Index

9/11 xii

Abrahamsen, Adele 160 accommodationism (extra-epistemic religious strategy) xiii, xv, xvii, 52, 57-60, 66, 79

Achtner, Wolfgang 190n.6 Ackerman, Robert 31, 39, 60, 181 n.3,

182n.11,183n.6

Adam (Biblical figure) 23, 39 Adams, Richard 172 adaptation

cognitive, 163 cultural, 156, 162 ecological, 74, 150 evolutionary, 43 genetic, 152 phenotypic, 152 social, 150 adaptive learning 152 Adler, Gerhard 187n.10 Adonis (Greek mythological figure) 30 Adornetti, Ines 42

Africa 75, 77, 102-3, 106, 168, 185 n.22 Age of Discovery 17-18, 37 agency detection 44, 164 agentive thinking xiv-xvi, 24, 30, 44, 106, 120-1, 161, 164-6, 185 n.18 agnosticism

in ancient cultures, 179 n.3 and critical thinking, xiv, 142 methodological, 143 versus dogmatic religion, 128 agnotology 177 agrostology 131, 170 Akerlund, Andreas 111 Albert, Michael 143 Alexandrescu, Sorin 186n.7 Alexandrescu, Vlad 116 aliens (extra-terrestrial beings) xi-xii allegory 16

Allen, Douglas 119 Alles, Gregory D.

22, 35, 40, 87, 95-9, 101-3, 105-8,

111-21, 127, 140-3, 146, 157-8,

160-4, 166, 168-70, 176, 179 n.3,

182n.8,182n.10,186n.3,186n.5,

186n.6,186n.7,188n.15,188n.18, 188n.19,188n.22,188n.23, 188n.25,189 n.3,190n.7,190n.8 American Academy of Religion (AAR) 123-4

Anati, Emmanuel 115 Andrews, Kristin 47 Andriolo, Karin R. 73, 78-9, 81, 185 n.18 Angelini, Pietro 95, 99, 186 n.2 Angermuller, Johannes 137-8 animals

as automata, 46-7 humans as, xvi, 35, 42

nonhuman, xi, 16, 44-8, 52, 67, 69, 100,

102, 156, 182 n.8 talking, xv

animism 25, 29, 32, 47, 55, 78, 80, 104, 161,

168

Ankermann, Bernhard 73 anthropodenial 40, 47 anthropology

cognitive, 161, 167 cultural, 156-60, 168 de-biologization of, 157 as discipline, 3, 7, 25-7, 32-3, 35, 51, 53,

57, 64, 67, 69, 84, 125, 160, 166,

188 n.17

evolutionary, 106 missiological, 75 re-biologization of, 160-1

anthropomorphism

cognitive, xiv, xvi, 161, 164-5, 182 n.8 as fallacy, 47

in the study of religion, 154 theological, 77, 79

Vico's, 84

Anthropos (journal) 76 anti-Darwinism 48, 68, 72, 78, 96-7, 101,

153, 159, 184 n.12, 186 n.3 anti-evolutionary stance(s) 68-9, 89, 100,

160,182n.10 anti-modernism 32, 72, 81, 96, 99, 107 anti-positivism 32-3, 40, 52, 82, 87 antireductionism 34, 90, 93-4, 147 anti-scientific stance(s) xiii-xiv, 11, 40, 50,

68, 71, 80-1, 84, 108, 145, 147, 150, 159-60, 171-3, 177

anti-Semitism 75, 78, 80-1, 96, 98, 186 n.5, 189n.3

anti-vax movements xii

Anton, Ted 128-9

Antonio, Robert J.

Anttonen,Veikko 163

anxiety 24

apes 46-7, 50, 100, 129 aphasia 47

Apocalypse Now (film) 31 archetypes

critique of religious, 125, 127 psychological, religious and universal, 89, 90, 99-101-2, 105, 114-15, 158, 168,186n.8,187n.11

Arctic Circle (shamanism) 102, 111, 114 arctic hysteria 109-10

argumentative reasoning 164

Arnal, William E. 8-9, 142

Artificial Intelligence 160

Arvidsson, Stefan 134

Asad, Talal 141

Asclepias sp. (milkweeds) 131

Asia

and the birth of the History of Religions, 19

as cradle of humankind, 77, 103-4, 188n.17

and esotericism, 100, 106

and metapsychoanalysis, 97

and Romanticism, 51

and shamanism 109-15

Asprem, Egil xvii assimilation

as confusion between ontological domains, 29

conjectural, 14, 16

cultural, 106 astrology 25, 67 atheism xiv, 10, 20, 33-4, 40, 48, 141-3,

179n.3

Athena (Greek goddess) 51 Atlantis (mythical land) 106 Atran, Scott 163, 165

Attis (Phrygian deity) 31 Australasia 18, 106

Australian Natives

and colonization, 106

and religion, 103-6, 114, 123-4

and shamanism, 188n.25

and the study of prehistory, 77, 81

and technology, 187n.14 authority

biblical, 39

challenging religious, 32, 135

as a result of institutional power structures, 8

Axis powers xviii, 120

Baar, Monika 63

Bachofen, Johann J. 32, 79, 105 bacteria 43

Bae, Cristopher J. 106

Baggini, Julian 177

Bahn, Paul H. 112, 115

Baldwin effect 152, 155

Baldwin, James M. 151-3, 157, 189 n.3 Balfour, Stewart 59

Bamberger, Joan 121 Barber, Paul T. 180 n.3

Barrett, Deirdre 129

Barrett, H. Clark 161

Barrett, Justin L. 8, 163, 179

Barrett, Paul H. 42

Barthes, Roland 134 Bastian, Adolf 78

Beard, Cristopher 50

Beard, Mary 30-1 Beatles, the 14

Beccaloni, George 47 Bechtel,William 160

Beck, Paul 154

Bediako, Gillian M. 58 behaviourism 156-60, 163 Beidelman, 'Thomas O. 57 belief (non-epistemically warranted confidence in something) xii-xvi, 1, 5-7, 10, 15-17, 19-21, 23-5, 27, 29, 31, 37-9, 42, 44-5, 48, 52, 56-7, 62, 67-70, 72, 80-2, 84, 90, 97, 100-1, 105-6, 109-10, 116, 119-20, 134-5, 140-1, 143-5, 154, 156, 159-60, 162, 164, 166-7, 171, 175-7, 182 n.7, 183n.5,184n.11,189n.3,190n.8 belief buddies 76, 81

Bellah, Robert N.

Berger, Adriana 189n.3 Bergunder, Michael 141, 143 Bering, Jesse M. 164 Bettini, Maurizio 15

Bianchi, Ugo 30, 55, 90-1, 95, 119, 127, 129, 171

bias

cognitive, xii, xiv-xvii, 14, 41, 52, 70, 79, 82, 113, 142, 148, 164, 172-3, 175, 177

confirmation, 37, 74, 107 content and context, 177 cultural, 106,183n.1 ideological, 136 methodological, 132 prestige, 164, 176 racial, 25, 106 sexist, 120-1, 123 social (i.e. group conformity), 164, 176 spiritualist, 156

teleological promiscuity, 49 teleological reasoning, 164

Bible xi, 57, 59, 65-6, 131, 184 n.6

Big History 173 Binford, Lewis R. 160, 162 biology, evolutionary 10, 24, 39, 46, 63, 139, 149, 154, 157, 182 n.6

Black, John S. 57, 59 Blackburn, Simon 142, 148-9, 176 Blaga, Lucian 97

Blancke, Stephan 14, 40, 76 Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna 106-7

Bleeker, Claas Jouco 89

Bliege Bird, Rebecca 187 n.14

Bloch, Maurice 159, 164, 179 n.2, 181 n.8

Boas, Franz 159

Bod, Rens 21

Bodin, Jean 23

Bolle, Kees W 126

Booth, Gordon 183 n.4

Bordas, Liviu 119,128

Borgeaud, Philippe 3, 15, 52

Borges, Jorge Luis xviii

Bornemann, Fritz 75

Bouckaert, Remco 180 n.6

Boudry, Maarten xvii, 76, 82, 99, 101, 144, 177

Boule, Marcellin 104

Bourdieu, Pierre 121

Bowler, Peter J. 22, 25, 27, 49, 55, 182 n.4, 185n.15

Boy, John D. 190 n.6

Boyd, Robert 142, 152, 188 n.15

Boyer, Pascal 106, 163-5, 169, 179 n.2

Braeckman, Johan 82, 177

brain

and the behaviourist approach, 159 and the cognitive sciences, 160 as evolved organ, xv-xvi, 158-9 as material source of ‘humanistic

imagination', 147 mind as product of, 42 and neurohistory, 167 neuroplasticity of the, 179 n.1 no ‘God spot' in the, 163

Brandewie, Ernst 52, 78-80, 83, 103-4, 188n.17

Brando, Marlon 31

Brandolini's Law xi-xvii, 179

Brelich, Angelo 90-1, 95, 142

Bremmer, Jan N. 22

Brexit 145,189n.1

Bricmont, Jean 143

Brindell, Sheralee 150

Brooke, John H.

