 494-7

codified customs 430 coercion 536, 537 coercive government regulation 252 cognitive science 453-57 collective bargaining 297, 300, 303 collective choice theory 63, 65 collective inheritance 119, 120-25 collectivism 652-3, 656-8 command-and-control instruments 356-8 command structure 8 commercial banking 166 Commercial Code 520 commercial contracts 289 commercial law 55, 56, 186, 524 commodities and wealth 666 common good 190, 200 common land 622, 624 common law 63, 195, 244, 448, 502, 549, 550-52

common policies 217-18, 273, 276-8 common property, problem 42-8 common resource, overuse of 49, 74 commons and anticommons 74-82 Commons, John R. 9, 499-507 communication 593, 605 communitarian legislation 214 community of property 647 company board representation 297-309 company law 577 comparative causation 94-5, 98 comparative negligence 93, 98 compensation 21, 41, 45, 68, 292, 358-60

employees 45 liability 93 for pain and suffering 99 right 252 schemes 315-16

competition 8, 13, 17, 188, 514, 605 competition law 54, 58 competition market 205 complementarity 186, 212, 213 complete contract 158-9 compulsion 635, 537 computers 46, 436, 437, 438, 442 confiscations of goods and assets 482 conflict 168, 624 consensus test 227 constitutional economics 184-219, 223-37, 244-5, 285, 546 constitutional law 533 constitutional reform 553-4 constitution formation and maintenance 229-32 constraint 224, 573 consumer sovereignty 678 consumer valuation 629 consumption goods 655, 657 contractarianism 227-8, 475-6, 486-7 contract law 453-7, 526-10, 570-71 contracts 59, 197, 572, 573, 670 contractual agreement 22, 147, 428, 431 contributory negligence 93 cooperation 266-7, 276, 277, 624, 667 coordination 550

copyright-authors’ rights 131-2 copyright law 11, 127 Corn Laws (1815) 623 corporate city tax, Germany 154-5 corruption of governments 201 cosmopolitanism 673 cost-benefit analysis 48-9, 62 costs 77, 385-7, 628 cost valuation 657 courts 53, 469, 578-9 creativity and knowledge production 130, 139 credit 512, 555, 638 credit basis of banks 555 credit policy 512 crime and criminal behaviour 623-4 and punishment 71, 476-86, 625, 678

criminal bankruptcy 587 criminal law 56, 475, 524, 616 in Austria 577

currency 165, 169 custody laws 106, 114 custom and precedent 551 customary law 70, 424-6, 427-31 customs unions 604 cyberspace 436

damages, punitive 638-9 day-care system 205 death duties 526-7, 528 death penalty 476, 481-2 see also capital punishment

debt management 523, 694-7 debtor-creditor law 55 decentralization 204, 201, 216 decision sharing 42 decoupled liability 96 default rule 54

delegation of decision-making powers 413-14

demand and supply 23, 643 democracy 56, 124-5, 553, 597 democratic accountability (EU) 271, 272 ‘democratic federalism’ 197

‘democratization’ 188, 594

Demsetz, Harold 16-18, 20, 21-3 dependency 107

Depoorter, Ben 74-85

deposit protection 180 deterrence 483, 486 developers and the environment 78, 348,

562

devolution 219

Dewey, John 532

dialectics 601

diligence 95 dismissal protection regimes 311, 318,

319, 320, 321-5

dispute resolution 56, 248, 250, 393-401

distributional effects 14.

18. 20 divorce 106, 107, 110-14, 456, 665,

679

domain partitioning of land 42 domestic production 170, 605 dowry system in marriage 525 due care 90, 91, 92, 94, 98 duopolisitc anticommons 77-8

Dutch economic theory 586

dynamic adjustments 16

ecological tax credit 388, 389, 390 economic analysis 30, 465-71, 561, 701

and the legal system 565

economic constitution 492-3

economic democracy (EU) 272 economic development 254, 591, 596,

693

in the Roman campagna 683 economic efficiency 209, 592 economic growth 55, 169 economic integration and political institutions 212-14

economic liberalism 192

economic order 491, 492-3, 511 economic studies, Loria on 607-608 ‘economic system’, Sombart on 684-5 economic thought, history of 683, 700 economists and law 32

economy, public and private 653 education 564, 591, 605, 658, 666, 669 efficiency 227-8, 333, 337, 346, 604-605, 637

electoral rules 194, 198-9, 523 eminent domain, government power of 251

emissions and tradable rights 352, 364-78

empathy 184 empathy in humans 676 see also sympathy

employment contracts 47, 48, 293, 496-7

employment protection 311-25 employment/unemployment 170, 290-91, 516, 616, 680 enforcement 53, 280, 317

