REFERENCES
1. DeVita VT Jr, Chu E. A history of cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2008;68:8643-53.
2. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 2011;144:646-74.
3. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000;100:57-70.
4. Stuart GC, Kitchener H, Bacon M, et al. 2010 Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup (GCIG) consensus statement on clinical trials in ovarian cancer: report from the Fourth Ovarian Cancer Consensus Conference. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011;21:750-55.
5. McGuire WP, Hoskins WJ, Brady MF, et al. Cyclophosphamide and cisplatin compared with paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with stage III and stage IV ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1-6.
6. Eisenhauer EA, ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Swenerton KD, et al. European-Canadian randomized trial of paclitaxel in relapsed ovarian cancer: high-dose versus low-dose and long versus short infusion. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:2654-66.
7. Kumar A, Hoskins PJ, Tinker AV Dose-dense paclitaxel in advanced ovarian cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2015;27:40-47.
8. Jaaback K, Johnson N, Lawrie TA. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy for the initial management of primary epithelial ovarian cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;1:CD005340.
9. Vergote I, Trope CG, Amant F, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or primary surgery in stage IIIC or IV ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 2010;363:943-53.
10. Kehoe S, Hook J, Nankivell M, et al. Primary chemotherapy versus primary surgery for newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer (CHORUS): an open-label, randomised, controlled, non-infer- iority trial. Lancet 2015;386:249-57.
11. Riester M, Wei W, Waldron L, et al. Risk prediction for late-stage ovarian cancer by meta-analysis of 1525 patient samples. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014;106:dju048.
12. Colombo N, Conte PF, Pignata S, Raspagliesi F, Scambia G. Bevacizumab in ovarian cancer: focus on clinical data and future perspectives.
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016;97:335-48.13. Burger RA, Brady MF, Bookman MA, et al. Incorporation of bevacizumab in the primary treatment of ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2473-83.
14. Perren TJ, Swart AM, Pfisterer J, et al. A phase 3 trial of bevacizumab in ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2484-96. [Erratum in: N Engl JMed 2012;366:284.]
15. Oza AM, Cook AD, Pfisterer J, et al. Standard chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for women with newly diagnosed ovarian cancer (ICON7): overall survival results of a phase 3 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 2015;16:928-36.
16. Aghajanian C, Blank SV, Goff BA, et al. OCEANS: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent epithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:2039-45.
17. Pujade-Lauraine E, Hilpert F, Weber B, et al. Bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy for platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer: the AURELIA open-label randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:1302-308. [Erratum in: J Clin Oncol 2014;32:4025.]
18. du Bois A, Floquet A, Kim JW, et al. Incorporation of pazopanib in maintenance therapy of ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:3374-82.
19. Ledermann JA, Embleton AC, Raja F, et al. Cediranib in patients with relapsed platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer (ICON6): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2016;387:1066-74. [Erratum in: Lancet 2016;387:1722.]
20. Ledermann J, Harter P, Gourley C, et al. Olaparib maintenance therapy in patients with platinum-sensitive relapsed serous ovarian cancer: a preplanned retrospective analysis of outcomes by BRCA status in a randomized phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:852-61. [Erratum in: Lancet Oncol 2015;16:e158.]
21. Oza AM, Cibula D, Benzaquen AO, et al. Olaparib combined with chemotherapy for recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer: a randomized phase 2 trial.
Lancet Oncol 2015;16:87-97. [Erratum in: Lancet Oncol 2015;16:e6, e55.]22. Lheureux S, Karakasis K, Kohn EC, Oza AM. Ovarian cancer treatment: the end of empiricism? Cancer 2015;121:3203-11.
23. Colombo N, Peiretti M, Castiglione M, ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Non-epith elial ovarian cancer: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2009;20 Suppl 4:24-26.
24. Randall ME, Filiaci VL, Muss H, et al. Randomized phase III trial of whole-abdominal irradiation versus doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:36-44.
25. Hogberg T, Signorelli M, de Oliveira CF, et al. Sequential adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in endometrial cancer—results from two randomised studies. Eur J Cancer 2010;46:2422-31.
26. Hoskins PJ, Swenerton KD, Pike JA, et al. Paclitaxel and carboplatin, alone or with irradiation, in advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer: a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:4048-53.
27. Fleming GF, Brunetto VL, Cella D, et al. Phase III trial of doxorubicin plus cisplatin with or without paclitaxel plus filgrastim in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2159-66.