Brown, Delmer M. 120

Bubik, Tomas 177

Buekens, Filip 49

Bulbulia, Joseph xviii, 45, 73, 150, 163 bullshit (philosophical concept) xvii-xviii, 139, 168, 170, 176-7, 179 n.5

Bultmann, Rudolf 63

Burgess, Patricia 119

Burkert, Walter 162

Burman, Jeremy T. 156

Campbell, Donald T. 189 n.3

Campbell, Joseph 158

Cantrell, Michael A. 143

Capps, Walter H. 140

Carney, James 164

Carozzi, Pier Angelo 86, 95

Casadio, Giovanni 4, 86, 90-1, 95, 99, 121

Cassirer, Ernst 131 categorization 16-18, 34, 37, 52, 55

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca 106, 139, 166 Ceasar, Gaius Julius 14

chain of Being 42-3

Chantepie de la Saussaye, Pierre D. 68-9,

184n.12

Chapman, Geoffrey P. 170

Chardin, Pierre Teilhard de 99, 186 n.8, 186n.9

Chatfield, Tom xiii

Chidester, David 21, 44

Chomsky, Noam 160-1

Christian, David 42, 173

Christianity

Calvinist 57, 80

Catholic, 19, 64, 73, 76-8, 82, 86, 90-1, 109, 165, 185 n.23

Orthodox 63, 97-9, 186 n.5

Protestant, 19, 21, 66, 155

Chrystal, George W. 57, 59

Churchill, Winston xviii

Ciattini, Alessandra 73, 77-80

Cioffi, Frank 181 n.8

Ciurtin, Eugen 106, 185 n.22

cladistics (phylogenetic systematics) 49, 131-2, 169-70

Clark, Elizabeth A. 134-5

Clark, Roland 98

Clarkson, Chris 106

Clasen, Mathias 164 classification

biological, 10, 38, 131-2, 183 n.3 as cognitive capacity, 13, 16 religious, 1, 7, 14, 19, 27, 61, 66, 68, 70,

72, 87, 114, 117, 127, 130, 131-2,

136

Cleland, Carol E. 150

Clottes, Jean 115 cognition xvi-xvii, 7, 16, 25, 44, 51, 129, 151, 156, 158-9, 163-9, 171, 180 n.3, 182n.8,190n.7

Cognitive Historiography 167

Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR)

as (contested) research field in contemporary academia, 170-1, 175, 177

CSR 1.0, 7-8, 146, 155, 161, 163-6

CSR 2.0, 166-8

relation with Religious Studies and the History of Religions, 7-8, 179 n.2 Cold War 9, 139

Coley, John D. xiv, 42 collective unconscious 158

Collingwood, Robin G.

Communism 78, 139, 186 n.5 comparative mythology 26, 29, 158 comparative religion 18-19, 23, 27-8,

32-3, 37-40, 46, 49, 51-2, 57, 61-2,

64-5, 72, 75, 77, 82, 99, 133, 151, 175 Comte, August 32, 83 conceptual blending 164

Confederate States of America xviii

Connelly, John 75-6, 79 consciousness

altered states of, 112, 165 anthropomorphism as basis of, 154 behaviourist disregard for, 159 ‘ejective’, 152

false, 180n.7

mystical states of, 32 national, 153

as ontogeny, 158

of an otherworldly reality, 6

of the researcher, 7, 132, 141

the sacred as element of, 101 consilience 149, 160, 176 conspiracy xii, 14, 107, 143 consumerism xv, 139 Conta, Vasile 96

Conte, Edouard 75, 78-9, 185 n.22 Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. 111 Coppola, Francis Ford 31 Copson, Andrew 139, 172, 177

Correia, David 150

Corsi, Pietro 41

Cosmides, Leda 162, 163 cosmology 121, 149, 173

Cosmos: A Personal Voyage (1980 TV series) xi

Costandi, Moheb 179n.1

Coultas, Julie C. 164 counterculture (1960s-1970s) 116-17 Counter-Reformation 86

Couratin, Arthur H. 64 Cox, James L. 72, 105, 143 Coyne, Jerry A. xv, 58, 60, 108, 177 Coyote (Native North American

trickster) 127 creationism xvi, 10, 97, 172 Creech, James 138 Cresci, Elena 14 Creuzer, Georg F. 32, 84 CRISPR (CRISPR/Cas9 - Clustered

Regularly Interspaced Short

Palindromic Repeats) xi critical ethnocentrism 90 critical thinking xii-xv, xvii-xviii, 34, 142,

144, 172

Croce, Benedetto 87, 91, 94-5, 185 n.23,

185n.1

cross-disciplinary integration xviii, 4, 137,

150, 152, 156, 160-1, 169, 179 n.2 Crowley, Stephen J. 4 Culianu, Ioan Petru 4, 99, 128-30, 132, 136,

162,168-9,189n.7,189n.8,190n.9 Culianu-Petrescu, Tereza 128-9 Cultural Evolution Society 166 cultural niche 152, 167 cultural turn 137-8 culture(s)

ancestral, 25, 55, 103, 106, 127 ancient, 18, 51, 58, 90, 128, 179 n.3, 180n.1

Australian and Melanesian, 106 diffusionist approach to, 73-5 and evolutionary processes, xiv, 24, 45, 151-2, 155, 167

European, 76

as ‘extrasomatic mechanism’, 160 human and universal, xiv, 1, 7, 13-14,

21, 33, 35, 40, 44, 93, 107, 137, 148-9, 164-5, 167

Indo-European, 134

Italian, 87, 94

modern psychological approach to, 162-3

non-Western, 19, 65, 114-15 poststructuralist approach to, 137, 141 pseudoscientific and ideologically biased study of, 81, 103, 105-9, 114-15, 122, 130, 156-8

and religion, 29, 72, 76-9, 105, 127, 130, 132, 167, 170

of the right, 118

Romanian, 96-7,186n.3

Sami, 111

scientific study of, 150-1, 190 n.7 semiotic and epidemiological approach to, 161

Culver, David C.

Currie, Adrian 115,187n.15

Czaplicka, Marie Antoinette 110, 114

D’Ancona, Matthew xii-xiii, 143, 145, 176-7

Daintith, John 130

Danielou, Jean 64

Darwin, Charles R. xiii-xiv, 10, 25, 31, 35,

37, 52, 69, 103, 139, 145, 151-4, 168,181n.1,181n.2,181n.3, 182 n.5,182n.6,182n.7,182n.8, 182n.12,183-4n.6,185n.15, 190 n.6

Darwin’s principle 181n.1 Darwinization 35

David, Dorin 169

Davis, John R. 28, 46-7

Dawkins, Richard 10

Day, Matthew 17, 41-2, 44-5, 142, 173 de Brosses, Charles 83 de Camp, Lyon Sprague 107 decolonization 22

deconstruction (also, deconstructionism)

7, 45, 59, 73, 135-6, 140-4

De Cruz, Helen 10, 79, 108

Deep History 13, 16, 37, 52, 163, 173 degenerationism 25, 32, 80-1, 153, 156 dehistorification 90

de las Casas, Bartolome 19

de Martino, Ernesto 90-1, 95, 186 n.2

De Matteis, Stefano 90

democracy xviii, 140, 142, 172, 178, 186n.5

demons xii, 15, 83, 165 demythologization 29, 63 denialism 6

Dennett, Daniel C. 117, 151, 166, 179 n.5 De Quincey, Thomas 51

Derrida, Jacques 138, 141-3, 148, 189 n.8 descent

common (evolutionary biology), 42-7, 52, 168-70

historical (genealogical ‘science of religion'), 67, 130

matrilineal (anthropology), 59 patrilineal (anthropology), 42

Desmazieres, Agnes 78

De Smedt, Johan xiv, 10, 79

Desmond, Adrian J. 25, 38, 44-5, 47, 59, 139,182n.7

de Waal, Frans B. M. xi, 42, 47, 182 n.8 Diamond, Jared xv, 150

Diana (Roman goddess) 28 Di Donato, Riccardo 86, 90

Dietrich, Stefan 75-9

DiMaggio, Paul 168

di Nola, Alfonso M. 9, 15-16, 26, 52, 85-6,

91, 118-19 dinosaurs 149-50

Dionysus (Greek deity) 30 disease, cardiovascular (ultimate and proximate causes of), xv disease-avoidance strategy 17 dissonance, cognitive 60, 93, 182 n.4 Doeing, Dennis 119

