See also notes and references at ends of Chapters 6, 8,12, and 17

Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (Duhem), 52, 251

Aims of Science (Popper), 115

Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation (Lewis), 236

Analysis of Questions: Preliminary Report (Belnap), 247

Appearance and Reality (Bradley), 268

Arabian Nights, 118

Assayer (Galileo), 111

Autobiography (Franklin), 431

Autobiography (Mill), 455

Battle for the Mind (Sargant), 518

Bible, 12, 13, 442, 450, 453, 457, 478, 481, 484

Certain Physiological Essays (Boyle), 111 Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud), 408

Completeness In Science (Schlegel), 184

Concept of Mind (Ryle), 109

Concept of Space (Jammer), 227 Continuum of Inductive Methods (Carnap), 84

Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 99, 443, 451, 454, 466

De Caelo (Aristotle), 225

Devil's Disciple (Shaw), 415

Dialogues on Natural Religion (Hume), 180

Doctor Jeckyll and Mister Hyde (Stevenson), 414

Ecclesiastes, 442

Eighteenth Century Revolution in Science (Meldrum), 124

Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (Hegel), 267

Encyclopedia of the Unified Science, 409, 415

Essay on Metaphysics (Collingwood), 243 Ethics (Spinoza), 442-3

Experimenta et Observationes Physicae (Boyle), 112

Experiments and Observations on Dif­ferent Kinds of Air (Priestley), 246

Fact, Fiction and Forecast (Goodman), 165 Faraday as a Natural Philosopher (Agassi),

354

Faust, 414, 442

Free Man's Worship (Russell), 509, 515,

516, 517, 523

Gilgamesh, 447

Gorgiase (Plato), 26, 29

Great Instauration (Bacon), 98, 431, 461 Greater Hippias (Plato), 26

Guide for the Perplexed (Maimonides), 442, 451, 471

Heavenly City of the 18th Century

Philosopher (Becker), 392, 462 Holzwege (Heidegger), 268

Inventor and His World (Hatfield), 282 I and Thou (Buber), 415, 513

Identity of Man (Bronowski), 407 International Encyclopedia for Unified

Science, 409, 415

Inquiry into Meaning and Truth (Russell), 119

Joan and Peter (Wells), 406

Jewish State (Herzl), 55

Later Philosophy of R.

(Donagan), 253

Lectures on Social Anthropology

(Evans-Pritchard), 124

Letter to the Grand Duchess (Galileo), 489 Limits of Empiricism (Russell), 309 Logic of Liberty (Polanyi), 113

Logic of Scientific Discovery (Popper),

24, 30, 33, 40-50, 69, 113, 133, 136, 143, 145, 166, 188, 216, 221, 234, 262, 355, 367, 368, 370, 372, 378, 384, 387, 390, 399, 423

Logical Foundations of Probability (Carnap), 286

Logical Structure of the World and Pseudo-problems of Philosophy (Carnap), 445

Meaning of Relativity (Einstein), 23

Metaphysical Foundations of Modern

Physical Science (Burt), 20, 426 Metaphysics (Aristotle), 212 Moses (Buber), 507

Mysticism and Logic (Russell), 212

Narcissism (Freud), 445

Natural History of a Country (Boyle), 245 Nature and the Greeks (Schrodinger), 102 Nature of Philosophical Problems and

Their Roots in Science (Popper), 220 New Approach to the Logical Theory of

Interrogatives (Aqvist), 248

Notes and Queries of the Royal Anthropo­logical Institute, 245

Novum Organum (Bacon), 123, 159, 452 Nuer Religion (Evans-Pritchard), 124

Open Society and Its Enemies (Popper),

33, 34, 322, 370, 371, 373, 376, 378, 405, 423, 490, 499

Opticks (Newton), 141, 245, 484

Outline of Pyrrhonism (Sextus), 424, 453

Personal Knowledge (Polanyi), 249, 472, 506-7

Phaedo (Plato), 26

Phenomonology of Mind (Hegel), 267 Philosophical Essay on Probability (Laplace), 285

Philosophical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (Reichenbach), 285

Philosophical Investigations

(Wittgenstein), 208

Philosophia Naturalis Principia

Mathematica (Newton), 227-8

Philosophy of Right (Hegel), 267

Philosophy of Science: Personal Report (Popper), 224

Postscript: After Twenty Years (Popper), 371

Poverty of Historicism (Popper), 370 Preliminary Discourse to the Study of

Natural Philosophy (Herschel), 146, 340 Principia Mathematica (Whitehead and Russell), 352

Principia Philosophiae (Descartes), 309 Problemata (pseudo-Aristotle), 245 Problem of Knowledge (Ayer), 361 Prolegomena (Kant), 99

Religion and Science (Russell), 11 Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone (Kant), 479, 486

Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics (Wittgenstein), 421

Retreat to Commitment (Bartley), 499

Science of Logic (Hegel), 267

Scientific Research (Bunge), 178

Shape of Things to Come (Welles), 406 Speculum Mentis (Collingwood), 434 Sponsored Research Policy of Colleges and Universities, 317

Symposium (Plato), 456-7

System of the World (Laplace), 448, 467

Testability and Meaning (Carnap), 120-1, 383

Tonio Kroger (Mann), 442

Three Views Concerning Human Know­ledge (Popper), 367, 368, 378, 387, 390-1, 396

Timeus (Plato), 215

Towards an Historiography of Science (Agassi), 123, 361

Tractatus Logico —Philosophicus (Wittgenstein), 32, 100, 212, 261, 309, 421, 445, 452, 492

Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (Snow), 419

Two Types of Faith (Buber), 502-3

Value of Science (Poincare), 64

Ackerknecht, E.

Adler, Alfred, vii, 225, 441 Agassi, Judith Buber, viii, 35 Agassiz, Louis, 5, 67 Akzin, B., 377

Alexander, H. G., 50 Ampere, A. M., 76, 78, 177, 200, 272,

320, 457, 495 Anderson, C. D., 78-80 Anderson, L. Stemford, 441 Anscomb, G. E. M., 482-3 Anselm, St., 470 Antisthenes, 233 Antony, St., 453 Aquinas, St. Thomas, 477 Aqvist, Lennart, 240,246,248,253-5,265 Archimedes, 191

Aristotle, 65-6, 102, 138, 155-6, 211-2, 215, 224, 233, 235, 245, 257-60, 269, 280, 325, 393, 449, 456-8, 462-3, 477, 484, 493

Arkesilaos, 455 Aston, F.W., 161 Augustine, St., 470 Austen, Jane, 454 Austin, J., 351

Averroes, 477

Ayer, A. J., 133, 136, 141-2, 150, 360

Bach, Johann Sebastian, 509

Bacon, Francis, 11, 45, 50-1, 66-7, 72, 74-7,92,96,98-9,103,117,123,127-9, 134-5, 137-8, 146, 150-4, 156-7, 159, 161, 181, 189, 191, 202, 211, 213-5, 221-2, 224, 232, 254, 280, 289, 304, 311-12, 314, 341, 346, 351, 355, 392, 409-11, 413-16, 420, 424, 431, 435-7, 442, 445, 447-8, 450-2, 457-8, 461-3, 477, 481, 509

Bacon, Roger, 463

Bar-Hillel, Y., 90, 310, 382

Barker, A. E., 444

Barker, S., 50

Bartley, W. W., iii, viii, 34, 130, 145, 149-50, 314, 363, 365, 372, 376-7, 379, 386-8, 394, 398-401, 422-4, 440, 453, 455, 473, 499, 508, 511-12, 519

Bayen, 123

Bayes, 180

Beccaria, G. B., 272

Becker, Carl, 392, 445, 462

Becquerel, Edmond, 275

Beethoven, 417

Bellarmine, St. Robert, Cardinal, 204-5,

269, 335, 488-90, 494

Belnap, Nuel, 240, 247-8, 253-4, 255, 265

Bergman, Ingmar, 283

Bergman, S. H.,

Berkeley, 73, 267, 307-9, 472 Bernoulli, James, 95

Berthollet, C. L., 407, 445

Biot, J. B., 161

Black, Joseph, 53, 123, 367

Black, H., 452

Bligh, Wm, 245

Blau, Joseph, 451

Bochensky, M., 389-90

Bode, J. E., 223

Boethius, 451, 456, 463

Bohr, Niels, 149, 161, 178, 197, 200, 204-7, 269, 328, 358, 363, 395, 427, 488

Bolingbroke, 452

Boltzmann, L., 52, 228-9, 454, 514 Boole, George, 248-9, 268-9

Borchard, Ruth, 455

Borges, Jorge Luis, 289, 474

Born, Max, 15, 185

Boscovich, R.

