Contents

Foreword xv

Preface xviii

PART 1

Thematic Section

General and Reference 3

Abortion 19

Alcohol, Shurb al-Khamr, Intoxicants, Drugs, Tobacco 24

Apostasy, Ridda, Irtidad, Blasphemy, Heresy, Freedom of Religion 28

Banditry, Hiraba 45

Bioethics, Euthanasia 46

Blood Money, Diya 50

Blood Vengeance 52

Children’s Rights, Juvenile Justice 53

Codification 53

Comparative Law 53

Corruption 54

Criminal Law Reform 55

Criminal Responsibility, Liability 55

Cyber Crime 57

Death Penalty 58

Defamation, Qadhf, Unfounded Accusation of Unlawful Sexual

Intercourse 60

Defence 60

Duress, Coercion 62

Financial Crime, Fraud, Economic Crime, Money Laundering 62

Foundling, Laqit 63

Gambling 64

Genocide 64

Hadd, Hudud 64

Hanafi Criminal Law 69

Hanbali Criminal Law 71

Hisba 72

Homicide, Qatl 73

Homosexuality, Liwat 75

Honour Killings, Sexual Violence, Crimes of Passion 81

Human Rights 83

Ijtihad 101

Intellectual Property Rights 101

Intent 103

International Islamic Criminal Law 103

Legality 105

Legal Maxims 106

Legal Transfer 107

Legal Uncertainties, Shubha, Doubt 107

Li^cdn 108

Maliki Criminal Law 108

Mazalim 112

Mens Rea 112

Necessity 113

Piracy 113

Police, Policing 113

Political Crime 114

Prevention 114

Prisons, Imprisonment, Prisoners 115

Proof, Evidence, Testimony, Procedure 116

Punishment 122

Qasama 127

Rape 127

Rebellion, Baghy 129

Repentance 130

Restorative Justice 130

Retribution, Qisas 131

Rights of God, Rights of Men 133

Settlement, Sulh, Arbitration 133

Sexually Transmitted Diseases 135

Shafi'i Criminal Law 135

Shi'i Criminal Law 137

Siyasa 139

Sufism 139

Suicide 139

Ta‘zir 140

Terminology 141

Terrorism 141

Theft, Sariqa 142

Torture 143

Traffic Accidents 145

TransitionalJustice 145

Tribal Law 146

War 146

Women, Gender 148

Zina., Unlawful Sexual Intercourse, Fornication, Adultery 150

PART 2

Countries, Regions, Eras and Organisations

Abbassids 155

Afghanistan 157

Africa, WestAfrica 162

Algeria 162

Arab League 163

Bangladesh 164

Brunei 164

Caucasus 166

Early Islam, Umayyads 166

Egypt 170

Germany 185

Gulf Cooperation Council 186

India 186

Indonesia 191

Iran 201

Iraq 234

Islamic State, is, isis,Daesh 235

Israel 236

Jordan 238

Kenya 240

Kuwait 240

Libya 241

Malaysia 244

Maldives 255

Mali 256

Mamluks 256

Mauritania 260

Mongols, Ilkhans 262

Morocco 262

Niger 264

Nigeria 264

North Africa, Maghreb 291

Ottoman Empire, Seljuks, Turkey 291

Pakistan 307

Palestine, Palestinian Territories 336

Qatar 337

Saudi-Arabia 337

Somalia 346

Spain (Al-Andalus) 348

Sudan 355

Syria 368

Tunisia 369

United Arab Emirates 369

United States of America 372

Yemen 372

Zanzibar 374

Glossary of Arabic Terms 375

Index of Authors 378

Index of Subjects and People 405