Dolezalova, Iva 9

Doniger, Wendy 95,189n.7

Douka, Katerina 106

DRH - The Database of Religious

History 167

dualism, mind-body (cognition) 130, 154, 164,180n.3

DuBois, Thomas A. 109, 111, 113, 115, 122, 188n.22

Dubuisson, Daniel 116, 118, 134, 141

Dudley, Guilford III 100

Dumezil, Georges 98,133-4

Dumitru, Diana 98

Durkheim, Emile 26, 31-3, 61, 104, 135, 138,181n.8

Dyaus Pitar (Vedic deity) 26

dying god (comparative mythology motif) 30

Eco, Umberto xii, 107, 121, 177

ecstasy 99, 112-14, 129, 154

Eden, Garden of 20, 23

Edwardsen, Mary 40

Egypt (ancient) 15, 20, 30, 32, 55

Eidinow, Esther 167

Eldredge, Niles 182n.6,182n.12

Eliade effect 176

Eliade, Mircea 3-5, 32-3, 91, 93-137, 141, 143, 145-8, 158, 171, 176-7, 185 n.1, 186n.3,186n.4,186n.5,186n.6, 186n.7,186n.8,186n.9,187n.10, 187n.13,188n.16,188n.19, 188n.20,188n.23,188 n.25, 188n.1,188n.2,189n.3,189n.5, 189n.6,189n.7

eliminativism 147

Ellwood, Robert 102

emic/etic dilemma 14-15

Encyclopaedia Britannica 59, 67,

184n.11

energetic personalism 97

Enlightenment xiv, 17-18, 22, 55, 71, 81,

108-10, 139, 140, 142, 176, 178 epidemiology

of cultural representations, 156

as historical science, 149 epistemic satisfaction 49 epistemological justice xiv epistemology 10, 13-14, 29-31, 35, 40, 52,

57, 66, 76, 79, 91, 108, 123, 136, 139, 151-3, 168

Eriksson, Kimmo 164 essentialism xiv, 13-15, 19, 38, 43, 137, 177 ethnocentrism 17, 25, 68, 90 ethnology 3, 59, 73, 75-6, 82-4, 95 ethnotheology 79 ethology 129, 150, 169 eugenics 157, 159

Euhemerus 16

European Academy of Religion (EuARE)

175-6

European Association for the Study of

Religion (EASR) 175-6

European Union 145, 173

Evans, E. Margaret xi

Evans-Pritchard, Edward E. 79 evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology) 182 n.6

Evola, Julius (born Giulio Cesare Andrea) 108

evolution

and cognition, xi, xiv-xv, xvii, 16-17, 25, 38, 40, 44-5, 52, 129, 151-6, 160-7

corollaries to Darwin's, 182 n.6

Darwinian, 16, 25, 39-42, 63, 67-9, 74, 77, 81, 100, 150-1, 157, 159, 182 n.6, 185n.15,190n.6

Darwin's five sub-theories of evolution, 43, 48, 152

Lamarckian, 151-2, 157, 159

Neo-Darwinian, 151-2

Non-Darwinian, see anthropodenial, anti-Darwinism, degenerationism, orthogenesis, pithecophobia, teleology

providential (Intelligent Design), 97, 99 reversive effect of, 45

socio-cultural, xiv, 62, 68, 84-5, 151-2, 166-7,170,182n.3,184n.9 Evolutionary Science of Religion (ESR) 155, 166-7

exegetical reflection 165

exogamy 59 extrasensory perception (ESP) 171

Fa^on, Nina 128

faith schools (United Kingdom) 172 fake news xi, xvii

Falk, Nancy A. 124

fallacies, logical

ad hominem, 81

appeal to tradition and authority, 155, 177

of archetypes, 99, 105

argument from design, xiii, 24-5, 38, 40, 80

argumentum ad populum (bandwagon effect), 5, 176

bad company, 122

consensus gentium (general understanding purportedly shared by everyone), 5

deference to authority, 177

‘everyone does it', xiii guiltiness by association, 81 name calling, 150 shifting the burden of proof, 101 slippery slope, 49, 81, 122 straw man, 147

victorious against evidence-based info, xvii

false positives (type I error) xvi falsification (philosophy of science) 34, 47-8, 73, 82, 84, 103, 116, 136, 149, 170, 175

Family Guy (TV animated show) xi,

179 n.2

Farrar, Frederic W 47

Fascism 75, 81, 86-7, 98, 107, 129, 139,

186 n.5

Fauconnier, Gilles 164 Feldman, Marcus W 166 Fellmeth, Aaron X. 5

Ferenczi, Sandor 157 Ferrari, Fabrizio M. 90

Ferraris, Maurizio 140, 142-3

Ferretti, Francesco 42 Ferrone, Vincenzo 18, 21 Fertile Crescent 20 fetishism 32

Feuerbach, Ludwig 32 fideism xvii, 108, 143

Filoramo, Giovanni 26, 40, 83, 87, 91, 158 Fincher, Corey L. 17

Finkelstein, Gabriel 63

Finland, public school reform in 173 Fischer, David H. 99-100

Flannery, Tim F 187 n.14 Flexner, Abraham 147 Flood, Alison 145,189n.1 Floridi, Luciano 177

Foley, Robert A. 142, 187 n.15 folklore 28, 55-6, 80, 90, 97, 111-12, 124, 186 n.5

Fontanelle, Bernard 23-4, 26

Forrest, Barbara 24

Foucault, Michel 122, 140, 143, 162 fractal 130

Frankenberry, Nancy 177 Frankfurt, Harry G. xvii, 139, 168, 170, 179 n.5

Fraser, Robert 30

Frazer, James G. 26, 28-31, 34, 37, 39, 40,

48, 52, 55, 60, 62, 77, 131, 161, 177-8,181n.3,182n.11,183n.5, 189-90 n.4

Free Church (Scotland) 57, 59-60, 183 n.5 Freud, Sigmund 26, 31-2, 104, 157-8, 181n.8

Frobenius, Leo 73-5, 84 functional stupidity (Management

Studies) 176

Galef, Julia xvi

Galway-Witham, Julia 106

Gamble, Clive 42

Gandini, Mario 22, 82-4, 86-8, 90, 185n.21,185n.22,185n.23

Ganesha (Hindu god) xii

Garcia, Hector A. 162

Gardaz, Michel 120

Gardiner, Mark Q. 141

Geertz, Armin W 9, 16, 33, 88, 136, 162-3,

166-8, 175, 179 n.3, 188 n.15 Genesis (Bible) 77

genetics 151, 154, 159, 180 n.6, 182 n.6 Gentile, Giovanni 87, 94, 185 n.23 geography 73-4, 149, 159, 173 geology 60, 149

Gilhus, Ingvild S. 33, 142, 170

Gillard, Derek 172

Gillespie, Richard 187 n.14

Gil-White, Francisco J. 17

Ginzburg, Carlo 11, 117, 143

Girotto, Vittorio xiv, 42, 44, 190 n.8

Glick, 'Thomas F 45

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang (von) 55 Goldenberg, Jamie L. 42

Gonnerman, Chad 4

Gottschall, Jonathan xvi, 147, 164, 172 Gould, Richard A. 104

Gould, Stephen J. 37, 42-3, 47, 49, 55, 102, 130, 152, 157-8, 164, 168-9, 177, 182n.6

Goya, Francisco xi, 138

Gräbner, Fritz 73,84

Gracian y Morales, Baltasar xii-xiii gradualism 43, 47, 182 n.6 Graham, George 160

Gramsci, Antonio 134

Grapard, Allan 120-1

Gray, Asa 10, 181 n.2

Greece (ancient) 20-1, 30, 55

Greek interpretation ( interpretatio

graeca) 16

Gregory, William K. 50-1 grey power (digital information era) 177 Griffin, Roger 98

Grobman, Alex 143-4

Gross, Rita M. 122-4, 126, 136

Grottanelli, Cristiano 31, 33, 91, 95, 127,

133, 135, 180 n.7

Guenon, Rene 107-8,114

Guthrie, Stewart E. 24-5, 42, 44, 161, 163

Haeckel, Ernst 107, 157 hagiography 144,187n.12 Hamayon, Roberte N. 109 Hamilton, Andrew 132, 169