Boyle, Robert, 50-1, 72, 111-4, 128-30, 137-9, 150, 180-1, 193-4, 220, 222, 226, 245, 250, 265, 281, 289, 291, 326, 383, 426, 450, 454-6, 465, 477-8, 480, 513

Bradley, F. H., 268, 507, 512

Bradley, J., 170

Braithwaite, R. B., 312

Bragg, Wm, 206

Brahe, Tycho, 58, 452

Brahms, 453

Braun, Vernher von, 414-5

Brewster, Sir David, 286

Bridgman, P. W., 27-9

Bromberger, Sylvain, 240, 244, 249, 251, 255-7, 261-4

Brod, Max, 452

Bronowski, Jacob, 407

Brown, Norman O., 441

Brown, Robert, 159

Browning, 444

Brunelleschi, Philippo Lapi, 462

Bruno, Giordano, 99, 128, 418, 428, 458

Buber, Martin, 415, 469, 472, 501-10, 513-14

Buchdahl, G., 449

Bultmann, Rudolf Karl, 502, 513

Bunge, Mario, 148, 150, 178-9, 254-5, 266, 363, 441, 512

Bunuel, 515

Burkhardt, Jacob, 54

Burtt, E. A., 20, 39, 240, 270, 272, 426, 458

Butler, Samuel, 482

Carnap, R., 82, 84-5, 88, 90,107,120-1, 136, 150, 253, 256, 286-7, 303, 312, 331, 345-6, 382-3, 409, 430, 434-5, 446-7

Carroll, Lewis, 116

Cassirer, E., 193, 201

Cavendish, 230, 327

Cezanne, 38

Chamberlin, Ths. C., 68

Chamisso, A., 245

Chekhov, Anton, 442

Chesterton, G. K., 469

Chladni, E. F. F., 329

Chomsky, Noam, 245, 298, 305

Church, Alon, 30, 39

Clarke, Samuel, 452

Cohen, I. B., 22

Cohen, R. S., xviii, 267

Collingwood, R. G., 243-4, 246-7, 249, 250, 253-4, 256, 262, 264, 434-5, 507

Colombus, Christopher, 356, 458 Compton, A. H.

Comes, Natalis, 413, 451

Comte, Auguste, 407, 446, 456, 511 Conant, J. B., 16

Condorcet, 407, 445

Confucius, 124

Cook, James, 245

Copernicus, 58, 64, 127, 139, 155, 189, 191,198-200, 205, 211, 231, 259,488-9 Copelston, F. J., 482-3

Cotes, Roger, 260

Coulomb, 202, 228, 230, 272

Crescas, Rabbi, Hasdi, 451

Croce, Benedetto, 268-9

Crombie, A. A. C., 449-50, 462-3 Crusoe, Robinson, 209, 516

Cupid, 451

Daguerre, 296, 304-5

Dalton, John, 16, 105, 161, 209, 454 Darrow, Clarence, 326

Darwin, Chs., 82, 152-3, 317, 333, 441, 478, 481-2, 512

Davy Humphrey, 75, 78, 105

Democritus, 31, 227, 238, 492

Descartes, 11, 23, 65-6, 99-100, 102, 128, 156, 204, 210-11, 213, 225-8, 240, 257, 259-60, 277, 280, 286-7, 309, 314, 324, 391-2, 407, 410-11, 419, 426-8, 433, 443, 448-9, 455-6, 458-9, 477 DeWulf

Dianne, 8Iff

Dickens, Chs., 419

Diderot, Denis, 31

Dilthey, Wilhelm, 417

Dingier, H., 162

Dirac, P.

Dostoevsky, 442

Dreyfuss, 56

Dryden, John, 419

Dubois de Fosseux, 459

Duhem, Pierre, 52, 92-3, 107-9, 120-1, 123,129,131-2,150,158-9,160-3,169, 171-4, 178-9, 181, 191, 193, 195-6, 200-1, 205, 218, 251-2, 262, 269, 289, 304, 318-21, 326, 375, 379, 392-3, 437-8, 448, 463, 469, 472, 484, 486-9, 493-6, 499, 510, 522

Duhring, Eugen, 449

Dumas, J. B. S., 270-1 Durkheim, Emile, 124

Eddington, A. S., 41, 60, 62-3, 76, 159­60, 162, 288, 300-1, 386, 392

Edelson, L., 454

Edison, Thomas Alva, 283-9, 291, 294­5, 298-301, 303-4

Eichmann, 415

Einstein, xv, 1, 2, 5, 10-15, 17-24, 27, 32, 35-6, 38, 41, 47, 52, 60, 66, 76-8, 81-2, 96, 101, 114-5, 119, 123, 160, 172,185,193,196,199,200,205-7,210, 220, 227, 232, 252, 266, 272, 285-6, 288,293, 300, 302, 312,320,327-8, 384,

395.422.431- 2,435,459,461,465,478, 482, 500, 502, 511, 522

Elkana, Y., 8

Ellis, Henny, 445

Ellis, R. L., 413, 448, 461, 463

Emerson, R., 449

Enkidu, 447

Engels, Friedrich, 449

Erikson, Erik, 304, 455

Ettinger, S., 20

Euclid, 172, 227, 347, 422, 450 Euler, Leonhard, 156, 448 Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 124, 152-3, 522

Faraday, 12, 13, 26, 35, 38-9, 78, 156, 175-6, 193, 210, 213, 218, 225, 227-32, 244, 257, 270-3, 275, 277, 279-81, 288-9, 298, 320, 327, 329, 341, 354-6,

379.431- 2,460,479,495

Faustus, 414

Fechner, G. T., 417

Feigl, H., 136, 150, 446

Ferre, F„ 501-2

Feyerabend, P. K., 150-1, 196-7, 199­201, 440, 455, 489

Fichte, 466

Finetti, Bruno de, 460

FitzGerald, G. F., 196

Fourier, Joseph, 263

Ford, Henry, 303

Fra Angelico, 509

Frank, Ph., 15

Franklin, Benjamin, 53, 280, 431

Freeman, Ths., 445

Frege, 27, 54, 58, 252, 374

Friedman, Milton, 194

Freud, 103, 120-2, 125, 130, 156, 195, 215, 223-5, 384-5, 407-9, 427, 441-2, 445, 454, 483, 514, 517

Fries, J. F., 113-4

Fulton, J. F., 245

Galileo, 44,50,58,63-4,101, 111, 127-8, 138-9, 150, 186, 194-5, 205, 211, 222, 231, 236, 259, 286, 291, 335, 363, 392, 418, 428, 435, 450, 458, 462-3, 473, 477, 481-2, 488-9, 494.

Galvani, 270

Gauss, 231,417

Gay, P., 444

Gernsheim, Helmut and Alison, 296, 304 Gershonson, D., 8

Giedymin, J., 398-9

Gilbert, N., 450

Gilbert, Wm., 38, 177, 180, 191, 202

Gilgamesh, 447

Gillispie, C. C., 449

Glanvill, Joseph, 392

Glatzer, Nahum, 513-14

Goethe, 404, 414, 417, 457

Goodman, Nelson, 165, 167, 236-7, 351 Gray, S., 191

Greenberg, O. A., 8

Greenleaf, W., 303

Grosseteste, Robert, 449, 450, 463 Grunbaum, Adolf, 174,181,190-3, 196-8

Guerlac, H., 451

Gurvitsch, A., 424, 453

Guttmann, Julius, 470

Halley, Edmund, 177, 477

Hamblin, C. L., 240, 247-8, 253-5, 265 Hamilton, Sir Wm, 268

Hamilton, Wm Rowan, 156

Hampshire, S., 4

Hanson, N. R., 281, 449

Hansteen, C., 77, 177

Harrah, David, 240, 247-8, 253-5, 265

Hart, H. A. L. A., 377

Hatfield, H. S., 282, 294, 304, 441

Harvey, Wm., 450

Haydn, 453

Hayek, F. A. von, 460

Hazard, Paul, 444, 448

Hegel, 2, 212, 233, 267-9, 281, 383, 441, 452

Heidegger, Martin, 268-9, 505

Heine, Heinrich, 479

Heisenberg, Werner, 167, 184, 415-20, 452, 454, 458-9, 500

Heitler, W., 220

Helbo, Rabbi, 379

Helmholtz, 12, 17, 205-6, 392, 417, 427, 437, 448

Hempel, Carl G., 136, 141, 151, 164, 257-8, 260-1

Heraclitus, 2-5

Herschel, J., 12, 146-7, 226, 340-1, 421, 457-8

Herzl, Theodore, 55-7, 72

Hilbert, David, 252

Hobbes, 449 d’Holbach, 452

Holton, Gerald, 280

Hooke, Robt, 209, 450

Hosper, John, 259

Hume, David, 41, 67, 70, 90-1, 94, 96, 158, 163-4, 180,182, 204, 234, 259-60, 267, 269, 309, 314, 363, 380, 387, 425, 431, 444, 462

