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References

1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ectopic preg­nancy and miscarriage: diagnosis and initial management. London: NICE; 2012 [updated Apr 2019] Clinical Guideline NG126.

www. nice.org.uk/guidance/ng126.

2. Cantwell R, Clutton-Brock T, Cooper G, et al. Saving Mothers’ Lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006­2008. The Eighth Report ofthe Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG 2011; 118 Suppl 1:1-203.

3. Horne AW, Brown JK, Nio-Kobayashi J, et al. The association be­tween smoking and ectopic pregnancy: why nicotine is BAD for your fallopian tube. PLoS One 2014;9:e89400.

4. Goksedef BP, Kef S, Akca A, Bayik RN, Cetin A. Risk factors for rup­ture in tubal ectopic pregnancy: definition of the clinical findings. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011;154:96-99.

5. Menon S, Sammel MD, Vichnin M, Barnhart KT. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comparison between adults and adolescent women. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2007;20:181-85.

6. Heinemann K, Reed S, Moehner S, Minh TD. Comparative contraceptive effectiveness of levonorgestrel-releasing and copper intrauterine devices: the European Active Surveillance Study for Intrauterine Devices. Contraception 2015;91:280-83.

7. Bhattacharya S, McLernon DJ, Lee AJ, Bhattacharya S. Reproductive outcomes following ectopic pregnancy: register­based retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2012;9:e1001243.

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9. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA). A Long Term Analysis of the HFEA Register Data 1991-2006. London: HFEA; 2007.

10. Yadav K, Akanksha, Jaryal AK, Coshic P, Chatterjee K, Deepak KK. Effect of hypovolemia on efficacy of reflex maintenance of blood pressure on orthostatic challenge.

High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2016;23:25-30.

11. Taylor N. Transient false-positive urine human chorionic gonad­otropin in septic shock. Am J Emerg Med 2015;33:864.e1-2.

12. Mehta TS LD, Beckwith B. Treatment of ectopic pregnancy: is a human chorionic gonadotrophin level of 2,000mIU∕mL a reason­able threshold? Radiology 1997;205:569-73.

13. Kirk E, Bottomley C, Bourne T. Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of un­known location. Hum Reprod Update 2014;20:250-61.

14. Mavrelos D, Nicks H, Jamil A, Hoo W, Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D. Efficacy and safety of a clinical protocol for expectant manage­ment of selected women diagnosed with a tubal ectopic preg­nancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;42:102-107.

15. Kirk E, Papageorghiou AT, Condous G, Tan L, Bora S, Bourne T. The diagnostic effectiveness of an initial transvaginal scan in detecting ectopic pregnancy. Hum Reprod 2007;22:2824-28.

16. Barnhart K, van Mello NM, Bourne T, et al. Pregnancy of un­known location: a consensus statement of nomenclature, defin­itions, and outcome. Fertil Steril 2011;95:857-66.

17. Unger HW, Starrs L, Scott L, Critchley HO, Duncan WC, Horne AW. The financial costs to patients of diagnosing and excluding ectopic pregnancy. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2013;39:197-200.

18. Hajenius PJ, Mol F, Mol BW, Bossuyt P, Ankum WM, van der Veen F. Interventions for tubal ectopic pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;1:CD000324.

19. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Laparoscopic Management of Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy. Consent Advice No. 8. London: RCOG; 2010.

20. Mol F, van Mello NM, Strandell A, et al. Salpingotomy versus salpin­gectomy in women with tubal pregnancy (ESEP study): an open- label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014;383:1483-89.

21. Johnson N, van Voorst S, Sowter MC, Strandell A, Mol BW. Surgical treatment for tubal disease in women due to undergo in vitro fertilisation.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;1:CD002125.

22. Tsiami A, Chaimani A, Mavridis D, Siskou M, Assimakopoulos E, Sotiriadis A. Surgical treatment for hydrosalpinx prior to IVF-ET: a network meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;48:434-45.

23. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Summary of medicinal product characteristics: methotrexate. 2015. Available at: https:// www.medicines.org.uk∕emc.

