Cultural history: education

For nationalities that have no decisive control over their own political fate and that lack a sufficient number of nationally conscious leaders willing to defend and promote the interests of the group, much emphasis is placed on creating new cadres for future leadership roles.

By the outbreak of World War I, they had obtained certain achievements in eastern Galicia. These included 2510 elementary schools (71 percent of the total number in the region) and six gymnasia (Przemysl, Kolomyia, Ternopil’, Stany- slaviv, two in L’viv) with Ukrainian as the language of instruction, as well as two gymnasia (Berezhany and Stryi) with parallel classes in Ukrainian, and ten teacher’s colleges (seminaries) where Ukrainian was taught alongside Polish. Ukrainians remained unsatisfied, however (there was, for instance, one Polish gymnasium for every 60,400 Poles, but one Ukrainian gymnasium for every 546,000 Ukrainians), and founded private schools run by educational societies or by the Greek Catholic church, which by 1914 included sixteen elementary schools, ten gymnasia, and three teacher’s colleges.

The best source material on education during this period is found in the statistical data issued by the Austrian government^[433] and in a series of annual yearbooks (zvity) published by most of the Ukrainian gymnasia, which include protocols of academic activity, retrospective histories, and the names of all students and faculty.¹⁰⁹ A recent study by Ann Sirka surveys the history of Ukrainian education in Galicia between 1867 and 1914.^{1 l0}There are also several histories of Galician schools that cover all or part of the period between 1848 and 1918: Mieczyslaw Baranowski on elementary schools throughout Galicia and Lev lasinchuk on Ukrainian schools;¹¹¹ Jozef Buzek, Stefan Mozdzen, and Stepan Baran on Galician gymnasia;¹'² laroslav Bilen’kyi on Ukrainian private schools;¹¹³ and Zygmunt Dulczewski on the struggle over schools as reflected in debates in the Galician Diet.¹¹⁴ The question of a Ukrainian university, with its political/cultural symbolism as well as its purely educational function, was the

109 Spravozdanie (later Zvit) dyrektsii ts.

110 Ann Sirka, The Nationality Question in Austrian Education: The Case of Ukrainians in Galicia 1867-1914, European University Studies, CXXIV (Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter D. Lang 1979).

111 See chapter 2, notes 77 and 79.

112 Jozef Buzek, Rozwdj stanu szkol srednich w Galicyi w ciggu ostatnich lat 50 (L’viv 1909); Stefan I. Mozdzen, Ustrbj szkoty sredniej w Galicji i prdby jego modernizacji tv latach 1848­1884, Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis, vol. CCXXX (Wroclaw 1974); Stepan Baran, ‘‘Z polia natsional’noi statystyky halyts’kykh seredni'kh shkil,” in Studii z polia suspil’nykh nauk i statystyky, vol. II, ed. V. Okhrymovych (L’viv: Statystychna komisiia NTSh 1910), pp. 107-178 and “Konfesiini i natsional’ni pereminy v halyts’kykh serednikh shkolakh v rr. 1896-1908,” in ibid., vol. Ill (1912), 66 p.

113 la. Bilen’kyi, Ukrains'ki pryvatni shkoly v Halychyni (L’viv 1922).

114 Zygmunt Dulczewski, Walka o szkolq na wsi galicyjskiej w swietle stenogramdw Sejmu Krajowego 1861-1914 (Warsaw: Ludowa Spoldzielnia Wyd. 1953).

See also the more polemical accounts of education in Galicia: the anti-Polish Ukrainian view is by Bohdan Didytskii, Svoezhyt’ evyy zapysky, pt 2: Vzhliad na shkol’noe obrazovanie Halytskoi Rusy v XIX st. (L’viv 1908), first published in Vistnyk ‘Narodnoho Dorna’, XXV (III), 6-12 (L’viv 1907) and XXVI (IV), 1-9 (L’viv 1908); the anti-Austrian Polish view by Swiattomir [H. Zaleski], Ciemnota Galicyi w iwietle cyfr ifaktow 1772-1902: czarna ksifga szkolnictwa galicyjskiego (L’viv: Polskie Towarzystwo Nakladowe 1904). subject of several contemporary publications.¹¹⁵ The Austrian authorities belated­ly acquiesced to the Ukrainian demands for a university only in 1912; thus, before World War I, Ukrainian education at the highest level in Galicia was limited to ten chairs in Ukrainian subjects or using the Ukrainian language at the University of L’viv. Ukrainian educational activity and personnel at that institution are dis­cussed in several general histories of the University of L’viv.¹¹⁶ There are also histories of individual gymnasia and teacher’s colleges, the L’viv Theological Seminary, and the short-lived Greek Catholic Seminary in Vienna (1852-55);¹¹⁷ an analysis of teaching Galician history in gymnasia;¹¹⁸ a biography of the

115 Observator, Sprava ukrains'ko-rus'koho universytetu u L’vovi (L’viv 1899); Stanislav Dnistrians’kyi, Prava rus’kol movy u I’vivs’koho universytetu (L’viv 1902); Za ukrains’kyi universytet u L’vovi: zbirka statei v universytets'kii spravi (L’viv: Ukrains’kyi Students’kyi Soiuz 1910).