28. Lheureux S, Wilson M, Mackay HJ. Recent and current phase II clinical trials in endometrial cancer: review of the state of art. Expert Opin InvestigDrugs 2014;23:773-92.
29. Lheureux S, Oza AM. Endometrial cancer-targeted therapies myth or reality? Review of current targeted treatments. Eur J Cancer 2016;59:99-108.
30. Munoz N, Bosch FX, Chichareon S, et al. A multinational case-control study on the risk of cervical cancer linked to 25 HPV types: which are the high-risk types? In: Castellsague X, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Moreno V, Ribes J (eds), International Papillomavirus Conference—Program and Abstracts Book, p. 125. Barcelona: International Papillomavirus Conference; 2000.
31. Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S.
Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lancet 2007;370:890-907.32. Trottier H, Franco EL. The epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Vaccine 2006;24 Suppl 1:S1-15.
33. Ault KA. Epidemiology and natural history of human papillomavirus infections in the female genital tract. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2006;2006 Suppl:40470.
34. Brisson J, Morin C, Fortier M, et al. Risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: differences between low- and highgrade lesions. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:700-10.
35. Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, Critchlow CW, et al. A cohort study of the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 in relation to papillomavirus infection. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1272-78.
36. Schiffman MH, Bauer HM, Hoover RN, et al. Epidemiologic evidence showing that human papillomavirus infection causes most cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:958-64.
37. Moyer VA, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for cervical cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2012;156:880-91, W312. [Erratum in: Ann Intern Med 2013;158:852.]
38. Whitney CW, Sause W, Bundy BN, et al. Randomized comparison of fluorouracil plus cisplatin versus hydroxyurea as an adjunct to radiation therapy in stage IIB-IVA carcinoma of the cervix with negative para-aortic lymph nodes: a Gynecologic Oncology Group and Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1339-48.
39. Trimble E, Gius D, Harlan LC. Impact of NCI announcement upon use of chemoradiation for women with cervical cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:283s.
40. McNeil C. New standard of care for cervical cancer sets stage for next questions. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:500-501.
41. Monk BJ, Sill MW, McMeekin DS, et al. Phase III trial of four cisplatin-containing doublet combinations in stage IVB, recurrent, or persistent cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:4649-55.
42. Kitagawa R, Katsumata N, Shibata T, et al. Paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus paclitaxel plus cisplatin in metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer: the open-label randomized phase III trial JCOG0505. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:2129-35.
43. Tewari KS, Sill MW, Long HJ 3rd, et al. Improved survival with bevacizumab in advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 2014;370:734-43.
44. Greer BE, Koh WJ. New NCCN guidelines for vulvar cancer. JNatl Compr Canc Netw 2016; 14 Suppl 5:656-58.
45. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Integrated genomic analyses of ovarian carcinoma. Nature 2011;474:609-15. [Erratum in: Nature 2012;490:298.]
46. Ledermann JA. PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 2016;27 Suppl 1:i40-44.
47. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, Kandoth C, Schultz N, et al. Integrated genomic characterization ofendometrial carcinoma. Nature 2013;497:67-73. [Erratum in: Nature 2013;500:242.]
48. Wiegand KC, Shah SP, Al-Agha OM, et al. ARID1A mutations in endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinomas. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1532-43.
49. Hollis RL, Gourley C. Genetic and molecular changes in ovarian cancer. CancerBiol Med 2016;13:236-47.
50. Grisham RN. Low-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary. Oncology (Williston Park) 2016;30:650-52.
51. Singer G, Oldt R 3rd, Cohen Y, et al. Mutations in BRAF and KRAS characterize the development of low-grade ovarian serous carcinoma. JNatl CancerInst 2003;95:484-86.
52. Ojesina AI, Lichtenstein L, Freeman SS, et al. Landscape of genomic alterations in cervical carcinomas. Nature 2014;506:371-75 (PMID: 28112728).
53. Fisher R, Pusztai L, Swanton C. Cancer heterogeneity: implications for targeted therapeutics. Br J Cancer 2013;108:479-85.
54. Hiley C, de Bruin EC, McGranahan N, Swanton C. Deciphering intratumor heterogeneity and temporal acquisition of driver events to refine precision medicine. Genome Biol 2014;15:453.
55. Burrell RA, McGranahan N, Bartek J, Swanton C. The causes and consequences of genetic heterogeneity in cancer evolution.