24. Boots CE, Hill MJ, Feinberg EC, Lathi RB, Fowler SA, Jungheim ES. Methotrexate does not affect ovarian reserve or subsequent assisted reproductive technology outcomes. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016;33:647-56.

25. Sowter MC, Farquhar CM, Gudex G. An economic evaluation of single dose systemic methotrexate and laparoscopic sur­gery for the treatment of unruptured ectopic pregnancy. BJOG 2001;108:204-12.

26. Fernandez H, Capmas P, Lucot JP, Resch B, Panel P, Bouyer J. Fertility after ectopic pregnancy: the DEMETER randomized trial. Hum Reprod 2013;28:1247-53.

27. Elson CJ, Salim, R, Potdar N, Chetty M, Ross JA, Kirk EJ on be­half of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. BJOG. 2016;123:e15-e55.

28. van Mello NM, Mol F, Verhoeve HR, et al. Methotrexate or ex­pectant management in women with an ectopic pregnancy or pregnancy of unknown location and low serum hCG concentra­tions? A randomized comparison. Hum Reprod 2013;28:60-67.

29. Helmy S, Sawyer E, Ofili-Yebovi D, Yazbek J, Ben Nagi J, Jurkovic D. Fertility outcomes following expectant management of tubal ectopic pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007;30:988-93.

30. Mavrelos D, Memtsa M, Helmy S, Derdelis G, Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D. beta-hCG resolution times during expectant management of tubal ectopic pregnancies. BMC Womens Health 2015;15:43.

31. Chetty M, Elson J. Treating non-tubal ectopic pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009;23:529-38.

32. Hunt S, Talmor A, B V. Management of non-tubal ectopic preg­nancies at a large tertiary hospital.

Reprod Biomed Online 2016;33:79-84.

33. Chuckus A, Tirada N, Restrepo R, Reddy N. Uncommon implant­ation sites of ectopic pregnancy: thinking beyond the complex ad­nexal mass. Radiographics 2014;35:946-59.

34. Wang CJ, Tsai F, Chen C, Chao A. Hysteroscopic management of heterotopic cesarean scar pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2010;94:1529. e15-18.

35. Litwicka K, Greco E. Caesarean scar pregnancy: a review of man­agement options. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2013;25:456-61.

36. Jurkovic D, Knez J, Appiah A, Farahani L, Mavrelos D, Ross JA. Surgical treatment of Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided suction curettage. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;47:511-17.

37. Fuchs N, Manoucheri E, Verbaan M, Einarsson J. Laparoscopic management of extrauterine pregnancy in caesarean section scar: description of a surgical technique and review of the literature. BJOG 2015;122:137-40.

38. Eom JM, Choi JS, Ko JH, et al. Surgical and obstetric outcomes of laparoscopic management for women with heterotopic preg­nancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013;39:1580-86.

39. Clayton HB, Schieve LA, Peterson HB, Jamieson DJ, Reynolds MA, Wright VC. A comparison of heterotopic and intrauterine-only pregnancy outcomes after assisted reproductive technologies in the United States from 1999 to 2002. Fertil Steril 2007;87:303-309.

40. Tong S, Skubisz MM, Horne AW Molecular diagnostics and thera­peutics for ectopic pregnancy. Mol Hum Reprod 2015;21:126-35.

41. Refaat B. Role of activins in embryo implantation and diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy: a review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:116.

42. Lekovich J, Witkin SS, Doulaveris G, et al. Elevated serum interleukin-1beta levels and interleukin-1beta-to-interleukin-1 receptor antagonist ratio 1 week after embryo transfer are associ­ated with ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2015; 104:1190-94.

43. Skubisz MM, Horne AW, Johns TG, et al. Combination gefitinib and methotrexate compared with methotrexate alone to treat ec­topic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2013;122:745-51.

44. Horne AW, Skubisz MM, Doust A, et al. Phase II single arm open label multicentre clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of a combination of gefitinib and methotrexate to treat tubal ectopic pregnancies (GEM II): study protocol. BMJ Open 2013;3:e002902.

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Source: Arulkumaran S., Ledger W., Denny L., Doumouchtsis S. (eds.). Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Oxford University Press,2020. — 928 p.. 2020
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