Engels, Friedrich 618-26 England and English jurisdiction 562, 563

English Rule, legal costs 396-7 Enlightenment, French 673 Enlightenment, Scottish 676 enterprise, legal forms 685 entrepreneurship 563-4, 601 entropy, laws of 77-82 environment 267

environmental law and economics 345-49

Environmental Protection Agency, US (EPA) 365

equal opportunities 120-24, 194, 272 ‘equal treatment’ 191 ethical and moral values 438

Eucken, Walter 508-18

European Central Bank 196, 264 European Commission 262, 263, 371

emissions scheme 365-6, 371-5, 377 European constitution 273, 280 European Court of Justice (ECJ) 262, 263

European Economic Community (EEC) 261-79

European Monetary System (EMS) 224, 263, 264

European Union, institutional design 261-79

evaluation of goods 70, 656

evaluative analysis 465 evidence, Beccaria on 477 evolution of institutions 630, 631 exchange process 8, 252-2, 666 exchange rate, control of 170, 264 exchange, rules of 679 exchange value 599, 604, 629 exclusivity clauses 151 expenditure 227, 657 externalities 75, 76, 246, 247, 250 extortion problem 19-20

factories 646

Factory Acts 623 family 103-14, 123, 612, 613, 622

and friends 282-4

firm 109-10

law 103, 104, 525

Farina, Francesco 184-222 farming, tenant 683

fathers, duties and obligations 106 fault 88, 89, 90

in divorce law 107

in liability 720, 721, 725 federalism 70, 200, 209-12, 236 Federal Cartel Office 494-5

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 397 feminism 107

feudal states 692

Feuerbach, Ludwig 619 field cultivation 621 finance, public 450, 690 fiscal policies 216, 264, 270

Fisher Body v.

General Motors 150-51, 152, 155, 158

fishing industry and power plant 382-4, 388

fixed-rent contract 47

force majeure 717-18, 724 foreign exchange control 171 formal rules 424

fortuitous events, liability 716-9 foster families 109

franchise model 105

Franklin, Benjamin 444

‘free banking’ theory 165, 166 freedom and constraint 597, 685 free enterprise, Jhering on 572 free inheritance 119, 120-25 free market approach 187, 637

free trade 263, 444, 586, 590-603, 597, 663

Freiburg School 489-91, 508, 516 French Revolution 242-3 fringe benefits for employees 46 functional schools in law and economics 58-71

general norms and customs 424-31 genetic heritage 108

German Civil Code 520-21

German corporate law 298-308 see also codetermination

German Economic Association 520

German economy 490-97

German Historical School 532, 560, 683

German Lander border controls 692

German reunification 695

Gierke, Otto von 519-21 globalization 212, 219, 670 goods and labour 655 goods and welfare 678 goods, public and non-public 45, 656-7 governance 10, 49 government 194, 197-9, 536-8, 658, 678

and central bank 173, 175 expenditure 45, 650 and the judiciary 412 and public enterprises 335-7 regulation and laws 250, 598, 599, 703

Graziani, Augusto 522-30 greenhouse gas emissions 365

Guizot, Frangois, Pierre Guillaume 444

Hale, Robert Lee 531-44 Hamilton, Alexander 444 harm caused 30, 47, 354, 355 harmonization 268-71, 374 Hayek, Friedrich Auguste von 187-8, 545-58

health and safety issues 269 Hegel, Georg 601, 619, 691 Henricus Stephanus 640 hereditary succession 526, 612, 614-15 Herzl, Theodor (1860-1904) 559-67 Hobbesian state of nature 192

Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679) 43, 184 Hohfeld, Wesley Newcomb 533 hold-out problem 148-9, 251, 252 Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr. 533-4 ‘homogeneity’ in jurisdictions 207 homogenization 240 horizontal competition 191, 209 horizontal separation of powers 194-6 households 109, 110, 282-3, 746-7, 748 human behaviour 61, 123-5, 348-9, 442, 568

human capital 294, 496, 497 humanism 619

human performance 639 human rights 565, 566, 569 Hume, David (1711-76) 103, 184 hunter-gatherer economy 621, 677 hyperinflation 521 hypotheses, testable 61

ideas market 134, 135, 139, 140 ignorance 234-6, 244 immigration 563

immunity to accomplices in crime 480 impartiality of the judiciary 416 imperialist model 665 implementation failures 319-20 implicit contracts 154-5, 158, 294, 295, 296

imports and exports 512 incentive-based pay 292 incentive mechanisms 10, 11, 239, 242-4

incentives 95, 97, 150, 153, 191, 658 incentive system 171, 195, 203, 564, 600-601, 643

incomplete contract 145-60, 155-8, 195 independence of central bank 171-4, 177, 180, 196

independence of judiciary 413-18 index number formula, Laspeyres 585-6 individual action 18-22, 61, 68, 70, 226 individual and the state 662, 746, 748 individualism 64, 66, 230, 625, 657-8, 685

individualistic law systems 653-4, 656 individual rights 190-204, 246 individuals and goods 40 induction versus deduction 665 industrial emissions, social cost 27-9 industrial employment 649 industrialization 562, 594, 596, 730 industry, using machines 623, 645-6 inequality 193

infant mortality rate 110

inflation, high 170, 171, 172, 196 information 138, 257, 702 inheritance 119-25, 524, 526-8, 622, 649

and children 123

injurer and victim 8, 89-90, 92-4, 98, 247-8

inquisitorial proceedings 579-82 institutional arrangements for judges 408-409

institutional complementarity 124-5, 156-8

institutional economics model, new 31 institutional law and economics 540, 541, 543

institutional theory of Schmoller 666 institution-building 216-18 institutions 10, 53, 145-60, 185, 683, 728-9, 731

insurance 87, 97, 219, 696

integration process in European

Community 263-71

intellectual property 11, 127-44, 443, 448

interdependence costs 229

interest costs 695, 697

interest groups 217, 230, 231

interest rates 583, 623

international law and commerce 593, 617

international politics, criticism 599 international protection 650 international trade 424

interpersonal effects 68 interventionism, mercantilist 681 inventions 129, 130, 131, 257, 601 investment 298, 514, 655, 657, 679, 697 involuntary transfers 249, 254-5 irrationalism, legal 728-9

Islamic law 439, 448

Israel 559, 565, 566

Italian city states 686

Italian Civil Code 710-21,725-6

Jefferson, Thomas 444

Jewish Company 562

Jewish law 439, 448, 563, 565, 566

Jewish state 564

Jhering, Rudolf von (1919-92) 568-75 joint-stock banks 165 joint-stock companies 562, 650, 686 Josselin, Jean-Michel 239-44, 424-32 judges 87, 401, 581-3 judicial accountability 415-20 judicial independence 232-3, 407-20 judicial opinions 533 judicial rewards 408 judiciary 173, 194 jurisdiction, political 204 jurisprudence 504, 625, 680, 681, 767-8 jury 449, 592-3, 600

justice 434 61, 64, 70, 434, 676, 677

Kaldor-Hicks test of potential compensation 64, 67-8

Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) 184, 675 Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946) 515, 545

Klein, Franz (1854-1926) 576-84 knowledge 435-9, 440, 442, 443, 546-9, 629-10

Kyoto Protocol 356, 365, 370, 378

labour 570, 679

labour contracts 289-96

labour force 109, 110, 112, 290, 645 labour legislation 495, 577

labour market institutions 264, 269, 314-16

labour relations 645

labour representatives 298, 300-302 labour unions and markets 499, 502 Iaissezfaire 511, 515, 535, 541-2, 603 land 48, 594, 649, 680, 683 landed interests, criticism 599 Landes-Posner analysis 411-12 landlord-tenant law 257 landowners and polluters 24 language 66 language and meaning of law 504, 505 Laspeyres, Etienne (1834-1913) 585-9 lateral subsidiarity 284 law 54, 55, 58, 70, 524, 525, 577, 669,