Nature 2013;501:338-45.56. Greaves M, Maley CC. Clonal evolution in cancer. Nature 2012;481:306-13.
57. Bashashati A, Ha G, Tone A, et al. Distinct evolutionary trajectories of primary high-grade serous ovarian cancers revealed through spatial mutational profiling. J Pathol 2013;231:21-34.
58. Schwarz RF, Ng CK, Cooke SL, et al. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in high-grade serous ovarian cancer: a phylogenetic analysis. PLoS Med 2015;12:e1001789.
59. Yachida S, Jones S, Bozic I, et al. Distant metastasis occurs late during the genetic evolution of pancreatic cancer. Nature 2010;467:1114-17.
60. Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S, et al. Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N Engl J Med 2012;366:883-92. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2012;367:976.]
61. Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, et al. Somatic versus germinal mutation. In: An Introduction to Genetic Analysis, 7th edn. New York: WH. Freeman; 2000. Available at: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21894/.
62. Cavanagh H, Rogers KM. The role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in prostate, pancreatic and stomach cancers. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2015;13:16.
63. Prat J. Ovarian carcinomas: five distinct diseases with different origins, genetic alterations, and clinicopathological features. Virchows Arch 2012;460:237-49.
64. Hsu CY, Bristow R, Cha MS, et al. Characterization of active mitogen-activated protein kinase in ovarian serous carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:6432-36.
65. McAlpine JN, Wiegand KC, Vang R, et al. HER2 overexpression and amplification is present in a subset of ovarian mucinous carcinomas and can be targeted with trastuzumab therapy. BMC Cancer 2009;9:433.
66. Friedlander ML, Russell K, Millis S, Gatalica Z, Bender R, Voss A. Molecular profiling of clear cell ovarian cancers: identifying potential treatment targets for clinical trials. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2016;26:648-54.
67. Catasus L, Bussaglia E, Rodrguez I, et al. Molecular genetic alterations in endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary: similar frequency of beta-catenin abnormalities but lower rate of microsatellite instability and PTEN alterations than in uterine endometrioid carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2004;35:1360-68.
68. Husain RS, Ramakrishnan V. Global variation of human papillomavirus genotypes and selected genes involved in cervical malignancies. Ann Glob Health 2015;81:675-83.
69. Agarwal SM, Raghav D, Singh H, Raghava GP. CCDB: a curated database of genes involved in cervix cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2011;39(Database issue):D975-79.
70. Forbes SA, Bindal N, Bamford S, et al. COSMIC: mining complete cancer genomes in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2011;39(Database issue):D945-50.
71. Trietsch MD, Nooij LS, Gaarenstroom KN, van Poelgeest MI. Genetic and epigenetic changes in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor lesions: a review of the current literature. Gynecol Oncol 2015;136:143-57.
72. Holway AH, Rieger-Christ KM, Miner WR, et al. Somatic mutation of PTEN in vulvar cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:3228-35.
73. Soufir N, Queille S, Liboutet M, et al. Inactivation ofthe CDKN2A and the p53 tumour suppressor genes in external genital carcinomas and their precursors. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:448-53.
74. Trietsch MD, Spaans VM, ter Haar NT, et al. CDKN2A (p16) and HRAS are frequently mutated in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2014;135:149-55.
75. Surget S, Khoury MP, Bourdon JC. Uncovering the role of p53 splice variants in human malignancy: a clinical perspective. Onco Targets Ther 2013;7:57-68.
76. Hong B, van den Heuvel AP, Prabhu VV, Zhang S, El-Deiry WS. Targeting tumor suppressor p53 for cancer therapy: strategies, challenges and opportunities. Curr Drug Targets 2014;15:80-89.
77. Olivier M, Hollstein M, Hainaut P. TP53 mutations in human cancers: origins, consequences, and clinical use. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010;2:a001008.
78. Li FP, Fraumeni JF Jr, Mulvihill JJ, et al. A cancer family syndrome in twenty-four kindreds. Cancer Res 1988;48:5358-62.
79. Malkin D, Li FP, Strong LC, et al. Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science 1990;250:1233-38. [Erratum in: Science 1993; 259:878.]
80. Chen S, Parmigiani G. Meta-analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 penetrance. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:1329-33.
81. Alsop K, Fereday S, Meldrum C, et al. BRCA mutation frequency and patterns of treatment response in BRCA mutation-positive women with ovarian cancer: a report from the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:2654-663. [Erratum in: J Clin Oncol 2012;30:4180.]
