“Strength does not come from winning. Your struggles develop your strengths.” —Arnold Schwarzenegger

Ukraine entered the 20th century as a mere shadow of its swashbuckling 9thcentury glory. The world population had become too big, and there were no more empty or lightly guarded lands; no more river systems to slip away into. If you could not stand and fight, you had to endure exploitation or extermination. You had to bide your time and nurse your strength, and wait for a leader who could lead you against your oppressor.

Ukraine had fallen very low. We will now take stock of what options remained for the shattered remnants of Kyivan Rus’.