Church history

Most of the literature dealing with the church during these decades focuses on the activity of individual hierarchs. Luigi Glinka has provided a comprehensive biography of the life and times of Rev. Hryhorii lakhymovych (1792-1863), the bishop of Przemysl (1849-1859) and metropolitan of L’viv (1860-1863), who played a decisive role in Ukrainian political and cultural developments in the 1848 revolution and during the decade that followed.^[465] lakhymovych’s successor, Metropolitan Spyrydon Lytvynovych (1810-1869, consecrated 1863), has been the subject of study, and some of Przemysl Bishop Ivan Stupnyts’kyi’s (1816— 1890, consecrated 1871) correspondence has been published as well.^[466] Most of the existing literature, however, is devoted to Rev. Andrei Sheptyts’kyi (1865­1944) who, after serving less than a year as bishop of Stanyslaviv, became Greek Catholic Metropolitan of L’viv in 1900. Born into a polonized aristocratic family, Sheptyts’kyi soon embraced the Ukrainian cause and became its staunchest de­fender under Austrian and later Polish rule.^[467] Sheptyts’kyi’s pastoral letters from 1899 to 1901 and some of his ascetic and ethical works have been published.^[468] Among the best works that contain much information on Sheptyts’kyi’s career before 1914 are biographies by Stepan Baran, Hryhorii Prokopchuk, and Kyrylo Korolevs’kyi.^[469] Because of his overwhelming stature in Galician-Ukrainian life, Sheptyts’kyi has not been ignored by Soviet writers, although everything the Greek Catholic hierarch accomplished is depicted in a negative way.^[470]