Husserl, E., 268-9, 390, 424, 453

Huxley, T. H., 512, 515

Hyde, Edward, 414

Ibsen, H., 412

Jacob, 463

James, I., 413

James, Wm., 433, 455, 461

Jammer, Max, 227

Jarvie, L. C., 302, 304-5, 363, 391, 441 Jeckyll, Dr Henry, 414

Jefferson, Thomas, 460

Jeffreys, H., 311, 316, 348, 361

Jenner, 232, 386

Jesus, 478

Job, 470

Johnson, G. W., 305

Jones, R.F., 511

Josephson, Mathew, 284, 303-4

Kafka, Franz, 519 Karneades, 455

Kant, xiv, xv, 31, 50, 58, 59, 67, 90-1,

96, 99, 101, 109, 129, 207, 210, 213-5, 260, 276-8, 286, 306-9, 311, 324, 326, 376, 380, 391-2, 406-7, 411-12, 417, 420, 424, 435, 437-8, 441-3, 445, 448, 451, 457-9, 461-2, 464-8, 473, 479, 486, 522

Kaufmann, W., 441

Kekule, A., 54-5

Kelsen, Hans, 377

Kelvin, 23, 56, 58, 228, 230-1

Kemeny, J. 253

Kepler, 58, 64,128,151,170-1,179,195, 203, 215, 233, 293, 395, 435, 463, 473, 477,481

Keynes, J. M., 95, 292, 304, 309, 343, 361, 461

Kierkegaard, S., 11, 510

Kirchhoff, G., 192, 417, 454 Kirwam, J., 431

Klappholz, K., 194

Kleist, Heinrich, 441-2, 445

Kline, Franz, 515

Knox, T. M., 267-9

Koch, Robert, 23, 417

Koestler, A., 20, 128, 151, 454 Koyre, A., 227, 240, 392, 451 Kraft, Victor, 369

Kramers, H. A., 127, 395

Kuhn, T. S., 16, 130, 173-4, 193, 201,

266, 281, 351, 397, 506

Kiilpe, Oswald, 108

Kyburg, H. E., 460

Lakatos, L, 130, 141, 151, 193, 201, 218, 252, 255, 351, 422-3, 440, 453

Laennec, T. H., 457

Lagrange, 285

Lamarck, 82

Langford, C. H., 248

Laplace, 2, 12, 17, 23, 52, 104, 180, 205, 214, 229, 265, 274, 285-6, 288, 300,

303, 407, 414, 448, 456, 467

Lavoisier, Antonin, 197, 284, 431, 460 Lawrence, E. O., 437

Lee, T. D., 41, 48, 80, 176

Leibniz, 156, 217, 220, 227, 252, 374,

394, 448, 512

Lemercier, 459

Lemmi, C. W., 413, 451, 461

Leslie, Sir John, 454 Leverrier, U. J. J., 60, Lewi, Isaac, 50, 310 Lewis, C. I., 236, 248 Leucippus, 227

Liebig, Justus von, 413, 449

Lionville, Joseph, 230-1

Locke, 58, 103, 128-9, 137, 178, 437,

444, 448, 472

London, H., 220

Lorentz, H. A., 79, 196

Mach, 51, 73, 104, 162, 204, 269, 289,

304, 379, 393, 487-8, 514 Macquer, Pierre Joseph, 191,196-7 Maimon, Solomon, xiv, xv, 464-8 Maimonides, Moses, 411, 442, 451,

470-1, 477, 522

Malcolm, N., 445

Malinowski, Bronislaw, 120-1, 124-5,

144, 289, 508

Malthus, 441

Mann, Thomas, 441-2, 454

Marcel, Gabriel, 471

Marx, Karl, 2, 103, 215, 217-8, 318,

325, 384, 407, 449, 452, 471, 478, 522 Maxwell, J. C., 13, 16, 18, 76, 108, 156,

205, 220, 228-9, 231-2, 325, 395, 495 Mayer, J. R., 276, 280

McGhie, A., 445

McRae, R., 445

Meldrum, A. N., 124

Mendel, 192

Mercier de la Riviere, 459 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 268-9 Mersenne, Marin, 410, 448 Merton, Robt, 414, 429

Mertz, J. T„ 444

Meyerson, Emile, 4, 92-3, 107, 240, 281, 437, 463

Michelson, A. A., 48, 80, 100, 201, 231, 386

Mill, J. S., 11, 12, 45, 50, 110, 215, 309, 455, 461

Miller, D. C., 201

Millikan, R. A., 79,251

Milton, 460

Mises, R. von, 362

Mitchell, Billy, 297-8,305

Mitchell, R., 305 Moebius, 218 Moliere, 259 Mondrian, 60-1

Moreley, E. W., 80, 100, 231

Morrison, Ph., 186 Moore, G. E., 412 Moses, 507

Mueller, Johannes, 437

Musgrave, A. E., 141, 151, 398-9

Naess, A. 39

Nelson, Benjamin, 450 Nemo, Captn, 415

Neurath, Otto, 143-4, 146, 415-16, 419, 435

Neumann, J. von, 22

Newcomen, Ths., 54

Newton, xv, 12-16, 20, 23-4, 32, 36, 38, 45, 47, 50, 52, 59, 60, 64-7, 76-8, 82, 114-5, 141, 156, 167, 170, 172, 179, 180, 186, 189, 195-6, 199, 200, 203-5, 210, 212, 214-6, 225-32, 238, 245, 257, 259-60, 262, 265-6, 268-9, 271-3, 275-1, 279, 281, 293, 298, 325, 327, 354, 391-3, 395, 414, 431, 435, 437-8, 443, 448, 457, 467, 472, 477, 484-7, 489, 500, 522

Nicod, J., 517 Nietzsche, F., 11 Nobel, 123, 374, 415

Oakeshott, M., 460

Oersted, H. C., 74, 76-8, 80, 124, 175-6, 231, 246, 278-9, 285, 329, 448

Ohm, 294-5

Oldenburgh, Henry, 449, 456 Oppenheim, P., 446-7

Oppenheimer, R., 311 Ornstein, Martha, 448 Ottaviani, 490 Otto, Max, 52, 67, 73 Owen, J., 455

Pangloss, 444, 447

Pap, A., 255 Pare, Ambroise, 35, 386 Parmenides, 2-5, 8, 227, 410, 411, 422 Pascal, 72, 509 Pasteur, 23, 285 Paul, St., 503

Pauli, Wolfgang, 138

Peirce, C.S., 29, 52, 54, 246-7, 249,

255-6, 291

Perry, R. B., 461 Philojuvens, 470 Picasso, 60-2 Pius, XII, 481 Planck, 175, 231, 291, 417, 439, 514 Plato, 2, 3, 134, 215, 227, 346, 356, 405,

451, 454, 456-8, 462-3, 410, 411, 477, 490, 522

Podolski, B., 185, 206-7

Poincare, H., 23, 64, 92,109,162-3,165, 172, 191, 196, 200, 227, 273-6, 375, 377, 379, 392-3, 487-9

Poisson, S. D., 202, 230-1

Polanyi, M., 12, 130, 139, 140, 151, 173-5, 193, 201, 237-8, 249-50, 289, 303, 356, 467, 472, 502, 506-9, 514, 522 Pollock, Jackson, 515 Pope, A., 452

Popper, K. R., xiii, xiv, xv, xviii, 6,

8, 9, 18, 22, 24-31, 33-6, 39, 40-9, 51-7, 59, 64-74, 77-89, 84, 87, 89, 90, 107, 110, 113-9, 126, 130, 132-9, 140-152, 157-8, 160-2, 165-8, 172-4, 178-9, 181-2, 186-8, 191, 193-7, 202, 204,206,208-10,215-21,213-7,233-4, 237-8, 240, 244, 253-5, 257, 260-2, 269, 273, 286-8, 291-4, 296, 300-1, 303-4, 307-8, 310-16, 318-19, 322-8, 331-2, 334-7, 338-40, 345, 355-6, 358, 363-82, 384-401, 404-5, 420, 422, 423-4, 429, 437-40, 454, 460, 467, 473, 488-90, 498-9, 508, 517, 520-3 Poynting, J. H., 13,230

Price, D. J. deSolla, 128, 151, 372

Priestley, Dr. Joseph, 52, 122-3, 209,

246, 284, 431, 460

Prior, Arthur and Mary, 244, 255

Prometheus, 404

Prout, 112-4, 161, 167

Ptolemy, 128, 189, 198-9, 205, 258, 450 Putnam, H., 446-7

Pyrrho, 424

Pythagoras, 4, 220, 221, 227, 347, 411

Quine, W.V., 158

Quixot, 463

Rabelais, 406

Rae, J. B., 303

Randall, J. H., 449-50

Reiniger, R., 143

Reichenbach, Hans, 20, 185, 344-6 Ricoer, P., 268

Ritz, W., 320

Robespierre, 459

Robinson, R., 511

Roemer, O., 170

Roland, Mme, 407, 445

Rosen, N., 185, 206-7

Rossi, Paolo, 392

Russell, Bertrand, 4, 11, 27, 52, 54, 58,

73, 96, 98-9, 101, 104, 119, 152, 212,

249, 252, 309, 311, 331, 344, 347, 352,

374, 377, 380, 389, 404, 406, 420, 422, 444, 447, 451, 461, 467, 478-80, 494, 502, 509, 512, 515, 517