A good survey of the Ukrainian struggle is found in a later work: Vasyl’ Mudryi, Borot'ba za ohnyshche ukra'ins’koi' kul'tury v zakhidnykh zemliakh Ukrainy (L’viv: Ukrains’ka Kraieva Students’ka Rada 1923).

116 See chapter 2, notes 82 and 83. On the establishment of the influential chair of Ukrainian History in 1894, see Aleksander Barvins’kyi, “Zasnovannie Katedry istorii Ukrainy v L’vivs’komu universyteti,” Zapysky NTSh, CXLI-CXLIH (L’viv 1925), 18 pp.

117 Besides the individual gymnasia yearbooks (n. 109 above), see also Zur polnisch­ruthenischen Frage in Galizien: die Verhandlung im galizischen Landtage über den Antrag auf Errichtung eines ruthenischen Gymnasiums in Stanislau (L’viv: I. Vereinsbuchdruckerei 1903), 2nd ed. (L’viv: Mychajlo Petryckyj 1904); I. Fylypchak and R. Lukan’, “Ts. K. okruzhna holovna shkola v Lavrovi, 1788/89-1910/11,” Zapysky ChSW, V, 1-4 (Zhovkva 1942), pp. 1-192, reprinted in Analecta OSBM, series II, sectio II (Rome 1967); Vasyl’ Veryha, Tarn de Dnister kruto v'iet’sia: istorychnyi narys vykhovno-osvitn’oipolityky v Halychyni na prykladi UchyteT s' koi Seminari'i la gimnazi'i v Zalishchykakh, 1899-1939, Kanads’ke NTSh, vol. XIV (Toronto: Sribna Surma 1974); Bohdan Romanenchuk and Oleksander Dombrovs’kyi, eds, luvileina knyha Ukrai'ns’koi Akademichnoi Gimnazi'i u L’vovi, 2 vols (Philadelphia and Munich: Ukrains’kyi Vil’nyi Universytet 1978-81); Roman Kukhar, Do blakytnykh vershyn: persha Ukrains’ka Akademichna Himnaziia u L’vovi v istorychnii perspektyvi (London: Ob”iednannia absol’ventiv Ukrains’koi Akademichnoi Himnazii 1981); Vasyl’ Lev, ed., Propam"iatna knyha Himnazii sester Vasyliianok u L’vovi, NTSh Ukrains’kyi arkhiv, vol. XXII (New York, Paris, Sydney, and Toronto 1980); laroslav Levyts’kyi, L'vivska dukhovna seminaryia v litakh 1897-1901 (L’viv: A. Khoinats’kyi 1901); laroslav Hordyns’kyi, “Viden’s’ka hr. k. dukhovna seminariia v. rr. 1852-1855,” Zapysky NTSh, CXV (L’viv 1913), pp. 77-130.

118 Wanda Zwolska, “Sprawa nauczania historii kraju rodzinnego w gimnazjach galicyjskich w latach 1867-1914,” Malopolskie Studia Historyczne, IX, 1-2 (Cracow 1966), pp. 25-45. Ukrainian-born school inspector Euzebiusz Czerkawski (1822-1896), who was instrumental in polonizing the educational system in the 1850s and 1860s;^[434]and finally descriptions of the influential student societies-Druzhnyi Lykhviar (est.