Hampson, Robert 31

Handoca, Mircea 96, 98, 113, 118-19, 128,

186n.6,187n.10,188n.1

Hardy, Karen 188n.18 Harnack, Adolf von 62-3 Harris, Paul L. 155

Harrison, Jane Ellen 28, 33, 45, 153-6,

190n.5

Harva, Uno 114

Hasdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu 97

Hawes, Greta 16

Haydon, A. Eustace 82, 188 n.20 hazard-precaution system (cognition) 16 Heart of Darkness (novel) 31

Heinen, Armin 98

Helmore, Edward xvii

Hennig, Willi 170 Henninger, Joseph 73, 77-9 henotheism 77,185n.19

Henrich, Joseph 152, 166

Herbert of Cherbury 23-5, 182 n.5 hermeneutics 4-5, 68, 70-1, 88, 91,

100-1, 114

Hermes (Greek god) 127 Hewlett, Martinez 40 hierography 184n.10 hierophany 189n.5

High Being 105

High Table (academic recognition and

acceptance) 11, 82, 176

Higher Criticism (Bible Studies) 57 historical geology 149 historicism 2, 84-5, 87-91, 94-5, 99, 105, 185n.24

historiography ancient, xiv cognition-based social-scientific model of, xvii

cultural, 91, 170

and cultural evolution, 170 ethnocentric, 90 modern, 1-2, 11, 23, 30 as nationalist tool, 49 neglected by CSR 2.0, 168 neglected by postmodernism, 142-4 and psychoanalysis, 157 as science, 37-40, 148-51 sexism in, 122-3 as ‘site for political power struggles’, 134

versus science, 39-40, 49, 50, 107 History of Religions (HoR)

and antireductionism, 34, 68, 90, 93-4, 147, 162

Austrian school of, 64-5, 74-82 in Belgium, 65 consensus, lack of, 3-4 crisis of identity of, xvi, 9, 176 and crypto-theology, 94, 125, 143 definition, 1-3 in Denmark, 65 and ‘dilettanti’, 94 disciplinary autonomy of, 34, 71, 84-5, 87, 89, 91, 129, 135, 146, 171

Dutch school of, 64-73

Eliadean Chicago school of, 135 epistemic foundations, lack of, 3-5, 9, 26, 48, 70, 76-7, 79, 94, 97, 106, 112, 116, 118, 124-6, 158, 176

and the ‘failure of nerve’, 143 founding figures of, 31-5 in France, 65, 98-9, 118 in Germany, 65, 73-6 hermeneutical, 96-100 as historicism plus phenomenology, 88-9, 91

as instrumentum regni, 119 intellectual indeterminacy of, 4

Italian school of, 64-5, 82-91, 94-5, 118-19, 128-9

and misogyny, 120-3

as ‘myth plus footnote', 134

in Norway, 65, 68 and right-wing extremism or ultranationalism, 81-2, 95, 97-8, 119, 134, 136, 186 n.5, 186 n.6, 186 n.7

in Romania, 64-5, 96-100

as ‘saving discipline’, 5, 114, 117 sociological, 31, 60-2, 85, 162, 181 n.8 in Sweden, 65

in Switzerland, 64-5

in the United States 65, 99-100, 117-35 Victorian forerunner of (also, Victorian Science of Religion; see comparative religion), 9-11, 17-35, 51-3, 55-6, 62-4, 67, 79-81, 84, 93, 149, 153-4 Hjermitslev, Hans H. 40 Hobsbawm, Eric 49, 63 Hbdl, Hans Gerald 177 Hoffmann, Dirk L. 188 n.18 Holocene xii Holy Trinity xv Holyoak, Keith J. 182 n.8 homeobox genes xv homo demens 129 homo negligens 72 homo religiosus 9-10, 20-1, 35, 52, 67, 72-3, 89, 104, 115-16, 121, 123-4, 127, 141, 161, 180 n.5, 189 n.5 Homo sapiens xi, 16-17, 42, 45, 47, 49-50, 73, 100, 106, 150, 162-3, 173, 187n.11,188n.18 homo semioticus 161 homology vs. analogy 38, 52, 81, 168-70 homosexuality 122 Horder, Tim J. 130 horror

caused by sixteenth and seventeenth-century European religious wars, 21

of colonialism, 21-2

as a literary genre, 164 of modern warfare, 139 of World War I, 29

Horus (ancient Egyptian god) 30 Horwitz, Maurice 5

Hubert, Henri 32

Hughes, Aaron W 19, 168

Hull, David L. 169-70 human exceptionalism 40-2, 48, 50, 100, 182n.10

human uniqueness 41-2, 47

Humanities xiii, xvii, 11, 24, 39, 42, 49, 51-2, 64, 143-4, 146-8, 150, 152-4, 158, 160, 169, 171, 190 n.9

Hume, David xiv, 24, 35, 45, 79-80, 82-3, 187n.12

Humphrey, Nicholas 171

Huxley, 'Thomas H. 47, 182 n.9

Ice Age 157

Ichneumonidae (ichneumon wasps) 10 Idel, Moshe 95-8, 118

Idinopulos, Thomas A. 34 ignorance 29, 142, 150, 172, 177-8 imagination 20, 56, 84, 101, 129, 147, 153, 164, 171

imperialism 21-2, 25, 49, 75, 139, 142-3, 190n.6

India 15, 27, 95, 106, 110, 161

Indocentrism 27, 113 indoctrination 166

Indo-European

languages, 26-7, 134, 180 n.6 mythographical reconstructions, 134 and previous religious substrate(s), 86 rituals and practices, 111-12 studies, 133

tribal diffusion, 77 trifunctionalist hypothesis, 133-4

Intelligent Design 99, 143 interdisciplinarity 4, 6, 27, 33, 86, 129, 131, 147, 152-3, 159, 163, 169, 173

International Association for the History of Religions (IAHR) 64, 88-91, 93-5, 119, 175-6, 180 n.6, 190 n.9 intuitive thinking 171

Ioanid, Radu 98

Ionesco, Eugene 93,116

Ionescu, Nae 97, 100, 186 n.5, 189 n.3 irrationality 29, 50, 75, 81, 89, 105, 116, 139 Isis (ancient Egyptian and Graeco-Roman goddess) 30

Islam 16, 19

is-ought problem xv

Jablonski, David 151

Jack, Belinda 147

Jacob, Francois 43

Jaffe, Aniela 187n.10

Jäger, Gustav 190n.6

James, William 32, 181 n.10

Jameson, Fredric 137

Janssen, Arnold 73, 75

Japan 106, 120-1, 189 n.4

Jediism 166

Jensen, Jeppe S. 7, 9, 14, 16, 20, 31-4, 52,

88, 136, 163

Jensen, Tim 176

Jerryson, Michael 22

Jesi, Furio 8, 32, 118

Jesus 30, 60

Jones, Cheryl 187,n.14

Jones, William 26

Jordan, Louis H. 86

Journal for the Cognitive Science of Religion 163

Journal of Cognition and Culture 163 Journal of Cognitive Historiography 167 Joyce, James 158

Judaism 19, 80, 132

Juergensmeyer, Mark 22

Jung, Carl Gustav 99, 104, 157-8, 181 n.8, 187n.10

Junginger, Horst 22, 71, 87, 98, 118 Juschka, Darlene M. 5, 121-2

Kahneman, Daniel 181n.9

kami (Shinto supernatural agents) 120 Kamuf, Peggy 138

Kant, Immanuel 46, 48, 131

Karl I (Hapsburg emperor) 75

Kelemen, Deborah xi, 49

Kendal, Jeremy 152

Kent, John 64

Kerenyi, Karoly 90

King, Richard 32, 33, 140, 143, 171 kinship (anthropology) 42-3, 61, 162 Kinsley, David 122, 187 n.11 Kippenberg, Hans G. 32, 58-9, 62-3, 73 Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo 96, 126

Kitts, Margo 22

Kjsrgaard, Peter C. 40, 107

Klein, Richard G. 187 n.14

Klein-Arendt, Reinhard 75

Knott, Cargill G. 57-8, 183 n.4 knowledge see epistemology Koertge, Noretta 76, 81, 143 Koppers, Wilhelm 78

Korte, Anne-Marie 122

Koster, Dorothy A. 104

Krause, Johannes 188n.18

Kripal, Jeffrey J. 94, 99, 107-8, 143,

169, 171

Krishna (Hindu god) 31

Kristensen, William Brede 68, 70, 89 kulturkreis 73-5

Kulturkreislehre 73-6, 79, 81, 83-4, 93, 97,

103- 5, 111, 176, 185 n.22

Kulturmorphologie 75

Kundt, Radek 151, 177

Kurzban, Robert 161

Labanca, Baldassarre 86

ladder of progress 48

Lafitau, Joseph-Francois 52-3 Laignel-Lavastine, Alexandra 98 Lakatos, Imre 116, 146-147