Rutherford, E., 14, 36, 200, 428

Ryle, G., 109-10

Sabra, A. I., 392

St Croix, G. E. M., 457

Salam, A., 75

Salmon, W., 310, 312

Santa Clause, 129

Santillana, G., 488

Sapir, Edward, 153

Sargant, Wm, 513, 518-19 Santre, J. P., 268-9, 420

Scharfstein, B., 456

Schelling, 124

Schiller, 443

Schlick, M., 110, 141

Schlegel, R., 184

Schoenberg, 515

Scholem, G., 401, 442, 452

Schonbein, C. F., 479

Schrodinger, Erwin, 2, 15, 102, 184-5, 444, 447

Schweitzer, Albert, 478, 501

Scott, Captain, 284

Seguin, Marc, 276, 280

Selden, G. B., 289, 303

Semmelweis, 164

Settle, Tom, xviii, 441

Sextus Empiricus, 364, 424-6, 453-5

Shackle, 460

Shanon, C., 253

Shaw, George Bernard, 51, 415

Shaw, Peter, 191

Shelly, Mary, 412

Sherrington, 452

Shimony, A., 346, 350

Simmel, Georg, 502

Slater, J. C., 197, 395

Smart, J. C. C., 310, 312

Smith, Adam, 67, 431

Snow, C. P„ 419-20, 516

Socrates, 26, 29, 365, 393, 405, 411, 445, 455, 457-8

Solomon, King, 285

Spedding, J., 461

Spencer, Herbert, 123

Spinoza, 2, 4, 72, 102, 346, 355, 368,407, 410, 420, 442-3, 447, 449, 454, 456, 463-4, 469, 489

Stas, J. S., 112-3, 161

Stalin, 5, 12

Steerer, Canon, 444

Stephen, Sir Leslie, 443

Stevenson, Robert Louis, 414

Stove, D., 40-1, 43-5, 47-9, 151, 310 Suchting, W. A., 237

Tait, G. P., 23

Talmon, J. L., 459

Tarski, A., 134

Telesio, 92

Tertullian, 470

Thales, 218, 224-5, 227, 327, 395

Thompson, Judith Jarvis, 120

Thompson, J. M., 459

Thomson, J. J., 252

Thomson, Dr Thomas, 105, 445, 454

Thomson, Wm, see Kelvin

Thoreau, 444

Topley, K., xviii

Torricelli, 392

Toulmin, S., 8, 431-2, 460

Trotsky, 12

Tyndall, John, 230, 275

Uberweg, 443

Underhill, E., 452

Upton, Francis R., 294-5, 299

Usher, A. P., 289, 304

Vahinger, 401

Velikowsky, 237

Venetus, Paulus, 450

Verne, Jules, 118,415

Volta, A., 270

Voltaire, 512

Wagner, Richard, 11

Wald, Abraham, 249, 286-7, 303, 326,

332

Waite, A. G., 469, 484

Watkins, J. W. N., 136, 151, 440, 449,

460, 489

Watt, James, 53^1, 327, 341

Weber, A., 470

Weber, Max, 413

Weber, W., 231, 495

Webern, 515

Weisskopf, V., 427-8

Weitzmann, Chaim, 58

Welles, H. G., 406, 444, 515 Wellmer, A., 387

Westgate, Lewis G., 52, 67-8

Weyl, Hermann, 220, 395

Whateley, R., 144

Whitehead, A. N„ 32, 54, 68, 252, 306-8,

310, 314, 380, 425

Wheelis, A., 304

Whewell, Wm, 12, 17, 42, 45, 50-1, 68,

70-1, 74, 76, 77, 147, 152, 181, 189, 202, 214-6, 254, 257, 260-1, 286-8, 291-2, 300-1, 303, 337, 383, 391, 399, 437-8, 458, 463

Wiener, P. P., 451

Will, F. L., 324, 460-1

Williams, L. P., 449

Willey, Basil, 441, 444, 447

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 94, 100, 120, 164, 204, 261, 309, 311, 374, 383, 409, 421, 427, 436, 445-6, 452-4, 492, 494

305,

Wisdom, J. O„ 151, 299, 300-1, 398, 440

Wolfowitz, J., 303

Wolfson, H. A., 451

Wollaston, William Hyde, 341,460

Wood, A., 515

Wright, G. H. von, 50, 445

deWulf, M., 462

Wundt, Wilhelm, 417

Yang, C. N„ 41, 48, 80, 176

Yates, Frances, 451, 456

Young, Dr. Ths., 78, 209, 296

Zweig, A., 464

Zweig, Stefan, 447

Abstract, Abstraction 60-1, 96-7, 213, 220

Abstract painting 60-2

Accept, Acceptability, Acceptance 114, 146, 396-7, 399

Accident, Accidental discovery 74-6, 122-4, 157

See also Discovery

Accurancy 114-5

Act of God 338, 346, 348, 349

Action, Activism 388-9, 405, 425, 437, 491

Action-at-a-distance 13, 16, 205, 265, 271, 320, 431, 495

Ad hoc amendment 190, 192, 194, 196, 201, 203, 207, 379, 395

Ad hoc hypothesis xi, 9,10,27-9, 39,94, 117, 142, 171, 174, 177, 182-3. 189, 191-207, 216, 220, 223, 225, 259-60, 292, 312, 333

Advanced potential 205

Adventure 284, 286, 287, 289, 290, 292, 294, 296, 297-8, 300, 302, 314, 332, 462-3

See also Challenge

Aerodynamics 37, 149, 386

Aesthetics 493, 503, 512

Aether 230, 232

See also Fields

Affiliation 497-8, 501-2

Age of reason, see Enlightenment

Agnosticism 474,477, 502, 515, 516, 518, 521, 522, 518-9, 522

Agreement, see Consensus

Aims, Ideals 368, 375, 388-90

See also Goal directedness, Regulative ideas

Aims of science 33, 36, 37, 63, 219, 318- 20, 327, 328, 333, 374-5, 388-91, 394-5

Long and short term 345, 368, 390

Aims of technological test, see Technolog­ical test

Airraids 297, 305

Alchemy 147, 346, 413, 414, 454, 484 Algorism, Algorithm 285-9, 298, 302, 311-14

Quasi 257,315 Alienation 408-9 Ambiguity, Ambivalence 254,407-9,415, 431-2, 438, 464-5

Amplification 184-6 Animism 117

Antisemitism 20, 30, 37, 205-6, 501, 503 Appearance 227

Applicability, Application, domain of 16, 322-3, 326, 350, 396-7, 487, 491

See also Implementation Applied science, see Science Apprenticeship 507

A priori, Apriorism 98-9, 100, 102, 109, 181,192-3,213-4,220,268,309, 310, 312, 323, 368, 370, 391, 392, 410, 427-9, 450-1, 457-8, 463

Approximation 51, 52, 115, 119, 148, 176,180,199,220,271,293,325, 365, 367, 387, 389-91, 458-9

See also Gradualism

Arbitrariness 10-11, 13, 14, 19, 36, 63, 148,156,171,174,176,189,195,199, 206, 241, 369, 371, 376-7, 422, 429-30, 432, 434, 439, 472, 486, 505 Arbitration 36

Archeology 290, 478 Architectonic of pure reason 443 Argument, see Dialectics

Art 11, 38, 60-2, 270, 313-6, 434-5, 472, 479, 483, 506, 508, 509, 515

and science 419-20, 462, 502 criticism 503

Assurance 337, 515-7, 521-2

See also Insurance

Asteroid 233

Astrology 147, 484

See also Pseudo-science

Astronomy 127-8, 170, 179, 198-200, 203-4, 233, 258-9, 265, 293, 405-6, 448, 488-9

See also Newtonian mechanical relativity

Asymmetry 133-7, 159

Atataxia 453-4

Atheism 511

Atom, Atomism 2,13,16,36,105,112-3, 161,179,188,225,227,232,238,258, 310, 315, 328, 427, 447, 485, 495

Atomic submarine, see Thrasher

Atomic warfare 21, 418

Attainable 368, 379

Attitude, scientific or critical, see Critical attitude

Authoritarianism 130, 139, 173-5, 472, 474, 489, 494, 506-7, 509

Authority 194, 372-3, 400-1, 520 Automation 315

Autonomy, Self-reliance 474-5,477,486, 489-90, 496-501, 505, 507-8, 516, 518-9, 521

Autonomy of science 318-21, 331, 493-4

Auxiliary hypothesis 30-1, 36, 121, 169, 171-2, 174, 224, 282

Avant-garde 317, 363

Avant-garde, scientific-religious 469,473, 482, 486, 496-8, 504-5, 509-12 Axiomata media 410

