CONTENTS

CHAP. PAGE

List of Maps and Coin Plates.................... xiv

List of Illustrations........................ xv

Transliteration........................... xxi

General Russian Bibliography.....................

Abbreviations.......................... xxxiii

Museums.................. ............ xxxvi

Addenda et Corrigenda......... ·■·...... ·.... xxxvi

I. Physical Geography and Natural Productions............... i

II. Survey of the Seas and Coastline of Scythia............... 8

III. Geography of Scythia according to Herodotus............... 26

IV. The Scythians, their Customs and Racial Affinities............ 35

Bibliographical Summary............... ··. ··· ·-- 97

V. Tribes adjoining Scythia according to Herodotus............ 101

VI. History of Scythia: Migrations..................... ri5

VII. Pre-Scythic Remains in Russia..................... 130

VIII. Scythic Tombs........................... 149

IX. Siberia and other Countries adjacent to Scythia............ 241

X. Scythic Art and Greek Art-work made for Scythians............ 261

XL Art in the Greek Colonies: § 1. General Characteristics......... 293

§ 2. Architecture............ 294

§ 3. Sculpture............... 295

§ 4. Painting..................................................................................................................................... 305

§ 5. Carpentry............... 322

§ 6. Textiles............................................................. 335

§ 7. Ceramics............... 338

§ 8. Glass............... 362

§ 9. Terracottas........... 363

. § 10. Bronzes............... 374

§ ii. Silver............... 382

§ 12. Gold-work and Jewelry......... 386

§ 13. Gems............... 410

XII. Representative Greek Tombs..................... 415

XIII. Colonization and Trade........................

XIV. Tyras................................. 445

XV. Olbia................................. 45 ^H4

VII. Plan of Chersonese............ ··· ··· ···,, 493

VIII. Environs of Chersonese................·· ··· „ 495

IX. Scythia................................................................................. ·...... End Paper

COIN PLATES

I. Tyras........................... to face page 664

II. Olbia, Aes Grave........................,, 666

III. Olbia. Native Kings.....................,, 668

IV. Chersonese....................;...... „ 670

V. Panticapaeum........................ „ 672

VI. Panticapaeum. Rulers of Bosporus B.c.............,, 674

VII. Kings of Bosporus to 100 a.d................... „ 676

VIII. Later Kings of Bosporus..................... „ 678

IX. Smaller States........................,, 680

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

In view of my special obligations to the Imp. Archaeological Commission which gave me full leave to copy everything and actually entrusted me with 130 blocks I have marked these (AC.): the British Museum and the Society of Antiquaries allowed me to have electrotypes of those marked (BM.) and (SA.) respectively. The numerous figures marked (K.) are copied by the gracious permission of Messrs Kondakov, Tolstoi and Reinach from their Antiquit/s de la /lassie MMdionate. Other such obligations to modern works I have acknowledged in their place.

All illustrations of objects from one find are grouped where that find is described, although any particular object may be treated of in some other part of the book and to this reference is, as far as possible, given.