Lake Nemi (Central Italy) 28

Landy, Francis 141

Lang, Andrew 28, 30, 32, 79-83, 90, 95,

104- 5, 154, 185 n.20

language(s)

archetypes as transcendent, 100 behaviourist study of, 159 classification of, 26

as concept, 7-8

discovery of, 19

Eurasian, 110

as expression of a divine power, 28 and evolution, 46-8

as inborn capacity (see also Universal

Grammar), 160-1

myth as universal, 56

and (mythological) explanations of ritual, 27, 57, 61, 154, 161-2, 165, 184n.11

necessary knowledge of, 55

Sanskrit, 27

Semitic, 73

as source of Us/Them dichotomies, 16

as unreliable tool (see also linguistic turn), 137

Lanternari, Vittorio 89, 91

Latour, Bruno xvii-xviii

Lavi, Theodor (Theodor Lowestein) 117

Law, Stephen xvi, 94, 187 n.12

Lawson, E. Thomas 9, 163, 165

Leach, Edmund R. 117

Leeds, Anthony 13-14, 24

Leertouwer, Lammert 22, 67, 71-3

Leeuw, Gerardus van der 64, 70, 71-3,

87-8, 95, 176, 189 n.5

Legiune Arhangelul Mihail (Legion of the

Archangel Michael) 98, 186 n.6

Lemuria (mythical land) 107

Leroi, Armand M. 148

Leroi-Gourhan, Andre 124-5

Lessa,William A. 105,188n.20

Leuba, James H. xvi, 6-7, 9

Levi, Eliphas 156

Levins, Richard 151

Levi-Strauss, Claude 130,169

Levy-Bruhl, Lucien 32,72,181 n.8

Lewis, Ioan M. 110, 120

Lewis, Martin W 180n.6

Lewis-Williams, David 115

Lewontin, Richard 151

Liddle, James R. 22

Lincoln, Bruce xvii, 5, 8-9, 22, 30-1, 33, 91,

133-6, 177, 180, 189 n.7

linguistic turn 137

Linguistics 7, 76, 131, 149, 180 n.6

Linne (Linnaeus), Carl von 131

Literary Studies 147

living fossils 27, 49, 78, 97, 101-4, 112, 114, 188n.16

Livingstone, David N. 57-62

Loki (Norse god) 127

Long, Charles H. 126

Lorenz, Konrad 129

Love, Barbara J. 124

Lucas, Rodney 104

Luhrmann, Tanya M. 181 n.10

Luria, Salvador E. 42

Lyons, Sherrie L. 47

Lyotard, Jean-Francois 139

Mac Carron, Padraig 164

Macalister, Alexander 154-6

MacDonald, Ian 14

Mackey, Jacob L. 160

MacWilliams, Mark W 158

Madonna (Virgin Mary) xii

magic xi-xiii, 29-30, 78, 85, 106, 112, 129, 134, 140, 143, 147, 154, 156, 171, 181n.9

magical antirealism 140

Maier, Bernhard 58-60, 183 n.5 maladaptation 16-17, 45, 168, 190 n.8 Malik, Kenan 22

Malinowski, Bronislaw 31, 33, 135 Mandelbrot set 130

Mandelbrot, Benoit 130

Mandelbrote, Scott 69

Manera, Enrico 8, 118, 188 n.21

Marburg manifesto 89-91, 93-4, 100 march of progress 49-50

Marett, Robert R. 35, 55-6, 183 n.1

Maringer, Johannes 125

Marküsson, Gudmundur 1.16,179n.3 Marsh, Sarah 172

Martin, Craig 121

Martin, Elizabeth 130

Martin, Luther H. xvii-xviii, 1, 8-9, 11,

16-17, 21, 23, 29, 34, 38, 42, 64, 89, 130, 147, 155, 162-3, 167, 175-7, 181n.10,183n.1,185n.1

Martin, Paul S. 187 n.14

Marx, Karl 32-3, 135, 138, 180 n.7

Marxism 78, 81, 90, 131

Maryanski, Alexandra 61

Masse, W Bruce 35, 180 n.3

massive modularity 161

Massenzio, Marcello 87, 90

Masuzawa, Tomoko 33, 40 materialism 42, 78, 107, 138, 171 mathematical Platonism 169 mathematization 130

Mauss, Marcel 32

Max Müller, Friedrich 26-8, 33-4, 38,

40, 46-8, 51-2, 55, 60, 62-3,

66-7, 69, 80, 182 n.10, 182 n.11, 185n.19

Mayr, Ernst 38, 41, 43, 48, 151, 182 n.6, 185n.15

McCartney, Paul xii, 14

McCauley, Robert n. xv, 9, 11, 28, 147, 163, 165, 168, 171-2, 177

McCorkle, William W. Jr 33

McCutcheon, Russell T 8-9, 117, 132, 136, 142, 176

McGrath, Alister 108, 177

McLennan, John F 32

McNamara, Rita A. 14

Medawar, Peter B. 144 medical Humanities 146-7

Mediterranean (ancient) 15-16, 20, 28, 30, 86, 149

memory

and anti-fascism, 118

episodic, 165

flashbulb, 165

procedural, 165

in psychoanalysis, 157 semantic, 165

Menozzi, Paolo 106

Mercier, Hugo 164

Mercury (Latin god) 127

Merkur, Dan 157

Merlo, Roberto 63

Mesopotamia 15, 55

Mesoudi, Alex 22, 151-2, 170 metaphors 2, 6, 11, 35, 79, 81, 179 n.1 metapsychoanalysis 97

Mezei, Balazs M. 169

Mickey Mouse problem 165-6 migration(s)

intercontinental prehistoric and protohistoric, 106

of monarch butterfly, 131

Out of Africa (palaeoanthropology),

168

and Ursprache, 27

Wagner's biological law of, 74 Mikaelson, Lisbeth 122

Milner, Richard 49, 185 n.15

Mincu, Marin 94

minimally counterintuitive concepts (MCI) 164-5

Minois, Georges xiv, 16, 24, 34 miracles xi-xii, 25, 153

Mirazon Lahr, Marta 142,187n.15 Mischek, Udo 75

Mishler, Brent D. 170

missionizing and missionary activities 21, 49, 64

Mithras (Graeco-Roman deity) 31

MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer Online

Role-Playing Game) xii modernism 139

Molendijk, Arie L. 66-71, 184 n.9, 184 n.11 Momigliano, Arnaldo 16, 20, 144, 175 monkeys

and anti-Darwinism, 77, 100 and fear of evolution, 50, 100 and human spiritual uniqueness, 60 monotheism

and anti-Semitism, 189n.3

as cultural evolutionary stage, 32 inner, 25

primordial (including

Urmonotheismus), 69, 75, 77-8, 82-4, 97, 105, 154

‘problem of', 83 as revolution, 83

Moore, James R. 10, 25, 38, 40, 44, 45, 59,

139, 182 n.7 morality xiv, 25, 44 Morgan, 'Thomas J. H. 155 Morin, Edgar 129 morphology 68, 75, 127-9, 132-3, 136,

169, 180 n.3 morphometries 130 Morris, Brian 32 Morris, Desmond 129 Morus, Iwan R. 22 Mulder, Fox (X-Files TV show character)

xii

Munz, Peter 17 Murphy, Andrew R. 22 Murray, Damian R. 17 Murray, Oswyn 17, 34, 56, 64 Mussolini, Benito 76 Muthuraj, Joseph G. 63 myth(s)

as authoritative narrative discourse,

135

Biblical, 63

and esotericism, 106-7, 112, 114 as fallacies, 99 as fundamental cognitive process,

130

and gullibility, 187n.12

and irrationality, 105

Japanese, 120-1

as legitimization of social injustice, 134 liberating power of, 117 as linguistic misinterpretations, 26-7 lost truths allegedly expressed in, 101 as ‘mechanism of make-believe' and ‘hollow plot’, 130 metapsychoanalysis of, 97 mono-, 158 national, xvi, 101

of Neandertals as meat-eating brutes, 188 n.18

as part of religion(s), 25

of a perfectly rational, emotionless mind, xvi

and politics, 22

and postmodernism, 140, 143-4 as pre-scientific explanations, 23-4, 46 and psychoanalysis, 158 questioned, 15 recurrent theories of, 100 reinterpreted allegorically, 16 as secret language, 56 semiotics of, 134 as superstition, 13, 35 of the trickster, 127

as true story, 85, 104, 106, 116, 143-4, 187 n.12

as wastebasket taxon, 180 n.3 mythography 107 mythological machine 8, 19, 118, 173 mythology 14, 26-9, 56, 61, 80, 84, 98, 112, 128, 134-5, 154, 158, 169