Axioms, ladder of, see Ladder of axioms

Bacon’s rule 128-9

Background knowledge 10, 24, 148, 150, 177-9,183,253-4,256,266, 326, 330, 394, 456, 468

Backing, empirical, see Positive evidence Bandwagon 334

Basic statements, see Observation-reports Basis empirical, see Empirical basis Bats 190

Behaviorism 110

Belief, established 156

Belief, private 44

Belief, rational, Credibility 18, 41-4, 155-7,163,166-8,171,176,262, 316,

322-4, 338-9, 385, 396, 341-3, 349-

50, 460-1

Beta decay 197

Bible 478, 481, 489

Bifocals 53 Biochemistry 329 Biological warfare 418

Biology 14, 152, 245, 310, 315, 478, 480 Biophysics 252

Birds 190

Blackout, total 523

Blasphemy 503 Blind spots 311 Body Alpha 194

Body-mind problem 109-10, 447 Boldness 423, 429, 462-3

See also Adventure; Challenge Bona fide 146-7, 243, 325-6, 341, 350, 366, 380

Book of Nature 481, 489

Bootstrap operation 168-71, 178-81,

183, 361-3

Boyle’s rule 112-4, 128-9, 130, 137-9, 145, 149, 166-7, 181, 193-4

Alternatives to 130-1, 148-50, 181, 196, 199

Violations of 113, 115, 175 Brainwash 513, 518-21 Bribe 66 Britain 374

British Association 14, 206 Broad-mindedness 33, 400-1

See also Open-mindedness Brownian motion 159 ‘Bugs’ 298 Bureaux of standards 37, 306, 325-6, 332-3, 335-6, 523

Cabbalah 411, 414, 442, 454, 461, 514 Calculation 428

Calculus 422-4, 426

Calibration 169, 172, 175-6, 179, 181 Canons, Standards of criticism 10,14,18,

19, 20, 25, 28-30, 33-6, 375-6, 552 of plausibility, see Plausibility Capillarity 229, 265 Caprice, see Arbitrariness Cartography 458 Cartesianism, Cartesian system 204-5,

448, 455-6

Casuism 514

Catastrophe 315, 322, 326, 333, 517, 523 Catholicism 64, 206, 335, 362, 381, 393, 462, 476, 487, 489-90, 497, 502, 513, 522

Causality 234-5, 259-62, 266

Certainty Certitude 118,128-9, 142,193, 214, 237, 241-2, 254, 275, 340-1, 343-4, 346, 392-4, 421, 486-8, 493-5, 517

Moral 111,455

Challenge 283, 302, 396, 423-9

Change, social 316-18, 335-7, 351, 377- 8, 522

Chemistry 51-4, 123-4, 160-1, 167, 188, 191, 196-7, 227, 239, 252, 258, 427 Colloidal 329

Organic 310, 315

Chinese science 267

Choice, problem of 373, 393, 420, 429, 432, 434, 439

Choice of hypothesis 68-71, 73, 79, 81-4, 86-9, 162, 357-8, 360

Choice of metaphysical framework 226- 33, 336, 363, 364, 366, 379, 522

Choice of problems 83, 208-9, 241-2, 244, 248-52, 255, 267

Christianity 12, 22, 433, 503

See also Catholicism; Protestantism Circularity 260, 359-61

Closed society 373

Collectivism 371-2

Colloidal chemistry 329

Combustion 123-4, 191, 197

Internal 330

Commitment 13,470,472,477,486,490- 1, 493, 496-501, 505, 507-8, 510

Commonsense vii, 1-5, 108-9, 119, 127, 178,218,227, 320, 327, 344,356,358, 362-3, 424-5, 430, 491

Commonwealth of learning, see Scientific community

Communion of philosophers 512 Communism 12, 497

Community, scientific, see Scientific community

Community, religious 505-6

Comparative sociology of corroboration

336, 523

See also Law, corroboration in,

Competition between hypotheses 82,194, 357, 500

Competition, economic 316-7,332-3,337 Complascency 297

Complementarity 19, 207

Comprehension 35, 219, 411, 420, 441, 480, 499

Comprehensively critical rationalism, see Rationalism

Concentration camps 418

Conceptual framework, see Metaphysics Confirmation 96, 114, 135-8, 141, 162 Conflict between science and nationalism 417-8

Conflict within science, see Contradiction Conforming instances xiii, 224-6, 229, 231-2, 238-9, 258-60, 264-5, 280-1

Conformity of nature 159, 262

Confusion 462

Conjecture, see Hypothesis; Tentativity Conjunction, constant 234

Connoisseurship 507-8

Conscience 412

Consensus 21-3,110,242-4, 319-20,432, 438, 443-4, 493-5

Conservation of energy, force, or matter 12, 162-3, 197, 271, 273-81

Conspiracy of silence 510

Constant conjunction 234

Constitution of science 375-6, 378, 425 Constraints 171-3, 235-6, 255-6, 266 Contemplative view of science 388-9, 391-2

Content, informative 43, 162, 163, 182, 194, 204, 218, 347, 382, 387, 395

Context 200

Contingent 235

Continuum (Elasticity, Hydrodynamics, etc.) 206, 209, 223, 232, 239, 261-3, 276, 365, 427, 493

Contradiction 130-2, 149-9, 203 Contrary to fact conditional 236-7 Control 407

Controversy 321,349,415,420,424, 431-3, 438-9, 514

Conventionalism 62-4,96-100,109, 162-5,194,268, 367-71,378-9,

387-90, 393, 487

Modified 366, 368-9, 371, 376, 379, 391

Conversation 508

Cooperation 175-6

Friendly-hostile 209

Coordination 208-10, 331

Copenhagen 22, 307, 416-17 Copemicanism 488-9

Correspondence principle 46, 358 Corroborability, see Refutability Corroboration, see Positive evidence. See also Comparative sociology of corroboration; Law, corroboration in

Cosmic radiation, see Radiation

Cosmic religious feeling 511-12 Cosmology 233

Creativity 286-7, 289 Credibility, see Belief

Crisis in physics 59, 411

Criteria, Standards xiv-xv, 53, 308, 383-4,406,424,432,433,439,491-8, 500, 504-6

for novelty 53, 59, 72-3

for plausibility or choice 69, 73, 81-4, 86-8, 162, 357-8, 360

for rejection 30, 148

for reliability 134-7, 287, 288, 296

for research policy 310

for revocability of observation-reports 143-4, 146-8

Critical attitude 49, 89, 140, 371-2, 377-8, 381-4, 400-1, 451

Critical debate, see Dialectics

Critical rationalism, see Rationalism

Critical realism 59, 108, 210, 327 Criticalism 162

Criticism 33, 37-9, 53, 59,67-8,72-3, 80, 82, 89, 100, 139-41, 209-10, 212-14, 249,287,322,324-5,331,335-7,360, 365,370-1,373-5,378,384,400,404, 406,416,423-5,438,454,464,466-7, 470, 499, 500, 507-8, 514,

Art 503

Bible 478

Constructive 316

Empirical 26, 35, 68, 71, 80, 357-8 Internal 322, 522

Cross examination 240, 243, 247-8

Crucial experiment 47, 159-61, 186, 194, 203, 210, 267, 304, 460-1

Crusade 207

Crusonian science 209

Cult of personality 290, 304 Culture 484, 407-8

Cynicism 364

Daily experience 218

See also Commonsense

Dark Ages 66

Darwinism 229

Data, pure, see Experience, pure

Death 446-7

Death of God 502

Debate, see Dialectics

Debt, intellectual 467

Decidability 381, 431

Decision 285-7, 290, 370, 372, 460, 505, 519

problem 264

procedure 264 theory 249

Deduction, Inference 133-4,149,158-60, 214, 258-63, 282, 293-5, 299, 507

Deductivism 10

See also Apriorism

Definite article 22, 263

Definite description 249

Definition 258, 389, 470

Essential 233, 235

See also Essentialism

Implicit 162

Deliberation 519

Demarcation of rationality 396, 398, 400-1

Demarcation of science 25ff., 40-1, 52, 139, 208, 215-7, 220-1, 217-8, 221, 223, 327-8, 340, 366, 375, 384-5, 393-4, 422, 443-4

Demarcation of rationality and of science 379-82, 387, 399ff., 492-3, 496, 499

Democracy 3, 35, 315, 460 Demonstration, see Proof Demonstrations in classrooms and commercials 386

Demythologize 502

Dependence 518-9, 521

Depression 455

Depth 396

Derelicts 332

Desiderata 358-61, 365-6, 369, 371, 373, 375,379,389, 394-5,405-6,409, 435, 461

Description, definite 249

Description versus prescription 362, 374, 441

Despair of reason 441,445, 510-1,517-18 Determinism 205, 231, 431, 455

Devil’s advocate 51

Dialectics, Critical or Rational Debate or Argument 4, 20-1, 26, 28-9, 33-5, 51,72,119,134,194-5,212,216,219, 223-4,240,242,246-8,255,265,267, 308, 357-8, 405, 415, 420, 423, 426, 428, 454, 463, 495, 499