Cultural history: literary history surveys

The last half century before the outbreak of World War I witnessed a vibrant growth of Ukrainian literary activity in Galicia, dominated largely by the prolific and talented Ivan Franko (1856-1916). Despite the richness of Galician-Ukraini­an literature at this time, there is no general history devoted specifically to the years 1848-1918. Instead, it is necessary to consult the general Ukrainian literary (and cultural) histories by the Galicians Omelian Ohonovs’kyi and Ivan Franko, which include special sections on Galician developments to the 1890s, and the more recent Soviet Ukrainian multivolume literary history that brings the story down to 1918.^[436] Ivan Franko also wrote a stimulating and critical essay of Galician-Ukrainian literary and cultural developments in general during the last decades of the nineteenth century.^[437] The postrevolutionary decade beginning in 1848 and the early development of a popular, vernacular-based literature in the early 1860s are analyzed in some detail by Ivan Verkhrats’kyi and Ostap Terlets’kyi.^[438]

The growth of the populist Ukrainian literary movement in Galicia derives largely from the inspiration of Taras Shevchenko (1814-1861), the great nine­teenth-century writer from the Dnieper Ukraine who, although known by some before, was really discovered by Galician society only during the 1860s. By the end of the century, he had become an object of national reverence, and the resultant cult of Shevchenko among Galician Ukrainians (expressed in festivals, memorials, and publications) has itself become the subject of study.^[439] Less well known is the “cult” of Nikolai Gogol (Hohol’, 1809-1852), Shevchenko’s contemporary and countryman, who chose to write in Russian. Osyp Markov has shown how, for Galician Old Ruthenians and Russophiles, Gogol became a symbol of the pan-Russian (obshcherusskii) national and cultural ideals they espoused.^[440] With regard to Russian literature in general in Galicia, Viktor Malkin has written an informative history of its impact on those local writers who tried, with varying success, to write in that language.^[441] Finally, the Ukrainian modernist literary group in Galicia known as Moloda Muza (1906-1909) is the subject of memoirs by one of its members, Petro Karmans’kyi.^[442]

Theater and ethnography are also related to literary activity.

Cultural history: individual writers and national leaders

More developed than general literary and cultural histories is the literature on individual writers and national leaders from this period, both the publication of their writings and biographies of their activity. After the 1848 revolution, Gali­cian-Ukrainian cultural life was dominated by the Old Ruthenians, whose national horizons were based for the most part on local patriotism and loyalty to Austria, although a few looked toward tsarist Russia for national salvation and eventually emigrated to that country. Some of the writings of these figures are contained in the second volume of liarion Svientsits’kyi’s compilation of material on Old Ruthenians and Russophiles in the Austro-Hungarian Rus’ lands.^[446] The best- researched figure among the older generation of leaders is lakiv Holovats’kyi, the former member of the Rusyn Triad who held the first chair in Ruthenian language and literature at the University of L’viv from 1849 until 1867, when he emigrated to Russia. Kyrylo Studyns’kyi has published Holovats’kyi’s correspondence from this period,^[447] while Mykhailo Vozniak has studied his national views in 1848 and Fedir Savchenko his subsequent clash with the Austrian authorities.^[448] There are also biographies and some unpublished writings of other old Ruthenian leaders: Mykhailo Kachkovs’kyi (1802-1872),¹³⁴ Rev. Antin Dobrians’kyi (1810-1877),¹³⁵ Rev. Mykola Ustiianovych (1811-1885),¹³⁶ Rev. Antin Mohyl’nyts ’kyi (1811-1873),¹³⁷Rev. Antin Petrushevych (1821-1913),¹³⁸ Rev. Ivan Hushalevych (1823-1903),¹³⁹Rev. Ivan Naumovych (1826-1891),¹⁴⁰Rev.

134 F.I. Svistun, “Pis’ma Mikhaila Kachkovskago,” Viestnik 'Narodnago Dorna’, XXVII (V), 11-12 (L’viv 1909); XXVIII (VI), 1-4, 6 (1910), pp. 3-8, 18-24, 35-40, 59-64. On Kachkovs'kyi’s career before 1848, see chapter 5, n. 71.

135 Bohdan A. Didytskii, Antonii Dobrianskii: eho zhyzn' y dliatel’nbsf v Halytskoi Rusy (L’viv: Izd. Ob-va ym. M. Kachkovskoho 1881).

136 laroslav Hordyns’kyi, “Do biografii i kharakterystyky Mykoly Ustiianovycha,” Zapysky NTSh, CIV (L’viv 1911), pp. 83-122. See also the extensive sections on Ustiianovych in Omelian Ohonovskii, Ystoriia lyteratury ruskoy, vol. II, pt 1 (L’viv 1889), pp. 393-426; F.F. Aristov, Karpato-russkiepisateli, vol. I (Moscow 1916), 2nd rev. ed. (Bridgeport, Conn.: Carpatho-Russian Literary Association 1977), pp. 62-75. For some of Ustiianovych’s writings, see the collection, Rus'ka pys’mennist’, n. 137 below.