Nabokov, Vladimir 172

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) xi

nationalism 22, 97

natural history xiv-xv, 10, 27, 34, 38-9, 79, 82, 100, 131, 163, 181 n.1, 183 n.3 natural theology 6, 9-10, 24, 35, 38, 63, 69, 71, 89, 100

Naturphilosophie 110 Naturvolker vs. Kulturvolker 77-8

Nazism 139,186n.5 Neandertals 103,188 n.18,188n.25 Neo-Darwinian synthesis (genetics and palaeontology) 151

neophily 129 neoteny 129 neuroendocrinology 167 Neurohistory (see also Deep History) 167 neuroscience xi, xviii, 160, 166, 179 n.1 New Age 96, 116-17 new man (fascist) 98-9, 119 New Realism 141, 143 Newson, Leslie 168

Nicholls, Angus 27-8, 46-8

Nietzsche, Friedrich 32

Noiret, Pierre 115

Noll, Richard 157-8 nomina-numina thesis 27

Nongbri, Brent 19, 141

Norenzayan, Ara 167

Nother, Max 58

Nouy, Pierre Lecomte du 99, 186 n.8 Numbers, Ronald L. 39-40, 99 numen (Latin term) 27, 71

Numen: International Review for the

History of Religions (journal) 88, 95

Nunn, Patrick D. 107

O'Rourke, Michael 4

Occam's razor 149

Ohlmarks, Ake 111,114,188n.23

Oisteanu, Andrei 97-8,187n.13

Olson, Carl 101

Omodeo, Adolfo 87, 94 ontogeny 152, 157-8 Orbecchi, Maurilio 32, 157 orthogenesis 40, 49, 79

Osiris (ancient Egyptian god) 30

Otto, Rudolf 71-2, 81, 83, 189 n.5

Paden, William E. 29, 31, 162, 166, 181 n.8 paideuma 75

palaeoanthropology 83, 103, 125, 149 palaeontology 149, 151

Paleolithic 102, 125

Palladino, Paolo 22 panda principle 38, 52 pangenesis 182n.6 pan-Sanskritism 27, 55

Papousek, Dalibor 9

Parapsychology Foundation 95 pareidolia xvi, 24

Parravicini, Andrea 45, 155 patriarchy 77-9, 111, 120, 187 n.11 Pearsall, Judy 142

Penn, Derek C. 182 n.8

Penner, Hans H. 4, 7, 9, 70, 117

Pennycook, Gordon 176

Pereltsvaig, Asya 180n.6 Perennialism (philosophia perennis and

Traditionalism) 107-8, 111, 114-15, 176

Peresani, Marco 188n.18 Pernet, Henry 108, 117, 124-6, 136 Persia 15, 68

Pestalozza, Uberto 86 Petraglia, Michael D. 106 Petrescu, Dan 128-9

Pettazzoni, Raffaele 64, 82-91, 94-5, 99, 104, 127, 185 n.21, 185 n.22, 185n.23,185n.24,185n.1

Pharo, Lars K. 111, 115 phenetics (numerical taxonomy) 130-3, 161, 168-70

phenomenology 2, 53, 68-71, 73, 79, 82, 85, 87-90, 93-5, 99, 129, 131, 133, 144, 176, 184 n.14, 185n.24

philology 3, 27-8, 59, 74, 84, 89, 107-8, 182n.9

philosophy

Crocian, 91

Gramscian, 90

Hegelian, 38

of history, 49

and history of yoga, 99

Kantian, 131

and metaphysics, 108 modern Western, 34 of mind, xviii, 160, 179 n.1

natural, 57, 183 n.3 neo-Hegelian, 87 poststructuralist, 137 of religion, 65, 94 of the Renaissance, 94, 128 of science, 89, 149 of the trickster, 127

phylogeny 49, 52, 129, 131-2, 157-8, 180n.6,190n.7

Pian del Carpine, Giovanni da 109 Piazza, Alberto 106

Pickering, Mary 32 Pietsch, Theodore W 49

Pievani, Telmo xiv, 10, 42, 44-5, 49, 150-1, 155,182 n.6,190n.9

Pigliucci, Massimo xvii, 76, 99, 101, 147-8, 169

Pinker, Steven 152, 159, 170-1

Pipan, Tanja 102 pithecophobia 40, 48, 50-1, 100

Pius XII (pope) 76 Plantinga, Richard J. 68

Platvoet, Jan G. 64-7, 69, 71-3, 184 n.8,

184n.12

Pleistocene xii, 187n.15

Plotkin, Henry 152, 155-7, 159, 182 n.7,

189n.3

Podemann Sorensen, Jorgen 32 politics

anti-communist and pro-religious, 9 Caesaropapist, 75

critical study of, 26 engagement with, 129

(extreme) right-wing, 97, 117-18, 134 imperialism and, 21-2

and lived religion, 61

of nostalgia, 136

patriarchal, 121 post-truth and, xiii, 177 racial, 75

reactionary, 73, 108, 135 related to the institutionalization of

scientific research, 38

Polo, Marco 109 polyandry 59 polytheism 32, 83, 154 Pontificio Museo Missionario-Etnologico (Vatican City) 76

Popper, Karl 13, 24, 35 population thinking 38, 43, 142 positivism 28, 32, 52 post-truth xi-xiii, xvii-xviii, 79, 81, 96-7,

100, 108, 143-5, 147-8, 168, 170, 176-8

postmodernism xii, xvii, 21-2, 40, 75, 137-50, 171-3

poststructuralism 135, 137-9, 143, 162 Povinelli, Daniel J. 182 n.8 power structures (sociology) 8, 21, 135 Prandi, Carlo 26, 40, 83, 86-7, 91, 158 prehistory 73, 93, 96, 101, 106, 188 n.17 Presley, Elvis A. xii

Preus, J. Samuel 19-20, 23-4, 32 primatology 103, 129, 169, 182 n.8 primitive peoples (nineteenth and early twentieth-century ethnology) 31-2, 39, 56, 77, 80, 82-4, 102-5, 109-13, 119, 123-4, 127, 154, 156, 190 n.4, 190 n.5

Proctor, Robert N. 177 progressionism 27, 29, 31, 47, 51, 181 n.3 Prometheus (Greek deity) 127 Prothero, Donald R. xii, 6 protohistory 105 pseudo-concepts (science as a collection

of) 87 pseudohistory 143-4 pseudoscience xiii-xvii, 39, 76, 90,

105- 6, 116, 146, 156-7, 175-6, 178, 179 n.5

psychoanalysis 33, 78, 81, 99, 102, 124, 131, 156-9, 181 n.8

psychohistory 24, 157 psychokinesis (PK) 171 psycholinguistics 160 psychology

canine, 45

cognitive, 161

comparative, 44, 73 de-biologization of, 157-9

depth, 99, 125

empiricist, 48 evolutionary, xviii, 7, 38, 43, 153, 156, 168

folk, 164

fused with anthropology, 67, 69 and History of Religions, 3, 84, 87 mass, 78, 129

re-biologization of, 163

of religion, 26, 33

and the valorization of science, 146 psychotropy xv Purzycki, Benjamin G. 14, 152, 160 Pygmies (Africa) 83, 102 Pyrah, Robert 75 Pyysiäinen, Ilkka 163-4,181n.10

Rabett, Ryan J. 106 racism 75, 81, 96, 107, 136, 150, 159 Racovita, Emil 101-2,187n.13,188n.16 Radulescu-Motru, Constantin 97

Ranger, Terence 49, 63 Ratnapalan, Laavanyan 25

Ratzel, Friedrich 73-4, 78, 84, 185 n.16,

185 n.17

Raup, David M. 151

reactionary tribalism 140 recapitulation theory 157 reductionism 62, 147

Reformation 155

Religion and Science (academic field) 108, 140

religion(s)