82. McCabe N, Turner NC, Lord CJ, et al. Deficiency in the repair of DNA damage by homologous recombination and sensitivity to poly(ADP-r ibose) polymerase inhibition. Cancer Res 2006;66:8109-115.
83. Pennington KP, Walsh T, Harrell MI, et al. Germline and somatic mutations in homologous recombination genes predict platinum response and survival in ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2014;20:764-75.
84. Ashworth A. A synthetic lethal therapeutic approach: poly(ADP) ribose polymerase inhibitors for the treatment of cancers deficient in DNA double- strand break repair. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3785-90.
85. Farmer H, McCabe N, Lord CJ, et al. Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature 2005;434:917-21.
86. Walsh CS. Two decades beyond BRCA1/2: homologous recombination, hereditary cancer risk and a target for ovarian cancer therapy. Gynecol Oncol 2015;137:343-50.
87. Turner N, Tutt A, Ashworth A. Hallmarks of ‘BRCAness’ in sporadic cancers. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:814-19.
88. McAlpine JN, Temkin SM, Mackay HJ. Endometrial cancer: not your grandmother’s cancer. Cancer 2016;122:2787-98.
89. Erten MZ, Fernandez LP, Ng HK, et al. Universal versus targeted screening for Lynch syndrome: comparing ascertainment and costs based on clinical experience. Dig Dis Sci 2016;61:2887-95.
90. Kristeleit RS, Miller RE, Kohn EC. Gynecologic cancers: emerging novel strategies for targeting DNA repair deficiency. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016;35:e259-68.
91. Bykov VJ, Wiman KG. Mutant p53 reactivation by small molecules makes its way to the clinic. FEBS Lett 2014;588:2622-27.
92. Tommasino M, Accardi R, Caldeira S, et al. The role of TP53 in cervical carcinogenesis. Hum Mutat 2003;21:307-12.
93. Fujiwara K, McAlpine JN, Lheureux S, Matsumura N, Oza AM. Paradigm shift in the management strategy for epithelial ovarian cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016;35:e247-57.
94. Salvesen HB, Werner HM, Krakstad C. PI3K pathway in gynecologic malignancies. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2013. doi: 10.1200/EdBook_AM.2013.33.e218.
95. Jones S, Wang TL, Shih IM, et al. Frequent mutations of chromatin remodeling gene ARID1A in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Science 2010;330:228-31.
96. Bitler BG, Aird KM, Garipov A, et al. Synthetic lethality by targeting EZH2 methyltransferase activity in ARID1A-mutated cancers. NatMed 2015;21:231-38.
97. Sonoda K. Molecular biology of gynecological cancer. Oncol Lett 2016;11:16-22.
98. Bourla AB, Zamarin D. Immunotherapy: new strategies for the treatment of gynecologic malignancies. Oncology (Williston Park) 2016;30:59-66, 69.
99. Oku H, Hase S. Studies on the substrate specificity of neutral alpha- mannosidase purified from Japanese quail oviduct by using sugar chains from glycoproteins. J Biochem 1991;110:982-89.
100. de Jong RA, Leffers N, Boezen HM, et al. Presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is an independent prognostic factor in type I and II endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2009;114:105-10.
101. Salazar MD, Ratnam M. The folate receptor: what does it promise in tissue-targeted therapeutics? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007;26:141-52.
102. Reddy JA, Allagadda VM, Leamon CP. Targeting therapeutic and imaging agents to folate receptor positive tumors. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2005;6:131-50.
103. Kalli KR, Oberg AL, Keeney GL, et al. Folate receptor alpha as a tumor target in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2008;108:619-26.
104. Toffoli G, Russo A, Gallo A, et al. Expression of folate binding protein as a prognostic factor for response to platinum-containing chemotherapy and survival in human ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 1998;79:121-26.
105. Markert S, Lassmann S, Gabriel B, et al. Alpha-folate receptor expression in epithelial ovarian carcinoma and non-neoplastic ovarian tissue. Anticancer Res 2008;28:3567-72.
106. Walters CL, Arend RC, Armstrong DK, Naumann RW, Alvarez RD. Folate and folate receptor alpha antagonists mechanism of action in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2013;131:493-98.
107. Ledermann J, Harter P, Gourley C, et al. Olaparib maintenance therapy in platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1382-92.