137 K. Luchakovskii, “Anton Liubych Mohyl’nytskii, ieho zhytie y ieho znachlnie,” in

Spravozdanie Dykretsii is. k. hymnazii akademychnoy u L'vovi za rbk shkbl’nvi 1886/7 (L’viv 1887), pp. 5-73. ’

Some works of Mohyl’nyts’kyi and a brief biography of him appear in Omel’ian Partyskii, Pys’ma Antoniia Liubycha Mohyl’nyts’koho (L’viv: Zoria 1885) and in Rus'ka pys’mennist’, vol. Ill: Tvory Markiiana Shashkevycha, lakova Holovats’koho, Nykoly Ustiianovycha, Antona Mohyl’nyts'koho (L’viv: TP 1906), pp. 495—623 and 2nd ed. (L’viv: TP 1913), pp. 339-512.

138 Biobibliographic data on Petrushevych is found in F.F. Aristov, Karpato-russkie pisateli, vol. I (Moscow 1916), 2nd rev. ed. (Bridgeport, Conn.: Carpatho-Russian Literary Association 1977), pp. 234-291; and in Ivan O. Maksymchuk, Narys istorii rodu Petrushevychiv (Chicago 1967), especially pp. 97-138 and 242-263. See also Ahatanhel Kryms’kyi, “Epihony davn’oi halyts’koi nauky (1894),” in his Rozvidky, statti ta zamitky, in Zbirnyk istorychno-fdolohichnoho viddilu UAN, vol. LVII (Kiev 1928), pp. 285-286. For works on· Petrushevych as an historian, see chapter 1, n. 14.

139 Ivan Franko, “Ivan Hushalevych,” Literaturno-naukovyi vistnyk, XXIII, 8 and 9 (L’viv 1903), pp. 111-128 and 163-187; XXIV, 11 (1903), pp. 92-120, reprinted in his Tvory, XVII (Kiev: Derzhavne vyd-vo khudozhn’oi literatury 1955), pp. 346-406; F.F. Aristov, Karpato-russkie pisateli, vol. I (Moscow 1916), 2nd rev. ed. (Bridgeport, Conn.: Carpatho- Russian Literary Association 1977), pp. 292-304.

Some of Hushalevych’s correpondence was published by laroslav Hordyns’kyi, “Do diial’nosty Ivana Hushalevycha v rr. 1867-1881,” Zapysky NTSh, XCIII (L’viv 1910), pp. 144-157. See also n. 215 below.

140 LG. Naumovich, Sobranie sochinenii, ed. A. Gensiorskii (L’viv: Obshchestvo M. Kachkovskago 1929-27).

On Naumovich’s career, see O.A. Monchalovskii, Zhit'e i dieiatel’nost" Ivana Naumovicha (L’viv: Russkaia Rada 1899); and Vasilii R. Vavrik, Prosvietitel’ Galitskoi Rusi Ivan G. Naumovich (L’viv and Prague 1926).

lustyn Zhelekhovs’kyi (1821-1910),¹⁴¹ Bohdan Didyts’kyi (1827-1908),¹⁴² and Izydor Sharanevych (1829-1901).¹⁴³

The next generation of Galician-Ukrainian leaders, who began to be active in the 1860s, were known first as populists (narodovtsi) and later as Ukrainophiles. The bulk of existing literature focuses on their most outstanding and prolific representative, Ivan Franko (1856-1916). The dynamic Franko was active in the student movement in the 1870s, was one of the first Ukrainian socialists in the 1880s,¹⁴⁴ and was a leading figure in the propagation of Ukrainian identity and cultural activity from the 1890s until his death. He is best remembered for his enormous output of poetry, prose, literary criticism, journalistic essays, and bibliographical and historical works.¹⁴⁵

Franko’s literary works and some of his correspondence have been published many times. The most extensive multivolume editions appeared in the Soviet Ukraine between 1924 and 1929 (thirty volumes)¹⁴⁶ and again between 1950 and 1956 (twenty volumes).¹⁴⁷ These collections contained basically Franko’s belle- tristic works, although the 1950-56 edition included four volumes with some of his literary criticism, historical studies, and letters.¹⁴⁸ Recently, a fifty-volume

141 F.I. Svistun, ed., “Iz rukopisnago nasliediia po bl. p. lustinie Zhelekhovskom,” Viestnik ‘Narodnago Dorna’, XXX (VIII), 4-9/10 (L’viv 1912), pp. 53-66, 70-75, 86-93, 109-114, 121-122. For his memoirs, see n. 10 above.