Incompleteness of 363

Dichotomy 366

Dielectricity 229, 273

Diffusion 209

Disagreement, see Dissent; Schools of thought

Disaster 315, 322, 326, 333, 517, 523 Disbelief 324,331

Disconfirmation 141

Discovery 42, 51, 58, 74-80, 120, 122-4, 157, 161, 163, 298, 354

Logic of 257, 285-9, 298, 302, 311-4 Disease 22-3

Disease of science 372

Disposition 113

Dissent 325, 464-6, 493-4

See also Schools of thought

Dissertation, doctoral 289

Distinctions 263

Distinctions, frivolous 127-8

Distortion 272-3, 276

Divorce 483

Division of labor 208

Doctoral dissertations 289

Doctrine, religious, Doctrinaire 156, 501, 505

Dogma, Dogmatism xv, 4, 5, 20, 29-30, 36, 39, 113, 127, 143-5, 150, 161, 166-7, 193, 195, 320, 325, 355, 364, 449, 455, 458-9, 495, 498-9, 511, 520-1

Double secure method 449-50, 456-8,

462

Dreams 408

Dualism of facts and decisions 206, 371, 373, 378

Duality, quantum-mechanical 206 Duhem-Quine thesis 158, 169, 172

Earthquake 349

Eclipse 76, 159

Economics 170, 194, 290, 331, 493 Economics of science 316-7

Economy in science 210

Education 397, 478, 502-3,507, 513, 521 Duties of 325

as an institution 38, 318, 502

Egalitarianism 412, 483

Eightfold ways 262

Elasticity, see Continuum

Electricity 191, 228-31, 265, 277-9, 320 Electrodynamics, Electromagnetics 16, 78, 200, 246, 261-2, 272, 278-9, 427-8, 435, 437

Electron 252

Elegance 220

Elementary Particles 75, 79, 176, 207, 262

Elephants and Castels 138

Elimination 292, 323-4, 328, 330, 336

See also Refutation; Overthrow; Induction by elimination

Emotion 480, 486

Empirical backing or support, see Positive evidence

Empirical basis, problem of 114, 135, 145, 166, 369

Empirical character, see Demarcation of science

Empirical content, see Content, informative

Empirical criticism 26, 35, 68, 71, 80, 357-8

Empirical evidence, see Facts; Observation-reports; Positive evidence

Empirical philosophy 306, 326, 433 Empiricism 14, 97-8, 144, 162, 176-7, 217-8, 221, 223, 307, 354-5, 368-81, 384-8, 423, 427-8, 433, 451, 456-7,

461, 491-4

Energy, see Conservation of energy Engineering 320

England 419, 450

English law 350

Enlightened self-interest 442 Enlightenment 323, 328, 396, 479-80, 455-6, 488, 491-2, 496-501

Enlightenment, Age of Reason 245, 355, 359, 392,406,410,424,426,430,459, 464

Enlightenment and belief 155-6 Entertainment 290

Enthusiasm 376

Environment 5

Epicycle 128, 189, 198, 205

Epistemology, Theory of knowledge 7, 11, 13, 28, 31, 45, 92-3, 97, 100-6, 109-10, 322, 327, 331, 375, 380-1, 387, 389-90,401,404-5,410,426-30, 436-7, 443-4, 447, 450-1, 456, 459 Equality 412, 483

Erotetic logic 240,244, 246-9, 253-5, 263 Error vii, 42-3, 64-7, 69, 88, 148, 157-9, 291, 324-7, 329, 332, 336, 371, 391, 422, 426, 444-5, 448-9, 454-5, 459, 462-3, 484-5, 495-6, 504, 519 See also Induction by elimination;

Observation error; Trial and error

Essentialism 262-3, 268-9, 367-8, 389-90, 392

Modified 367-8, 370, 379, 388, 391 Esotericism 11, 14, 421-3, 521 Establish 428

Establishment 479

Ethics 33, 364, 373, 376-7, 379, 401, 406-7, 409, 411-2, 423, 442-3, 445, 459, 461, 480, 509-10, 512, 518

See also Science and ethics

Ethnography 148

Etiology 23

Europe 56-7, 138, 450, 453

Excitement 300

Existential import 357

Existential statement 135, 141 Existentialism 14, 211, 485, 562-3, 505, 507

Expectation 517-9

Experience 99, 101, 104, 116, 338, 342,

348

Learning from 25, 40, 44, 46-7, 69-70, 80-1, 88-91,100-1, 139-40, 324, 330

Pure 103-7, 109-10, 293, 437

Theory of 114ff., 117-8

Experiment (and observation) 180, 208, 212-3, 251, 291, 448, 499

Crucial 47, 159-61, 186, 194, 203, 210, 267, 304, 460-1

Thought 26, 46, 184-5, 423, 447 Unsuccessful 11-13,48-50,166,222-3, 250

Expert 507-8

Expert witness 326

Expiation 519

Explanation xiii, 3, 35-7, 110, 114-5, 117-9, 133, 147-9, 188, 202-3, 257-63, 284-5, 291-3, 298, 301, 311, 313^1, 322, 327-8, 336, 387, 394-8, 431, 437, 444

Explanatory power 29-31, 34, 46-8, 214-21, 223-4, 237

Explication 383

Extrapolation 164-5 Extremism 242-3

Eye witness 108,126,129,136,180-3,326

Fact, empirical; Fact-likeness; Factual character xiii, 5, 23-5, 29-30, 37-8, 44,46,47-9, 62-3, 74ff., 80,128,164, 180-3, 192, 195, 213-4, 223^1, 301, 311-2, 320, 323, 326, 328, 330, 357-8, 378,431,437,447,459,484,486,493, 499-500, 517

Moral 376

Failure 330

no loss of face 28

Fair bet, Fairness 247-8, 342-6

Faith 470, 472-3, 498-9, 502-3, 508 in reason or science 44, 116, 285, 288, 313, 316, 334, 499

Fallibilism, Fallibility 13, 20-1, 25-6, 28, 33, 43, 125, 375, 396

Falsifiability, Falsification, Falsification- ism, see Refutation, Refutability, Refutationism. See also Demarca­tion of science

Fatigue, metal 143

Fiction, Fictionalism 63, 268, 389, 392

Fields, Fields of force, theory of 13, 35, 38, 210, 229, 251, 26L 272, 431, 435-6

Fieldwork 290, 304

Filament 295

Finality 522

See also Certitude

Fine arts, see Art

Flux 1-6, 9, 12, 24-5, 27-8, 32-3, 35-8 Food and drug administration, see

Bureaux of standards

Fools’ paradise 516

Force, see Fields of force; Conservation of force

Formalism 14-6, 252, 267-8

Framework, intellectual or conceptual or metaphysical, see Metaphysics

Framework, mathematical, see Mathe­matical framework

France 35, 374

Frankenstein 412

Freedom 420, 438-9, 443, 459-60, 489, 496-7

Free-lance 332

French Revolution 245, 407, 445, 448 Friction 194

Friendly-hostile cooperation 209 Friendship 479-80, 512

Frivolous distinction 127-8

Fruitfulness, intellectual 89,140,374,379 Fundamentalism 481, 490

Fundamental research 282-3, 326, 329 Fusion 330

Game 369

Gambling 342-6

Gas law 170, 186, 245

Gates of heaven and hell 324, 412 Gedanken experiment, see Experiment Generality, Generalization 49, 74, 91, 163-4,166-7,237,272,287,395,413, 436, 457

General relativity, see Relativity; Gravitation

Genetics 179, 329

Gentleman 343-4

Genius 38

See also Talent

Geography 458

Geology 52, 67-8

Geometry 86, 172, 227, 259, 268, 347,

352, 422, 459, 495 Germs, Germ theory of disease 22-3 German nationalism 441 German philosophy 384 Germany 326, 416, 418 Glasgo 206

Global destruction risk see Catastrophe Goal, Goal directedness 322, 328-9, 405, 441, 478

Golem 412

Gottingen 416, 418 Grace 413, 475

Gracious living 502, 508, 510-1, 514 Gradualism, Approximationism vii, 43,

44, 46, 389-91, 394 Grand-scale metaphysics, see Meta­

physics, unscientific Grand old man 143 Gravitation, Gravity 66, 186, 210, 214,

228-9, 236, 252, 259, 266, 272, 274, 276-8, 293, 328

Greece, Greek thought 156, 359, 376,

411, 470, 503-4

See also Presocratics

Growth of knowledge 70-2, 80, 166-7, 184

Guarantee 95, 102-3, 108, 242-3, 314,

335, 337

See also Justification

Guilt feelings 519

Habit 90

Half-baked ideas 15 hard-core of a metaphysics, alleged 141 Harmony 443, 461

Hassidism 502-3, 514

Hate, Hatred 442, 453, 514 Hatfield’s law 294

Head-I-win-tail-you-lose 63-4 Heisenberg’s principle 184 Helium 192

Hell 497

Hermeneutics 386 Heteronomy, see Dependence Hierarchy, see Ladder of axioms Hieroglyph 247