FIG. PAGE

o. Heads of Scythians from Memphis, after Flinders Petrie............ xxxvii

1. Balaklava................................. 18

2. Chatyr Dagh.............................. 19

3. Scythia according to Krechetov..................... 32

4. Coin of Scilurus, after Koehne........................ 50

5. Waggon, after Bierikowski (AC.).....................

6. Waggons, after Bierikowski........................ 51

7. Kundure Tartars, after Pallas....................... 52

8. Scythians and Persians from Greek vases.................. 54

9. “Pontic” vase with Cimmerians..................... 55

10. Local Costume, Panticapaeum (K.)..................... 56

11. Tiara from Besleneevskaja (AC.)..................... 58

12. Persian Bas-reliefs shewing nomad Costume, after Flandin et Coste...... 59

13. Cylinder. Combat between Persians and Sacae, after Rawlinson......... 61

14. Coin of Tiridates II, after Dalton (BM.).................. 61

15. Bracelet from Golubinskaja (AC.)..................... 64

16. Beads, after CR............................... 65

17. Model Gorytus, after CR......................... 67

18. Sword from Aldoboly, after Hampel..................... 69

19. Bit from Constantinovo, after Bobrinskoj (AC.)............... 76

20. Bronze Standard with Deer, Belozerka (AC.)................. 77

21. Cauldron with Palmettes, Mikhailovo-Apostolovo (AC.)......... ··· 79

22. Cauldron, Khatazhukaevskij Aul (AC.).................. 79

23. Cup from Pavlovka (AC.)........................ 80

24. Scythic Cup, Constantinovo (AC.)..................... 82

25. Scythic Pottery, Constantinovo (AC.)..................... 82

26. Skull-cup, after CR............................ 83

27. Nomads, after I-yii-kuo-chih........................ 96

28. Areas near Tripolje, A, after Chvojka..................... 133

29. Grooved Pots, A, after Chvojka..................... 135

30. Painted Pots and Figure, A, after Chvojka.................. 136

31. Areas, B, and Pit-house, after Chvojka.................. 137

32. Painted Pots, B, after Chvojka........................ 138

33. Figures, B, after Chvojka........................ 139

34. Podolian Pot, after Chvojka........................ 140

35. Golden Bull, Majkop, after CR...................... 144

36. Silver Cup, Majkop, after CR·, cf.

Bronze buckle with Taniga (AC.) ···............

Catacomb of 1875 (AC.)..................

Catacomb of 1873 (AC.)..................

Catacomb of Soracus, after Kulakovskij............

Wooden Coffin from Olbia (AC.)...............

Coffin, Jiiz Oba, after CA’...................

Coffin, Vasjurin Hill (AC.) ··· ■·· ■■■ ··· ··■...

Coffin, Vitjazevo, near Anapa, after CA’.............

Same, Details, after CA...................

Same, Nereids (AC.) .....................

Same, Mouldings (AC.).....................

Coffin, Kerch (AC.)..........................

Niobid Coffin, side (AC.)...... ■■■.........

Same, end view (AC.).....................

Niobid and Pedagogue, after Zhebclev (AC.).........

Textiles from Kerch, after CA’...............

Vase fragment, Kerch, after CA’................

Side view of fig. 247.....................

Lecane from Kerch, after Trans. Od. Soc. xviu. 1.........

Lecane from Jiiz Oba, after CA’. (K.)...........

Xenophantus Vase, after C/i. (K.)...............

Sphinx Vase, Phanagoria, after CA’. (K.)............

Aphrodite Vase, Phanagoria (Photograph sent by Mr J. I. Smirnov) Aryballus, Olbia (AC.).....................

Distemper Vase, Kerch, after CA................

Cantharos, Olbia (AC.) ■■■...... ··· ··· ·■■ ■■·

Pelice, Olbia (AC.).....................

Cylix, Olbia (AC.)............ ■■■......

Megarian Bowl, Olbia (AC.)...... ·■■ ···......

Megarian Bowl, Olbia (AC.)......... ■■■......

Amphora, Olbia, after von Stern (AC.)............

Jug with metallic glaze, Olbia (Pierpont Morgan).........

Porringer with metallic glaze, Olbia (AC.) ■■■ ···......

Glass Bottle, Olbia (AC.)......... ■■■......

Casts from Terra-cotta Moulds, Chersonese, after Malmberg...

Emblema from Mould, Chersonese, after Malmberg (AC.)......

Head of Hermes from Mould, Chersonese, after Malmberg... Toy, Kerch, after Odessa Museum Terra-cottas..........

Clay Niobids, Kerch, after Zhebelev (AC.)............

Plaster Coffin-ornaments, Kerch (AC.)...............

Plaster Ornament, Kerch (AC.)... ···... ···...

Model of Coffin with Plaster Ornaments (AC.).........

Handle of Bronze Crater, Martonosha (AC.)............

Handle of Bronze Mirror (Core), Kherson (AC.).........

Handle of Bronze Mirror, Annovka (AC.)............

Couch, Phanagoria (AC.)..................

Urn in stone box, Hadzhi Mushkai (AC.)............