142 On Didyts’kyi as a literary figure, see Omelian Ohonovskii, Ystoriia lyteratury ruskoy, vol.

II, pt 1 (L’viv 1889), pp. 302-315. For some of his correspondence, see n. 215 below. For his memoir-like history of Galicia after 1848, see n. 10 above.

143 Ivan Franko, “Shist’ lystiv pok. Izydora Sharanevycha z rr. 1862-1864,” Zapysky NTSh, XLV (L’viv 1902), misc., pp. 6-9. On Sharanevych as an historian, see chapter 1, n. 15.

144 The student activist and socialist aspect of Franko’s career is treated at length in many recent Soviet studies on Galicia. Cf. n. 94 above.

145 Of the many attempts to list Franko’s works (Mykhailo Pavlyk, 1898; Volodymyr Doroshenko, 1918; Ivan Boiko, 1954 and 1956; M. Humeniuk et al., 1956; Ukralns’ki pys’mennyky, vol. Ill, 1963), the most comprehensive bibliography is by M.O. Moroz, Ivan Franko: bibliohrafiia tvoriv 1874-1964 (Kiev: L’vivs’ka derzhavna biblioteka, Instytut literatury im. Shevchenka AN URSR 1966).

146 Ivan Franko, Tvory, 30 vols, ed. S. Pylypenko (Kiev and Kharkiv: Rukh, 1924-29), several volumes appeared in a second edition (Kiev and Kharkiv: Rukh 1927-31 and Knyhospilka 1924-29). Large parts of the first edition together with works from other editions were reprinted in 20 vols (New York: Knyho-Spilka 1956-62).

147 Ivan Franko, Tvory, 20 vols (Kiev: Derzhavne-literaturne vyd-vo 1950-56).

148 Several journalistic works that did not appear in the multivolume editions are contained in Ivan Franko, V naimakh u susidiv: zbirnyk prats' pysanykh pol's’koiu ta nimets’koiu movamy vperekladi z poiasneniamy ta dodatkamy avtora, vol. I: Stall na suspil’no-politychni temy, pysani v rr. 1886-1890, Pysania Ivana Franka, vol. VII (L’viv 1914), and in Mykhailo Vozniak, ed., ‘‘Do publitsystychnoi diial’nosty Iv. Franka v rr. 1879-1883,” in Za sto lit, vol. IV, in Zapysky Istorychnoisektsii VUAN (Kiev 1929), pp. 225-268. For Franko’s edition has begun to appear in Kiev, and this promises to include more of Franko’s writings than have previously been republished.^{[449] [450]} Franko’s German-language studies on social developments as well as cultural and literary history in Galicia have been republished in an anthology of his writings in East Germany.^[451]

The repeated publication of Franko’s works reflects the degree to which he is glorified within present-day official Soviet Ukrainian historico-cultural iconogra­phy. Reflective of Franko’s stature is the amount that has been written about him, including a yearbook, later succeeded by a journal, devoted to recent research,^[452] a collection of documents on his life and subsequent influence,^[453] collections of contemporary memoirs about him,^[454] and a huge corpus of books and articles about virtually every aspect of his career.^[455] Several biographies have also ap­peared, beginning in 1926 with one by Serhii lefremov and an anthology of studies edited by Mykhailo Hrushevs’kyi,^[456] and continuing after World War II with two works by Mykhailo Vozniak and works by many other Soviet authors.¹⁵⁶

Writings on other later nineteenth-century Galician-Ukrainian cultural and literary figures are much fewer. These include works on the writer Sofron Vyt- vyts’kyi (1819-1879);¹⁵⁷ the writer and pedagogue Rev. Vasyl’ Il’nyts’kyi (1823-1895);¹⁵⁸ the writer Rev. Pavlo Leontovych (1825-1880);¹⁵⁹ the literary historian and linguist Rev. Omelian Ohonovs’kyi (1833-1894);¹⁶⁰ the writer and painter Kornylo Ustiianovych (1839-1903);¹⁶¹ the writer, actor, and teacher, born in the Dnieper Ukraine but after 1863 active in Galicia, Pavlyn Svientsits’kyi (1841-1876);¹⁶² the writer and economist Volodymyr Navrots’kyi (1847-

156 M.S. Vozniak, Z zhyttia ³ tvorchosti Ivana Franka (Kiev: AN URSR 1955) and his Narysy pro svitohliad Ivana Franka (L’viv. LU 1955); O.I. Bilets’kyi, 1.1. Bass and O.I. Kysel’ov, Ivan Franko: zhyttia ³ tvorchist' (Kiev: AN URSR 1956); lurii Kobylets’kyi, Tvorchist' Ivana Franka: do storichchia z dnia narodzhennia (1856-1956} (Kiev: Derzhlitvydav Ukrainy 1956), translated into Russian as Ivan Franko: ocherk zhizni ³ tvorchestva (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’ 1960); Leonid Khinkulov, Franko (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia 1961); levhen Kyryliuk, Vichnyi revoliutsioner: zhyttia ³ tvorchist' Ivana Franka (Kiev: Dnipro 1966); LI. Bass, Ivan Franko: biohraftia (Kiev: Naukova dumka 1966).