Abrahamic, xii, 19, 23, 60, 66, 83, 150

as adaptive, 190n.8

as assemblage of diverse concepts and behaviours, 8

and classification, 13, 16

discovery of (previously unknown),

19

discursive study of, 140

external and internal, 7

family resemblances between, 168 folk, xv, 11

fun and laughter in, 127

as function of the social group, 31 hierarchy, dominance, aggressive behaviours and, xvi, 21, 127, 134, 166

and homophobia, 172

and homosexuality, 122

lived, 61

as maladaptive, 17

as mysterious ‘wholly other’, 71-2 no data for, 132

as not translatable, 141

ontological status of, 91

and paranormal/supernatural, xiii, xvi,

35, 80, 91, 95, 97, 99, 106, 109, 115, 143, 170-1

as psychopathology, 32

as quintessential trait of human self-depiction, 17

as repressed neuroses and sexual desires, 157

and sexism, 120-4, 197 n.11

and sexuality, 78, 81, 87, 101, 107, 129 as sui generis, 8-9

as term created by scholars, 7, 132

as ‘theory of everything’ 56 true and false, 15

and violence, 17, 22, 78, 98, 150 Religion, Brain & Behavior (journal) 163 Religionswissenschaft 4, 93, 169

religiosity

doctrinal, 165

imagistic, 165

inner, 67, 72, 101

Marxist interpretation of, 32

modes of (theory), 165

postmodern, 143

primeval and pure, 52

primitive, 100-1, 127, 188 n.15 Religious Studies (RS) 1, 7, 64, 122, 124, 135, 140, 175, 179 n.1

Renaissance 16, 21, 94, 112, 128

Rennie, Bryan S. 82, 128, 143, 146-8, 171 reptilians (UFO conspiracy) xii Restoration (historical period) xviii revelation

divine and original, 19, 25, 27, 48, 57-8, 67, 69, 114

and esotericism, 106, 112

as expressed in human conscience, 67 natural, 15, 27

as real and progressive, 58

resulting in primordial monotheism (including Uroffenbarung and Urmonotheismus), 69, 77-80, 82, 97, 105

versus science, 144, 153 reverse-engineering process 7, 113, 133, 142, 169, 173

rex Nemorensis (Roman religion) 28, 30 Richards, Robert J. 44, 46, 139, 155 Richerson, Peter J. 142, 152, 168, 187- 8n.15

Richlin, Amy 122-3

Richmond, Marsha L. 153

Ricketts, Mac Linscott 63, 98, 118-19, 126-9, 136, 142, 186 n.8

Riel-Salvatore, Julien 188n.18

Rieppel, Olivier 132, 169-70

Ries, Julien 76

ritual(s)

action, 161

came first, 57, 61, 154, 162, 184 n.11 classification of, 61

from a cognitive perspective, 164-5, 167

competence (theory of), 165

data from, 39, 62

ecstatic, 111

as expression of the transconscious,

101

as external factor, 69

female initiatory, 133 form (hypothesis), 165 as human ethology, 129, 162 involving masks, 124, 126

Japanese, 120-1

Mithraic, 114

as new focus of investigation, 64 other religions’, 19 precedence of myth over, 27 as psychopathology, 157 ‘psychosocial role’ of, 156 of the Saturnalia, 30 secular, 8

shamanic, 109-11

(supposedly) universal, 115 suspension of daily routine, 90 Thracian and Romanian folkloric, 188n.23

without meaning, 162

Roberts, David D. 87

Roberts, Jon H. 10

Robinson, Annabel 156

Robinson, James A. 150

Roebroeks, Wil 188n.18 Romanticism 108, 110

Roosevelt, Franklin D. xviii Rosengren, Karl S. 171 Rosset, Evelyn 49

Rossi, Paolo 168

Roubekas, Nickolas P. 16, 166 Rowland, Ingrid D. 118

Rubicon (North-eastern Italy river), as human uniqueness metaphor 46-7

Rudolph, Kurt 80

Ruether, Rosemary R. 123-4 Ruse, Michael 10, 34, 44, 63, 151 Russell, Edmund 9, 49

sacred history 20, 25, 49, 85 sacrology 89

Sagan, Carl xi, 150, 172, 177-8, 189 n.2 Sahlberg, Pasi 173

Saler, Benson 13, 25-6, 71, 132, 170, 190n.7

Saliba, John A. 103

saltationism

in evolutionary biology, 47 metaphysical, 97

and morphometries, 130

Salzman, Michele R. 180 n.2

Sami (people) 111 Sanderson, Stephen K. 116 Santa Claus 165

Santiago-Blay, Jorge A. 155 Sapolsky, Robert M. 16

Saturnalia (ancient Roman celebration) 30 Scagno, Roberto 94, 118

scala religionum (classification involving a progressive ascension towards a purer form of religiosity) 79, 102, 188n.25

Schaller, Mark 17 Schilbrack, Kevin 134

Schimmel, Annemarie 89, 93-4

Schmidt, Leopold 124 Schmidt, Wilhelm 64, 73, 75-85, 87-8, 97,

103-6, 119, 127, 185 n.18, 185 n.21, 185n.22,188n.17,188n.20 Scholem, Gershom 118, 188 n.1 Schwartz, Martin A. 168 science(s)

anti- versus pro- supporters, 11, 77 as arid, 172

cognitive, xviii, 8, 38, 160-7, 169,

179 n.1,181n.9

cognitive explanations of, xv

as collective effort, 76

and cultural anthropology, 159-60 Darwinian, 48

delegitimized by postmodernism, 40 and democracy, 127, 186 n.5 despised by History of Religions,

80-1, 108

despised by Italian Neo-Idealism, 87 difficult to understand, xiii, 126 and evolution, xi

fragile, xvi-xvii, 29, 171

as imperialistic tool for domination,

22, 139

indistinguishable from magic, xi

as heir of animism, 26

historical, xviii, 150

History of Religions relinquishes, 88,

94, 107-8, 116

‘of language', 48 main features of, 146-51, 189 n.2 modernity and, 72 misunderstood in the Humanities, xiii natural, 27, 38, 41, 48, 52, 64, 66-8, 132, 143, 149, 158, 170, 182 n.9, 184 n.3 and paranormal phenomena, 80-1, 91, 95, 97, 99, 171

phenomenology and historicism as, 88 and postmodernism, 138-41, 143-4, 172-3

as process, 24, 35, 146-51, 168

and progress, 29, 170

of religion, 26, 28, 52-5, 63-4, 66-7,

69, 79-81, 84, 88-9, 94, 156, 185n.24

social, xiii, 24, 48, 64, 138, 144, 146, 148, 150-1, 156, 160, 162-3, 171

social history of, 9, 139

as stage of cultural development, 32 and the study of shamanism, 109 theology as, 58-62, 69 as trial and error, 168 versus pseudoscience, xiii-xiv, 34 versus religion, xv, 40, 57, 127 versus theology, 66-8, 177 Scientific Revolution xiv, 18, 22 Sebastian, Mihail (Iosif Hechter) secularism 76, 79, 139

Segal, Robert A. 22, 26-7, 63, 139-41, 184n.7

seibr (ancient Norse ritual) 111, 188 n.23 Seiwert, Hubert 177

Sela,Yael 22 selection

multilevel, 44-5, 154 natural, 39, 41-5, 47, 96, 182, n.4 sexual, 129,182n.5,182n.6,190n.6 self-deception 17 Sepkoski, David 173

Seshat: Global History Databank 167 Severino, Valerio S. 89, 95

Sfameni Gasparro, Giulia 26, 32, 79, 91,

171 Shackelford, Todd K. 22 shamanism 96, 99, 103, 108-16, 120-2, 125-8, 130, 188 n.22, 188 n.25, 189n.4,189n.6

Shambhala (mythical land) 106

Sharpe, Eric J. 7, 9, 15, 32, 35, 52, 56-7, 62-3, 65, 70-1, 73, 75, 78, 82, 93, 159,181n.10,183n.1,184n.13

Shermer, Michael 47, 101, 143-4 Shettleworth, Sara J. 16

Shimron,Yonat 133

Shirokogoroff, Sergei M. 110, 113

Shryock, Andrew 39, 42, 48-9, 167

Sidky, Homayun 113, 115-16

Sierskma, Fokke 73

Singer, Sam 42

Singh, Manvir 115

Sinhababu, Supriya 131

Sirenia (dugongs, manatees) 5 sirens (mythology) 5

Slingerland, Edward xviii, 73, 150, 177 Slone, D. Jason 32, 129, 163, 168

Smail, Daniel L. xiv-xv, 2, 17, 20, 38-9,

48-9, 77, 167, 173, 189 n.3

Smart, Ninian 64, 100

Smith, Charles H. 47

Smith, Helmut W 74

Smith, Jonathan Z. xiv, 13-14, 7, 30, 39-40, 51, 108, 131-2, 136, 141, 148, 185n.20

Smith, William Robertson 28, 32, 57, 60-2, 169, 181 n.3, 183 n.2, 183n.4,184n.6

Smith, Woodruff D. 74-5, 78, 181 n.9, 185n.16,185n.17

Snow, Charles P. 39

Sober, Elliott 181n.1

social constructionism 7, 40, 137-8, 145 social media (online, interactive, real-time digital technologies and software) xii-xiii, 170