Historical perspective 484

History 375

of ideas 314, 324, 406, 410, 414, 415, 417, 419, 448, 462, 477, 488

of mathematics 422-3

of philosophy 411, 457, 462-3

of erotetic logic 245-7

of science 9, 29, 48-9, 156, 170-3, 179, 202, 208, 211, 215, 258, 264, 270-81, 301, 309, 334, 374-5, 394, 397, 399, 414,415,431, 435,457,484,489, 506 of technology 258, 304

Social and cultural 148, 484

Holy terror 518

Honest disagreement, see Dissent

Honor to scientists 288-90, 374

Hubris 504

Humanitarianism 502

Hunting 162

Hypocricy 340-1

Hypothesis viii, 40-6,51-2,122-3,127-9, 136, 141-2, 147, 158-60, 162, 164, 166,181-3,189,190,208,214-5,219, 222,226-7,286,291,316, 327,271-2, 375,378, 380-1, 386, 393,432,457-9, 462, 485, 499

Ad hoc, see Ad hoc hypothesis

Auxiliary 30-1, 36, 121, 169, 171-2, 174, 224, 382

Stop-gap 79, 127-8, 205

Working 169, 172, 174

 117-8

Hysteria 122

Ideas 368-9

Ideas, Platonic 2

Ideas, regulative, ideals, Kantian 368, 375, 388-9, 407, 420, 462

Ideals, aims 373, 375

Idealism 12, 73, 116-7, 368, 446, 477

Idealization 447, 458

Ideology 418

Idiosyncracy 242

Ignorance 241-2, 269, 285, 290, 316, 333, 482, 486, 501

Imagination 37-9,286,295, 312, 315,423 See also Intuition

Impartiality 51

Imperfect knowledge 338-41, 343-6, 349-50, 352

Implementation 282, 294-5, 297-8, 301, 330-1, 334-7, 396-7, 425, 429, 431

See also Application Implicit definition 162 Improvement, Modification, Reform 295, 374, 376-8, 379, 467 Incommensurability, alleged 106-7, 522 Incompleteness of debates 363 Independence, logical and probabilistic

85-9

Indeterminism 185 Indifference 415, 434 Indignation 65-7 Individual, Individuation 434-5 Individualism 371-2, 401, 507 Induction 93-4, 285, 290, 292, 306-16, 331, 507

by elimination 42-5, 158-60, 163-4, 292, 309-10, 315, 461

Mechanical 285-9, 298, 302, 311^4

Paradox of 348

Quasi 368

Some 312

Inductivism 5,10,14, 16, 24-5, 32, 43-5, 47, 83-4, 87, 89, 90-1, 93^1, 96-7, 104-5,122-3,151,153,157,162,164, 169, 172, 207, 213, 224, 283, 285, 289-90, 292, 303, 306, 309-10, 312, 314, 324-5, 357, 367-9, 375, 391-2, 410, 413, 428-9, 423-3, 430, 446-9, 451-2, 456-7, 461, 463, 516, 518, 520

Radical and tempered 309, 312, 315

Modified 368-9

Industry 294 Ineffable 212, 243, 506-8

Infinite regress 31-2, 73, 87, 196, 424-6, 429, 439, 498, 500

Infinite sequence 344 Information, factual 108-9, Iliff., 302, 326, 343

Information theory 253, 255 Informative content, see Content Initial conditions 294, 313-4 Innovation 330, 396, 507

Social and political 507

See also Invention; Novelty

Inquest 326

Inquisition 518

Inquisitive approach 389, 393-5, 401

Inoculation, Vaccination 232-3, 481 Insecurity 408-9

Insoluble 329

Instances 221-6

Instinct, religious 483, 504, 512 Institutions 1, 6-7, 282, 289, 303, 306, 316-7

Theories as 6-7, 323, 333, 381, 397

of education 38, 318, 502

of science 1, 182, 322-3, 332-3, 350, 366, 370-2, 374-5, 378, 393

of philosophy 318, 334

Institutional framework 323, 331-4, 336, 350, 473

Institutional reform 331, 351 Instruments 169, 185-6

See also Calibration Instrumentalism 14, 16, 165, 204-7, 251-2, 259, 262, 267-9, 296, 318-20, 325, 367-71, 376, 379, 385, 387, 389-90, 392-3,483,485,487-90,493, 510

Insurance 315, 326, 332-3, 335-7, 522-3

See also Assurance

Intellectual debt 467

Intellectual love of God 420, 509-14 Intellectual quarrels 270

Intellectual value of science 9, 13 Interest, objectivity of 399-400 Internal combustion 330

Internal criticism 322, 522 Internationalism 415-9

Interpretation 13, 15, 37-9, 60-2, 210, 223-5, 229ff., 274-5, 307, 437

Intersubjectivity 243-4, 370, 435, 437-9 Intuition 99, 162, 285-6, 288-9, 292-3,

298, 302, 312-3, 392, 446, 451-3, 472, 483, 504-5, 508, 512 Intuitionism 215

Invention 283, 286, 289, 293-8, 314, 316

See also Innovation; Novelty Investment 294-5, 342, 346 Irrationalism xv, 5, 11, 14, 32-3, 73-4, 211, 213, 268-9, 429-30, 438, 442, 497, 499, 501, 504-6, 508-9

Irrefutability 307 Irregularities 203 Isotops 161, 186, 258 I-thou 415, 502

Japan 297

Jet flight 37, 326

Jewish problem 55-7

Jews 466, 470, 490, 502-3, 510, 513, 522 Judgment 331

Junkers 417

Jupiter 60

Jurisprudence, see Law

Jury 370

Justice 459

Justification, Justificationism 29, 40, 69, 113-15, 119, 136-7, 285-7, 290, 307, 312, 322-4,345, 347, 349, 360, 363-4, 370, 380-2, 398, 421-6. 428-30, 432, 435-6, 445, 447, 453, 493, 498, 516-7, 519-21, 523

Kabbalah, see Cabbalah

Knowledge 449

Background 10. 24, 148, 150, 177-9, 183, 253-4, 256, 266, 326, 330, 394, 456, 468

Growth of 70-2, 80, 166-7, 184 Imperfect 338-41, 343-6, 349-50, 352 Limits of, see Limits of reason Perfect 241-2, 290-1, 338, 344, 346 Personal 348, 351, 462

Scientific 338-9, 340, 350, 470, 472 Sociology of 340

Theory of, see Epistemology Knowledge claims 338, 341-2, 344-7, 350-1

Korean war 305

Labor 413

Ladder of axioms 202, 213-4, 224, 410, 417, 435-7, 447, 456-7, 461, 463

Language 370, 374, 502-3 of questions and answers 253 Legal 248-9

Mathematical 163

Ordinary 248-9

Picture theory of 436

Private 120

Scientific 106-7, 129, 131, 163, 409, 434, 436

Latent heat 53

Law, natural, Lawlikeness 42, 44, 88, 233-9, 249, 351, 443, 457

Law, Jurisprudence 282, 287, 289, 325-6, 338, 350, 401

Corroboration in 37, 306, 322-4, 326, 337, 396-8, 523

Respect for 443

Laziness 308, 406, 420, 427

Learning from experience 25, 40, 44, 46-7, 69-70, 80-1, 88-91, 100-1, 139-40, 324, 330

Legal philosophy 374, 376-7

Legal procedure 248-9

Legal reform 374, 376

Legislation 144

Liberalism 460

Libido 441

License 336

Life-style 501-2, 508, 510, 514

Light, speed of 170

Likelihood, 346, 352

Limited variety 159, 292

Limits of reason 411, 432, 438, 444-5, 451, 460-1, 470-2, 479

Lingua franca 374

Linguistics 153

Livelihood of the scientist 306, 313, 315-6

Living-dead 469

Locke’s rule 128-9

Logic 201, 227, 253, 256, 299, 324, 492 Erotetic 240, 244, 246-9, 253-5, 263 Inductive 357, 361

Situational 328, 331 Textbooks of 315 of discovery 257, 285-9, 298, 302, 311-3

of technological progress 334-7 Logicism 28, 54, 252

Long run, Long term 345, 368, 390

Lord Chamberlain 317

Love 255

Loyalty 296, 417-8, 509

Luck 284-6, 289, 292-3, 295, 298, 302, 311

Luddites 330, 419

Machine to generate science 311, 313 Mad scientist 408, 412, 414-5, 445 Maintenance 297