Canthari, Colander and Hair-pin, Olbia (Pierpont Morgan)......

Gold Wreath with Kerch (AC.)·..............

Gold Aigrette and Wreaths, Kerch, after ABC..........

Gold Cap, Ak-burun, after CA’. (K.)...............

Gold Diadems, Olbia (AC.)..................

Gold Earrings from the Bosporus, after ABC..........

Swan-earring, Kerch, after CA...................

Boy pendant, Olbia (AC.)...... ·■■...... ···

Lion-head Earring, Olbia (AC.)..................

Necklaces, etc., from Theodosia, after ABC.............

Butterfly Necklace, Chersonese (AC.)...............

PAGE Earrings in Gold and Garnet, Kerch (AC.)............ ■ ■ 409

Oriental Gems, Bosporus, after ABC. and CB............. 411

Gems by Dexamenus of Chios, after Sir A. J. Evans......... 413

Gem from Novgorod Seversk, after Pharmacovskij (AC.)......... 414

Simple Pit-grave, Olbia, after Pharmacovskij (AC.)............ 416

Pit-grave with plank ceiling, Olbia (AC)............... 416

Undercut grave, Olbia (AC.)......... ··· ···......

Plan of Vault of Heuresibius, Olbia (AC.)............ ■ ■■ 418

Section of the same (AC.)......... ··· ···.............. 4^r9

Plan and Section of Tomb, Chersonese (AC.)............ 421

Paintings from Man’s Tomb, Great Bliznitsa (AC.)............ 423

Inlay from Great Bliznitsa, etc., after CB................ 424

Gold Calathos, Great Bliznitsa, after CB. (K.)............ 425

Temple-ornament, Great Bliznitsa, after CB. (K.)............ 426

Bracelet, Great Bliznitsa, after CB. (K.)............... 426

Gems and Earring, Jiiz Oba: Gold-work, Great Bliznitsa, after CB.... 427

Stlengis, Great Bliznitsa, after CB. (K.)............... 428

Collar, Great Bliznitsa, after CB. (K.)............... 429

Objects from Artjukhov’s Barrow, after CB................ 431

Diadem, Artjukhov’s Barrow, after CB. (K.)............... 432

Artjukhov’s Barrow, Tomb II, Plan and Section (AC.)......... 433

Objects from Glinishche Tomb, after ABC................ 434

Bottle and Bracelet, Glinishche Tomb, after ABC. (K.)......... 434

Harness, Glinishche Tomb, after ABC. (K.)............... 435

Akkerman Castle.......................... 445

Gold Stater (Pseudo-Lysimachus) of Tyras............... 448

View of Olbia........................... 450

Plan of Olbia........................... 450

Letter of Articon, after Latyshev.................. 466

View of Chersonese....................... 493

Gates (A.) in the Greek Wall of Chersonese, from a photograph given by

Mr Kosciuszko-Waluzynicz.................. 500

Greek Walls of Chersonese looking se., from a photograph given by

Mr Kosciuszko-Waluzynicz.................. 501

NW. Postern, Chersonese, from a photograph given by Mr Kosciuszko-

Waluzynicz........................ 503

View between walls looking NW., from a photograph given by Mr Kosciuszko-

Waluzynicz........................ 503

Plan of sw. corner of Chersonese, after CB., and Elevation of Walls, after

Bertier-de-La-Garde..................... 505

Objects from Chersonese, after CB................... 507

Plans of Churches, Chersonese..................... 511

View of Theodosia, after Museum IVorsteyanum........... 554

Plan of Theodosia, after Bertier-de-La-Garde............... 557

View of Kerch........................... 562

Plan of Panticapaeum........................ 562

Plan of Baths, Panticapaeum (AC.).................. 565

Plan of Tanais, after Leontiev..................... 568

Stater of Dynamis, after Oreshnikov.................. 592

Chersonesan Oath, after Latyshev.................. 645

Stele of Timotheus (AC.)..................... 660

Inscription from Phanagoria (AC).................. 660

Inscription from Gorgippia (AC.).................. 659