Society for Psychical Research 80 sociodicy 121

software-hardware metaphor (neurosciences) 179n.1

Sogno, Cristiana 180n.2

Sokal, Alan 137, 143

Sommer, Marianne 104

Sontz, Ann H. L. 104

Sorensen, Jesper 30, 142, 181 n.9

Sosis, Richard 152, 160

Spencer, Herbert 60, 182 n.5

Sperber, Dan 142, 159, 161, 164, 176 Spicer, Andre 176

Spiegelberg, Herbert 70 Spineto, Natale 3-4, 33, 63, 65, 68, 72, 79,

84, 86-7, 90-1, 94-5, 99-101,

106- 8, 118-19, 142-3, 150, 158, 180n.4,185n.1,187n.11,189n.5 spiritualism 25, 159 spirituality 33, 108, 117, 121, 139 Spiro, Melford E. 143, 165 Spottel, Michael 75-8,80,185 n.22 St Januarius xii St Joseph of Cupertino 101 Staal, Frits 161-2 Standard Social Science Model (SSSM)

162 Stausberg, Michael 5, 87, 141, 143, 161, 185n.22

Stavru, Alessandro 32 Sterelny, Kim 43, 168 Stoddart, David R. 74 Stone, Jon R. 27 storytelling 42, 107, 121, 136, 164 Stott, Rebecca 41

Strauss, Valerie 130, 173 Strenski, Ivan 20, 25, 31-2, 37, 57, 62, 64,

66, 68, 70-3, 100, 102, 119-21, 140, 142, 170

Stringer, Cristopher 106 Stroumsa, Guy G. 18-20 Stuckrad, Kocku von 4, 40, 140, 143,

171, 177 Stuessy, Tod F. 132, 170 Sturgeon's Law 179 n.5 Sullivan, H. Patrick 72, 83 Sulloway, Frank J. 37, 157 supernormal stimuli (cognition) 129 superstition 13, 24-5, 29-30, 32, 82, 127,

172, 178, 180 n.1

Supreme Being 77, 80-1, 83, 104-5 survivals (Tylorian) 25, 28, 66, 80, 184 n.9 Switek, Brian 102

Tacitus, Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius 14 Tait, Peter G. 57-9, 183 n.3 Talmont-Kaminski, Konrad 178

Tanner, Kimberly xiv Tatole, Victoria 186n.3 Taves,Ann 8,183n.1 taxonomy 30, 55, 79, 93, 130-5, 161,

169-70

Taylor, Chloe 122

Taylor, Victor E. 140, 143 teleology 40, 43, 49, 80, 114, 177 theodicy xiii, 10, 24, 38, 181 n.2 theology xiv-xv, 1-2, 6, 9-10, 21, 23-6,

31-2, 34-5, 38, 57-9, 62-9, 71, 73,

80, 82, 86, 88-9, 91, 93-4, 100-1, 115, 148, 153-4, 170, 185 n.24, 189n.3

theophany 115

Theory of Mind (ToM) 156, 164 Theosophical Society 106 Thiesse, Anne-Marie 63

Thomassen, Einar 176

Thompson, D'Arcy W 129

Thomson, William 183n.3

Thornhill, Randy 17

Thurs, Daniel P. 39, 99

thylacine (extinct marsupial) xi-xii Tiele, Cornelis P 66-9, 184 n.8, 184 n.9,

184n.10,184n.11

Tiwaz (proto-Germanic deity and

rune) 26

Todd, Jane 138

Toladot dossier 117-19

tolerance, religious 23, 180 n.1 Tooby, John 162-3

Torpey, John 190n.7

Tort, Patrick 45

totalitarianism xiii, 117 totemism 32, 59, 77-8, 80, 104 traditional societies 112, 150 trairism (vitalism) 97

transconscious 101-2, 112, 114-15 Trautmann, Thomas R. 42

Travis, Joseph 10

Tremlin, Todd 163

trickster (mythological figure) 127-8,

142

Trivers, Robert 17, 164 troglobites 102 truth xii-xiii, xvii, 7, 19-21, 27, 32, 48, 81,

83, 85, 89, 93, 97, 101, 108, 133, 135, 138-40, 143-5, 148, 153, 168, 176-7, 180n.2,185n.16

truthiness xii, 145

Tuckett, Jonathan 70-2, 184 n.14,

189n.5

Tull, Herman W 27

Tuniz, Claudio 187n.14 Turcanu, Florin 96, 98-9, 108, 111, 114,

117-20, 186 n.3

Turchin, Peter 167, 190 n.7

Turner, Frank M. 80

Turner, James 21, 32, 60, 62, 64-5, 183 n.2,

184n.7

Turner, Jonathan H. 168

Tylor, Edward B. 23, 25-30, 32-3, 35, 42,

44, 47-8, 78, 80, 104, 161, 168, 181n.3,184n.8,185n.20 Tyr (Norse god) 26

ultranationalism (palingenetic) 95, 98,

119

ultrasociality 42, 165, 167 unconscious 32, 81, 100, 157-8, 181 n.8,

187n.10

uniformitarianism (geology and evolutionary biology) 38 Universal Grammar (UG) 160, 164 Urmonotheismus 75, 77-8, 82-4, 97, 105 Urreligion 77-8 Urschuld (see also anti-Semitism) 78 Ursprache 27

Vallortigara, Giorgio xiv, 42, 44, 190 n.8 van Baaren, Theo 73 van der Leeuw, Gerardus 64, 70-3, 87-8,

95, 176, 189 n.5 Vanhaelemeersch, Philip 94 Van Slyke, James A. 168 van Wyhe, John 107 Verne, Jules xviii vertebrates 43

Vianu, Maria A. 116

Vico, Giambattista 24, 26, 79, 84-5, 87 Victorian Science of Religion see History of Religions (HoR)

Villar, Francisco 27

Villareal, Luis P. 17

von Schnurbein, Stefanie 111 von Stuckrad, Kocku 4, 40, 140, 143,

171, 177

Vulcan (Star Trek) xvi

Waardenburg, Jacques 26

Wach, Joachim 99

Wagner, Moritz 74, 184-5 n.15

Waldau, Paul 47

Wallace, Alfred R. 41, 47

Waller, James 40 Warburg, Margit 62, 184 n.7 Warburton, Nigel xiii Waterfield, Robin xiv

Watson, John B. 158-9 Wayland Barber, Elizabeth 180 n.3 Weber, Max 31, 33, 135, 138 Wedemeyer, Christian K. 4, 95, 135 Wedgwood, Hensleigh 47 Weinstein, Fred 157

WEIRD societies (Western, Educated,

Industrialized, Rich and

Democratic) 150

Wenzel, Nikolai G. 139-40 Werblowski, Raphael J. Zwi 89, 94,

186n.3

Westerink, Herman 72-3 Wheeler, Quentin D. 132, 169 Wheeler-Barclay, Marjorie 4, 9, 21, 25-30,

32-3, 38, 40, 47-8, 57-60, 62, 80, 154, 156, 185 n.20

Whewell, William 149

White, John F 183 n.5 White, Leslie A. 149, 152, 160, 162 Whitehouse, Harvey 8, 42, 161, 165,

180n.3,181n.8

Whitmarsh, Tim 16, 179 n.3 Whitney, William D. 47

Widengren, Geo 95-6 Wiebe, Donald xviii, 1, 9, 11, 16-17, 21,

23-4, 27, 29, 32-4, 38, 40, 66-8,

70-1, 88-9, 93-4, 139, 143, 147, 162-3, 175-7, 184 n.10

Wilhelm II (Kaiser of Germany and King of Prussia) 75

William of Ockham 149

Williamson, Phil xvii

Wilson, David S. 44-5, 156, 167,

189n.3

Witzel, E. J. Michael 168

Wolfart, Johannes C. 138 Worboys, Michael 22 world religions 24, 184 n.11

World War I 29, 82

World War II 39, 98, 189 n.3

Wozniak, Robert H. 155

Wunn, Ina 39

X region 80

X-claims xvi, 94-5

Xenophanes xiv xenophobia 17, 97, 186 n.5

Xygalatas, Dimitris 33, 166

Yonan, Edward A. 4, 7, 9, 34, 117

Yusa, Michiko 185n.19

Zambotti, Pia Laviosa 103, 112

Zbiral, David 177

Zeus (Greek god) 26, 51

Zimmer, Ben 145

Zimon, Henryk 75-9

Znamenski, Andrei A. 109-10, 112-15,

188n.25

zoolatry 32