741

Schmoller 665-70

see also administrative law; antitrust law; commercial law; common law; contract law; criminal law; environmental law; family law; Jewish law; patent law lawsuit avoiding 354, 398-9, 583 lease contracts, Loria on 615 legacies 122, 123, 124 legal agreements, international 604 legal change in economic analysis 53-6, 347-8, 459, 540 legal framework 550-51, 631 legal institutions 56, 612, 688 legal problem, economic analysis 465-71

legal protection of property rights

249-52 legal realism 533, 639, 727-8 legal rules 11, 19, 27, 59, 60 legal sanctions 609, 610 legal structure 66, 691 legal studies movement 539 legal systems 561, 592, 593, 600, 691,

702 legal theory 465, 546, 547 legislation 631 legislative coalitions 232 legislative contracts 412 legislative power and the central bank

173 legislature 439 leisure class 534 lenience in punishing 481 Leviathan 200, 210, 429 liability 90, 91, 95, 454, 709-12, 719 liability of firm 351-2, 353 liability regimes 361 liability rules 22, 88, 95, 249 liability system 354, 355 liberalism 124-5, 192, 553, 649, 685 liberty 192, 600, 681 List, Friedrich (1789-1846) 590-606 litigation 100, 241, 417-19 local communities 203, 301 local government 201, 208, 216, 236 Lochner v. New York 533-4 Locke, John (1632-1704) 103, 128, 184, 194, 483

London School of Economics 10-12,

32 Loria, Achille (1857-1943) 607-17 loss-sharing 94-5

Lucas v.

South Carolina Coastal Council (1992) 258

Maastricht Treaty 269, 280-81, 284 macroeconomics 643

majority rule 198, 658 manufacturing 592, 597

Marciano, Alain 239-45, 424-32 marginal utility 68, 629

Mark, German 276 market 548, 549, 552

market dynamics 34, 155-6, 186 market economy 212, 512, 563, 676 market exchange 13, 97, 192, 550 market failure 22-8, 64, 71, 246, 311-25

market institutions 66, 75

market interrelationships 604-605

market prices 61, 629, 668

market process 667-8

market rate of interest 555

market regulation 59, 347, 669, 681 marriage 103, 104, 106-108 see also divorce

Martineau. Harriet 103

Marx, Karl (1818-83) 601, 618-26, 646-7

Marxism 662, 737

materialism 620

mathematical techniques 66, 701 matriarchy 612

Mattiacci, Giuseppe Dari 87-102 mediation 399

Menger, Anton 561, 578

Menger, Carl 560, 627-34, 644, 659, 737

mental capital, List on 599, 600 mercantilism 681, 685 merchant interests 599, 604 mergers 294, 295, 514

‘merit goods’ 44

metal reserves 165-6 methodenstreit 631-3 methodologies 14-15, 62, 226, 665 Miceli, Thomas J. 246-60, 393-406 microeconomics 13, 60, 62, 700, 701, 703, 706

migration of workers 264

Mill, John Stuart (1806-73) 629, 646-7, 706 monetarism, List on 598 monetary and banking regimes 554 monetary policy 167, 171, 196, 224 money 254, 555, 628, 630, 679 monism 240, 241, 242 monitoring 291, 292, 293, 304 Monopolies Office 494-5 moral behaviour 565, 566, 609, 610,

665, 676

moral hazard 195, 207, 211, 252 moral imperative, Bentham 67, 68 morality 51, 184, 575, 576, 596 moral perfection, duty of man 605 moral rights 192 morals and culture 565, 566, 665 moral sentiments and jurisprudence 674-8

motivation for human action 67 Mugler v. Kansas 258 multinational companies 212 multiple equilibria 185 multiple exclusion rights 75, 76, 82 multiple rights 82 mutual assistance 582 mutual recognition 268-71

Nash, John 68-9 national debt 691, 696, 697 national defence 677 national economy 169, 510 national legal arrangements 593 natural law 281, 677 nature 46, 128 needs, private and public 656-7, 659-60 ‘negative freedom’ 191, 193, 194 negligence 89, 90-95, 353, 454 negotiation and transfer of right 14 neoclassical theory 53, 629, 633 neoliberalism, Germany 489-90 Netherlands

emissions trading 370-71

economic power 586, 587

Nicita, Antonio 145-63 no liability 89-90 no-fault divorce 112-13

Nomoi (Plato’s Laws) 636-8 non-market institutions, influence 66 non-observable precaution 91 non-pecuniary loss 99 normative analysis 63, 64, 65, 465-6 normative schools in law and economics