Among non-Soviet studies on Franko in the post-World War II era is an interesting analysis of his student days in Vienna, which includes his extensive curriculum vitae written in 1893: Günther Wytrzens, “Ivan Franko als Student und Doktor der Wiener Universität,” Wiener Slawistisches Jahrbuch, VIII (Vienna 1960), pp. 228-241. On Franko as a historian, see chapter 1, n. 10.

157 Roman Smal’-Stots’kyi, “Sofron Vas’kevych-Vytvyts’kyi,” Naukovyi zbirnyk Ukra'ins’koho Vil’noho Universytetu, VI (Munich 1956), pp. 235-243.

158 For biographical data on Il’nyts’kyi, see Omelian Ohonovskii, Ystoriia ivteraluri ruskoy, vol. Ill, pt 1 (L’viv 1891), pp. 554-567. For his writings on Galician society, see Ivan Sozans’kyi, “Z literaturnol spadshchyny Vasylia Il’nyts’koho,” Zapysky NTSh, LXVI (L’viv 1905), 59 pp.

159 Kyrylo Studyns’kyi, “Pavlo Leontovych,” Zapysky NTSh. CXXXI (L’viv 1921), pp. 197-229; CXXXII (1922), pp. 135-184, CXXXVI-CXXXVII (1925), pp. 159-196.

160 Ivan Franko, “Profesor Omelian Ohonovs’kyi,” Narod, nos 20, 21, 23-24 (L’viv 1894), pp. 316-318, 334-336 and 382-385; “Dr. Omelian Ohonovs’kyi,” Pravda, XXIII (L’viv 1894), pp. 767-778; Ahatanhel Kryms’kyi, “Omel’ian Ogonovskii,” Etnograficheskoe obozrienie, VI (23) (St Petersburg 1894), pp. 176-177, revised version in his Rozvidky, statti ta zamitky, in Zbirnyk istorychno-filolohichnoho viddilu UAN, vol. LVII (Kiev 1928), pp. 286-291; Leonid Bilets’kyi, Omelian Ohonovs’kyi, Ukra'ins’ki vcheni, no. 2 (Winnipeg: Ukrains’ka Vil’na Akademiia Nauk 1950).

For some of Ohonovs’kyi’s published correspondence, see n. 201 below.

161 Ostap Hrytsai, “Kornylo Ustyianovych iak dramaturg,” in Zvit Dykretsyi ts. k. Akademichnol gimnazyi u L'vovi za shkil’nyi rik 1911/12 (L’viv, 1912).

162 Volodymyr Radzykevych, “Pavlyn Svientsitskyi: publitsystychna, naukova ta literaturna ioho diial’nist’,” Zapysky NTSh, CI (L’viv 1911), pp. 109-129; CII (1911), pp. 127- 147; CIII (1911), pp. 113-190.

1882);¹⁶³ the political activist and scholar Ostap Terlets’kyi (1850-1902);¹⁶⁴ the bibliographer Ivan E. Levyts’kyi (1850-1913);¹⁶⁵ the radical political activist Mykhailo Pavlyk (1853—1915);¹⁶⁶ the editor and economist Kost’ Pan’kivs’kyi (1855-1915);¹⁶⁷ the writer and social activist Nataliia Kobryns’ka-Ozarkevych (1855-1920);¹⁶⁸ the writer Uliana Kravchenko (luliia Shneider, 1860-1947);¹⁶⁹

163 Some of Navrots’kyi’s writings have appeared in his Tvory, with an essay on the author by Ostap Telets’kyi (L’viv: Akademychne bratstvo 1884). On the author, see also Illia Vytanovych, Volodymyr Navrots’kyi (1847-1882): pershyi ukrains’kyi statystyk-ekonomist v Halychyni na tli svoie'i doby (L’viv 1934).