58-71

note-issuing banks 166, 168 novelty of invention 131 nuisance 54-5, 250-51

Oates Decentralisation theorem 203-204 oaths, Beccaria on 478

objectivization 686

observable precaution 91 oligopolistic anticommons 80-82, 702 opportunism 31, 146-51, 159, 211 opportunistic behaviour 195, 294, 295,

315, 316

opportunity costs 374-6

‘optimal activity level’ 95, 96 option fixing 669

oral transmission of rules 428

order, spontaneous, of the market 547-9, 550, 553, 630

ORDO, journal of German neoliberals 490, 495-6

Ordoliberals 508-509, 511, 513-6 ownership 13, 253-7, 346, 525-6, 621, 702

Pagano, Ugo 145-65

‘pain’ motive 67

pardons, Beccaria on 483-4 parenting 105, 108-109, 110-112

Pareto efficiency 13, 63-9, 187, 190, 202

Pareto Rule 348

Pareto, Vilfredo 67

Parisi, Francesco 7-39, 58-85, 87-100 parliament 243, 244

partial property rights 78

patent law 127, 131, 137, 139, 257, 600 path dependence 186, 306-308 patriarchy 103, 612, 613, 622 pecuniary rights 141

penal servitude 481-2

Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon (1922) 258

pension rule 696

perception 546

performance analysis 331, 336, 338, 341-3

permit trading in emission rights 36670, 377 personal liability 686 Pigouvian view 12, 46, 247 plaintiff win rate 400 Plant, Sir Arnold 11

Plato (c.427-349 BC) 635-41 policy design failures 318-19, 320-21 policy goals 280-81

Politeia (Plato) 636, 640 political and economic history 415, 690-91

political decision makers 409, 411 political freedom 591, 596, 647 political science and law 532-3 politicians’ interest in the judiciary 413-14

polluter-pays principle 374-8 pollution 352, 357-8, 382, 639 Popper, Karl R. 60-61, 640 population growth 48, 74 Porrini, Donatella 350-63 positive analysis 465, 509-10 positive externalities 42, 82 positive schools in law and economics 58-71

Posner, Richard 61, 63, 77, 103 possession 253-4, 526, 655 post-contractual opportunism 230, 291 Powell, Thomas Reed 532-3 power 195, 536 pragmatists 665 precaution 87, 88, 89 precedent 438, 448 press, freedom of 600 prevention 91

pricing 42, 643, 658, 667 price theory 512, 628-9 principal-agent theory 231, 241-2 prisoner’s dilemma games 413 private appropriation 128, 129 private contracting 317 private corporations 339-41 private goods 26, 45, 189, 210 private incentive to sue 397-8 private interest 619 private pension funds 269 private property 40-41, 123, 255-8, 516, 523, 655

privatization 46, 47, 48, 334-6 privilege of use 74 procedural rules 232, 583 production 612, 620-21, 644, 648-51,

654

product liability 99 product warnings 454 profit 572, 679, 680, 685 profit-maximizing prices 80 proletariat 622, 625 property 246-58, 526, 574, 678 property law 55, 570, 613-18 property rights 27, 61, 75-82, 128, 236, 257, 563, 691

partitioning of 40-52

property status on death 119 property values 539

proportional rule of government 198 protectionism 586, 587, 590, 603-605 Prussia, Schmoller on 663, 664 public and private goods 336-41, 648, 659

public choice theory 62-3, 217 public enterprise 329-43, 658 public expenditure 195 public finance 512, 587, 695 public institutions 330-41, 657-9 public law 179, 691

public policy 316-18, 450-52 public transportation system 205, 206 public utility regulation 538 punishments and crimes 476-86, 676

quantitative methods 62

racial discrimination 448

railroad construction 436, 446, 590, 596 Ramello, Giovanni B. 127-43 rationalism, Western 737, 738, 739 rationality of law 63, 741-2

Rawls, John 66-9

real estate 613

reality, conception 601 recording systems 254 regional government 236, 643 regulation 46, 593, 681, 685 regulation systems 355-6 regulation versus liability 352-6 regulatory instruments 603, 604 regulatory taxation 381-90 relationships, compulsive 609, 610 religion, Weber’s study of 737, 738, 740 freedom 591, 647

laws 53, 439 remedies, private and public 28 rent seeking 201, 230-31, 236-7, 239_40, 244-5 representative government 523 reproductivity rule 654, 696 reputation 154-5, 294, 448 residence jurisdictions 28, 206 residual control rights 153 resource allocation 628, 629 resource, overuse of 74 resource use (usus) 40 responsibilities of private bodies 284 retirement age 588 retirement policies, mandatory 295 revenue, public 334, 656, 694 reward and punishment 40-41, 568-9, 573

right exhaustion in EU jurisprudence 129

rights and power 541 rights in policy decisions 495, 496 rights, non-optimal allocation 15 rights of exclusion 76 rights of individuals 655 rights of private bodies 284 rights ownership 137 right to judge the state 241 right to returns (usus fructus) 40, 41 ‘right to all’ 43 right to sell or lease (alienation) 40 rights transfer and allocation 15, 19, 23, 26-8, 249 risk and profit 97, 216, 563 risk and uncertainty 702 risk control 354 risk-creating activities 88, 96 risk estimation 453, 454, 455 risk liability, strict 709-14, 718, 719-24 risk sharing 218, 316, 322 risks and policy failure 318-21 road tolls 46

Roman Catholic Church 435-6 Roman law 430, 568, 613-15, 619, 654, 673, 686

Roscher, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich 560, 642-51

rule enforcement 280

rule of Law, Hayek’s doctrine 552-3 sales in official markets 637 same-sex marriages 107 Sax, Emil (1845-1927) 652-61 scarce resources 16-17, 44

Schengen Agreement 267 Schleswig-Holstein 689-90

Schmid, A. Allan 345-49

Schmoller, Gustav von 444, 520, 561, 632, 662-70

science and technology 131, 139, 330 science in law 433-7, 592

seat belt law 454

secession 218-19

securities law 55-6

sedition 595 self-curing failures 15-18 self-enforcement 295, 296 self-interest 9, 31, 569, 609, 610 self-realization 193

Seligman, E.R. A. 532

Senn, Peter R. sensitivity analysis 468 separation of powers, horizontal and vertical 194-7

separation process costs 218 services, provision 655 settlement-trial decision 393-5

Sevic, Zteljko 165-83

Sherman Act 54 shirking 291 simple contract 154, 158 simple negligence 92-3 single currency 263 Single European Act 268

Single Market 263, 270, 274 slavery, List on 600, 614-15, 621, 644-6

Smith, Adam (1723-90) 129, 601-603, 672-81

Smyth v. Ames (169 U.S. 466, 1898) 539 social and economic conditions 451 Social Charter 1989 (EU) 269 social constructivism 501, 503-504 social contracts 189, 191, 244, 428 social cost 10-12, 14, 20, 22, 25, 28

of litigation 398

social institutions 549, 564, 621 social learning 546-8 social norms 70, 424

social policies 267, 663, 664, 665 social problems 446, 450-51, 561, 669 social relationships 687, 735

social responsibility 178-9

social rights 191-4

social science 62, 437, 443, 459, 546 as source of law 442-52

social security provision 552, 693 social welfare 66-9, 187-8, 488, 657, 701-702

Beccaria on 475-6

socialism

Roscher on 646-8

Sombart on 684

Society of Jews 562 sociological theory 461 sociology, Weber on 733-4, 735, 740 Sombart, Werner 683-88 sovereign nation model 105

Soviet Union 224

space law 437

special interest projects 231-2 species, prolongation of 111 spontaneous order 187, 188

Spur Industries v. Del E. Webb Development Co. (1972) 248, 258

Stammler, Rudolf 611-12 starvation 68 state 239-40, 622, 654, 658 statistics 564, 585, 586 statutes 53

Stein, Lorenz von (1815-90) 689-98 Steinbach, Erich 578

Stigler, George Joseph ((1911-92) 700-707

strategic behaviours 20-21, 240-41, 277, 278

strategic stalls in Coasean bargaining 21-2

strict liability 89-94, 96 strikes 300, 303 structure analysis, public enterprises 341-2

subsidiarity, principle of 209, 266-7, 280-86, 649

subsidization by government 44 substitution nexus 212

succession model 665

supervision 647

supply and demand 667, 668 supporting aged parents 111 supranationalism 264, 265 surrogacy contracts 108-109 Swedish Rijksbank 165 sympathy in humans 425, 426, 675, 676

tariffs 596, 603-604 taxation 247, 270-71, 350, 587-8

see also regulatory taxation tax credits, environmental 388,389, 390

taxes 28-9, 357, 381, 389

Index

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