164 Ivan Franko, “Dr. Ostap Terlets’kyi: spomyny i materiialy,” Zapysky NTSh, L (L’viv 1902), 64 pp.; Oleksandr Lysenko, “Ostap Terlets’kyi,” Zhovten’, IX, 5 (L’viv 1959), pp. 107-117. On Terlets’kyi as a historian see chapter 1, n. 18. On Terlets’kyi as a social activist, see n. 94 above.

165 Ivan Krevets’kyi, “Ivan Em. Levyts’kyi: posmertna hadka,” Zapysky NTSh, CXIII (L’viv 1913), pp. 155-159. On Levyts’kyi as a bibliographer, see the several studies listed in chapter 1, n. 27.

166 Pavlyk’s extensive correspondence with Drahomanov has been published, see n. 200 below. For some of his other writings, see Mykhailo Pavlyk, Vybrani tvory (L’viv: Knyzhkovo- zhurnal’ne vyd-vo 1955) and his Tvory (Kiev: Derzhlitvydav Ukrainy 1959).

For works about Pavlyk, see Ivan Franko, “Mykhailo Pavlyk (zamist’ iuvileinoi syl’vetky),” Literaturno-naukovyi vistnyk, XXIX, 3 (L’viv 1905), pp. 160-186; Mykhailo Lozyns’kyi, Mykhailo Pavlyk: ioho zhyttie i di'ial'nist’ (Vienna: Soiuz vyzvolennia Ukrainy 1917; reprinted Irvington, NJ: SMB 1974); Pavlo lashchuk, Mykhailo Pavlyk: literaturno- krytychnyi narys (L’viv: Knyzhkovo-zhurnal’ne vyd-vo 1959); I.O. Denysiuk, Mykhailo Pavlyk (Kiev: Derzhlitvydav Ukrainy 1960); and O.Ia. Lysenko, “Mykhailo Pavlyk i ioho mistse v suspil’no-politychnomu zhytti Halychchyny ostann’oi chverti XIX st.,” Ukrains’kyi istorychnyi zhurnal, IV, 1 (Kiev 1960), pp. 36-45.

167 Illia Vytanovych, Kost’ Pan’kivs’kyi: idealist hromads’koi' pratsi i viry u vlasni syly narodu (New York; Tov. Ukrains’kykh Kooperatoriv 1954). For Pan’kivs’kyi’s correspondence with Drahomanov, see n. 208 below.

168 Some of Kobryns’ka’s writings have appeared in two collections: Nataliia Kobryns’ka, Vybrani opovidannia (L’viv: Knyzhkovo-zhurnal’ne vyd-vo 1954) and Vybrani tvory (Kiev: Derzhlitvydav Ukrainy 1958). For her correspondence with Drahomanov, see n. 206 below.

On Kobryns’ka, see Omelian Ohonovskii, Istoriia lyteratury ruskoy, vol. Ill, pt 2 (L’viv 1893), pp. 1263-1305; Irena Knysh, Smoloskyp v temriavi: Nataliia Kobryns’ka i ukrains’kyi zhinochyi rukh (Winnipeg 1957); Pavlo lashchuk, “Natalia Kobryns’ka,” Zhovten’, VI, 4 (L’viv 1956), pp. 93-103; Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak, “Natalia Kobryns’ka: A Formulator of Feminism,” in Andrei S. Markovits and Frank E. Sysyn, eds, Nationbuilding and the Politics of Nationalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute 1982), pp. 196-219.

169 Some of Kravchenko’s writings have appeared in four collected works: Vybrani poezii' (Kiev: Radians’kyi pys’mennyk 1941); Vybrane, with an essay on the author by P. lashchuk (L’viv: Knyzhkovo- zhurnal’ne vyd-vo 1956); Vybrani tvory, with an essay on the author by A.A. Kaspruk (Kiev: Derzhlitvydav Ukrainy 1958); and Tvory (Toronto: M. Kozak 1975). Her correspondence with Ivan Franko appeared in D. Lukiianovych, ed., “Neopublikovani lysty the writer and pedagogue Osyp Makovei (1867-1925);^{[457] [458]} the ethnographer and politician Volodymyr Okhrymovych (1870-1931);^[459] the ethnographer and lin­guist Volodymyr Hnatiuk (1871 -1931);^[460] the writer and parliamentarian Vasyl ’ Stefanyk (1871 —1936);^[461] the writer and social activist Konstantyna Malyts’ka (1872-1947);¹⁷⁴ the literary scholar and writer Bohdan Lepkyi (1872— 1941);¹⁷⁵ and the writers Les’ Martovych (1871-1916),¹⁷⁶ Mykhailo latskiv (1873— 1961),¹⁷⁷ Marko Cheremshyna (1874-1927),¹⁷⁸ Oleksander Kozlovs’kyi (1876— 1898),¹⁷⁹ and Ostap Luts’kyi (1883-1941).^[462]

174 On Malyts’ka’s life, see Vykhovnytsia pokolin’ Konstantyna Malyts’ka: hromads’ka diiachka, pedahoh i pys’ mennytsia (Toronto: Svitova federatsiia ukrai'ns’kykh zhinochykh orhanizatsii 1965).

175 Comprehensive bibliographies of Lepkyi’s writings together with essays on his life and work are found in levhen lu. Pelens’kyi, ed., Bohdan Lepkyi, 1872-1941: zbirnyk u poshanu pam"iati poeta (Cracow and L’viv: Ukrains’ke vydavnytstvo 1943); levhen lulii Pelens’kyi, Bohdan Lepkyi, 1872-1941: tvorchyi shliakh-bibliografiia tvoriv (Cracow and L’viv: Ukrains’ke vydavnytstvo 1943); and in the comprehensive biography by Vasyl’ Lev, Bohdan Lepkyi, 1872-1941: zhyttia i tvorchist', in Zapysky NTSh, CXCIII (New York, Paris, Sydney, and Toronto 1976).

For some of his literary works, see Bohdan Lepkyi, Pysannia, 2 vols (Kiev, Leipzig, Kolomyia, and Winnipeg: Ukrains’ka nakladnia [1920]).

176 For a bibliography of Martovych’s writings, see Mykhailo Humeniuk, Les’ Martovych, 1871­1916: korotkyi pokazhchyk literatury (L’viv: LNBS-AN URSR 1955). Of the many collections of Martovych’s works, the most comprehensive is Tvory, 3 vols, ed. lu. Hamorak (Cracow and L’viv: Ukrains’ke vydavnytstvo 1943). For a more recent edition of some of his writings, see Les’ Martovych, Tvory (Kiev: Derzhavne vyd-vo khudozhn’oi literatury 1963).

On the author, see Vasyl’ Lesyn, Les’ Martovych: literaturnyi portret (Kiev: Derzhavne vyd-vo khudozhn’oi literatury 1963); and Fedir Pohrebennyk, Les’ Martovych: zhyttia i tvorchist’ (Kiev: Dnipro 1971).

177 Some of latskiv’s writings have appeared in Vybrane, introduction by lurii Mel’nychuk (L’viv: Knyzhkovo-zhurnal’ne vyd-vo 1957); and Vybrani tvory, introduction by Mykola Il’nyts’kyi (Kiev: Dnipro 1973).

On the author, see lurii Mel’nychuk, “Mykhailo latskiv,” Zhovten’, VI, 7 (L’viv 1956), pp. 68-86; O.K. Babyshkin, “Mykhailo latskiv (sproba kharakterystyky tvorchosti 1909­1917 rr.),” Radians’ke literaturoznavstvo, I, 2 (Kiev 1957), pp. 83-103; lu. Mel’nychuk, Slovo pro pys’mennykiv (L’viv: Knyzhkovo-zhurnal’ne vyd-vo 1958), especially pp. 170­234.

178 For comprehensive bibliographies of Cheremshyna’s writings, see le.Ie. Kravchenko and N.V. Semaniuk, Marko Cheremshyna: bibliohrafichnyi pokazhchyk (Kiev: AN URSR 1962). Of the numerous collections of Cheremshyna’s works, the most complete is his Tvory: povne vydannia, 3 vols (L’viv: Izmahard 1937); and the most recent Tvory, 2 vols (Kiev: Naukova dumka 1974).

Of the many works about the author, see especially A. Krushel’nyts’kyi, “Pro zhyttia i tvorchist’ Ivana Semaniuka-Marka Cheremshyna: krytychnyi narys,” in M. Cheremshyna, Vybrani tvory (L’viv 1929), pp. 3-23; Mykola Zerov, “Marko Cheremshyna, ioho zhyttia i tvorchist’,” in M. Cheremshyna, Vybrani tvory (Kharkiv and Kiev: Knyhospilka 1930), pp. v-xxxiv; Nataliia Semaniuk, Spivets’ Hutsul' shchyny : spohady pro Marka Cheremshynu (Uzhhorod: Karpaty 1970); and Oleksa Zasenko, Marko Cheremshyna: zhyttia i tvorchist’ (Kiev: Dnipro 1974).

179 Mykhailo Mochul’s’kyi, “Oleksander Kozlovs’kyi: biografichno-literaturnyi narys,” in