Magic 501, 503, 505, 514

Magneton 192, 200

Magnetism, terrestrial 177, 191, 200, 202 See also Electrodynamics

Man-God 407-8, 410 Manifest truth, theory of 66, 68, 72, 420-2, 424-6, 428

Marketing 297

Mars 139

Martyrdom 418, 445 Marxism 217, 325, 522 Masspectroscopy 161, 179, 252 Masterpiece 315

Materialism 217-8,226-8, 318,452,458 Mathematical framework 162 Mathematical language 163 Mathematics, pure 4,6-8,14,28,97,138, 252-3, 267-8, 294, 341, 351-2, 422, 443, 450, 453, 456, 492

Mathematics, applied 203, 210, 218, 232, 251-2, 259, 261-3, 293-4

Matter 452

Conservation of, see Conservation Meaning 33, 63, 195, 308-9, 382-4, 434, 482-3, 492

‘Meaning’ 482, 502, 512, 516 Measles 141-2

Measurement 183-6 Mechanics, see Newtonian mechanics Mechanism 482

Medieval science, see Middle Ages Mercury 47, 60, 194, 199, 200 Mesmerism 147, 192

Mess 181, 201-7 Metal fatigue 143 Metallurgy 286 Metaphysics, Metaphysical framework,

Conceptual framework, Scientific Metaphysics xiii, xv, 1-6, 11, 14-5, 19, 33-4, 36-8, 83,116,129,149,189, 197-8,200,202,208,210-34,238-40, 243, 249, 258-9, 260-1, 264, 266-7, 269-81, 293, 315, 323-4, 329-30, 362-3, 374, 393, 399, 404, 409-10, 413, 431, 436, 439, 443-4, 456, 458, 464, 490, 493-4, 500, 522-3 Cartesian 204-5, 448, 455-6 Newtonian, see Newtonian meta­physics

Metaphysics, grand-scale, unscientific

212, 486, 490, 494-6, 498, 501 Method, scientific 213-5, 226-7, 285, 292-3, 311-2, 375, 387-90, 395

Double secure, inductive-deductive 449-50, 456-8, 462

Methodology 28, 45, 202, 261-2, 267, 322, 404, 410, 413, 416-7, 423, 426-9, 438, 447, 450-2, 454, 456, 491-4

of research programs 219, 226-33

See also Metaphysics

Methodological essentialism 263, 268-9, 389

Methodological solipsism 120-1, 125 Middle Ages 96, 138, 222-3, 406, 414, 418,420-1,430,449,462-3,481,484, 494, 510

Minimum program for rationality 429 Miracles 19, 346, 479-80, 513 Mistake, see Error

Mistress 189

Misunderstanding 132, 302 Moderns 463

Modification 14-7, 27-8, 32, 34, 37,142, 172-3, 179, 184, 190, 192, 194, 196, 201, 203, 207, 500

Modified conventionalism 366, 368-9, 371, 376, 379, 391

Modified essentialism 367-8, 370, 388, 391

Modus tollens 133-4, 313 Molecular biology 310, 315 Money 311-2, 317 Monism 378

Neutral 446 Monotheism 503-4 Moon 101, 127-8, 189 Moral certainty 111,455 Moral enthusiasm 376 Moral fact 376

Moral neutrality of science, alleged 412-6, 419

Moral philosophy 373, 376-7

Moral truth 373

Morality, see Ethics Moscow 497

Motherhood 129, 146 Motives for research 4 Multiple-choice questions 255-6, 263

Mummies 35

Mysticism 11, 99, 204, 408, 411, 421-2, 469

Myth, Mythology 225,247,271,290,330, 380, 388, 432, 442,445, 449, 461, 463

Naive conventionalism 92, 109

Naive realism 92, 101-2, 420

Naive sensationalism 92, 101-2, 119 Narcissism 408

Nationalism 11, 417-8, 441-5

Natural law 42, 44, 88, 233-9, 443, 457

Natural necessity 233-9

Natural philosophy 97-8

Natural religion 454

Natural theology, Rational theology 410, 443, 451-2, 454-5

Naturalism 369, 370-1, 375-6, 411-2, 453

Nature 72, 205-6, 407, 413, 420, 427-8, 443, 447, 451-2, 459, 461-2, 523

Naturphilosophie 12, 124, 384

Nazism 118, 416, 418, 513

Negative evidence 357-8

See also Empirical criticism

Negative philosophy 72, 451

Negative theology 72, 451 Neptune 60, 303

Neurosis 103, 121, 290, 408 Neutral monism 446

Neutrality of science, alleged 412-6, 419 Neutrino 192, 197-8

New Frontiers 287

New Renaissance 376-7

New York 300

Newtonian mechanics 12, 16, 22-3, 32,

36, 59, 64,66,156,170,172,180,186, 214, 297, 329, 391-3, 431, 435, 437, 455, 485, 500

Newtonian optics 214-6, 230 Newtonian metaphysics 12-3, 20, 38,

204-5, 212, 214-5, 225-6, 228-32,

239, 262, 265-6, 276-80, 354, 448, 455, 457

Nihilism 418-9

Nobel prize 374

Non-justificationism 364, 424-6, 453-4,

500, 520

‘Normal science’ 173, 266

Nova 397

Novelty 51-3, 71, 73, 137, 227, 282, 289,

302-3, 335, 376, 379, 384, 437 Criteria for 53, 59, 72-3 See also Innovation; Invention

Nuclear physics 428

Nuclear war 21, 418

Objectivity 11, 13, 41, 147, 210, 240-3, 268, 301, 307, 323, 340-1, 370, 391, 417, 422-3, 429-32, 435, 438, 453 of interest 399-400

Obligation 336

Obscurantism 488, 501 Observation, Observation-report 47-9,

89, 93, 104, 108-9, 111-5, 117-8,

127,129,134-5,137,141-2,145,147, 164, 166-7, 182-4, 193-4, 369, 437 See also Experiment; Generalization Revocability of 143-4, 146-8, 369 Criteria for 143-4, 146-8 Overthrow of 105-8, 114-5, 130-2,

148

Systematic 152-4, 298

Theoretical element in 107-8, 185-6,

437

Theory of 437

error 101-3, 106-8, 110-1, 114-5 Occult qualities 258-60

Oceanic feelings 407-9, 411 Ohm’s law 294-5

Omnipotence 445

Ontology 404, 411, 435-6, 438, 447, 461, 493

Open-mindedness 9, 30, 33, 44, 53

See also Broadmindedness

Openness to criticism 498-9

Open society 376 Operation research 329 Opponent, worthy 72 Optics 160-1, 170, 189

Newtonian 214-6, 230 Optimism 407, 410-2, 441-2, 444-5,

447, 501, 516

Oracle 386

Ordeal 413

Organic chemistry 310, 315 Oriental mysticism 421-2 Originality 286-7, 289

Outcasts 332

Overrule 173, 195, 271, 280-1

Overthrow, Rejection 137-40, 147-8, 157-8, 160-2, 166, 171, 174, 183, 192-4, 202, 327, 484-5, 500

Rules for, see Rules

See also Observation-reports, over­throw of

Overview 450, 522

Oxford 450

Package deal 497-8, 501-2

Padua 450

Paradigm 164, 205, 522

Paradox of induction 348

Parallax 488

Parity 176, 197

Passivism 389-92, 456

Peace of mind 424, 453-4

Pearl Harbor 297

Pedestrianism 39

Penicillin 330

Perception theory 109-10, 122

Perfect knowledge 241-2, 290-1, 338, 344, 346

Perfection 475-6

Personal deity 504

Personal equation 170

Personal knowledge 173, 250

Pessimism 441-2, 445, 517 Pharmacology 330

Phenomena 258-9, 261, 265, 269, 405-6 Phenomenalism 446

Phenomenology 39, 268-9

of religion 483, 504, 512

Philosophia negativa 72, 451

Philosophy 38, 241, 244, 355, 358-9, 412, 470, 501, 503

of science 24-9, 34-5, 376, 378, 384, 435, 522

of technology 298-9, 334ff.

German 384

History of 411, 457, 462-3

Legal 374, 376-7

Moral 373, 376-7

Negative 72, 451

See also Political philosophy

Phlogiston 12, 191, 196-7, 431 Phonetics 153

Photography 295 Phrenology 147 Physics 14, 19-20, 22, 32, 56, 76-7, 119-20, 202, 204-6, 211, 214, 227, 250, 252, 257, 262, 268-9, 270-81, 286, 416-7, 428, 431, 447, 458, 493, 495

Crisis in 59, 411

Picture theory of language 436 Pilot plants 315, 333-4, 336 Planning of research 162, 165-6, 212 Plasma physics 330

Platypus, duck-billed 190

Plausibility 138, 147, 178, 353-65 Pluralism 220, 461

Polanyi’s rule 130, 139

Polarization 366, 371, 376-7, 393, 429-32, 438, 473

Polite question and answer 249

Political philosophy, Politics 11, 21, 24, 56-7, 147, 366, 370-2, 376, 378, 401, 417-8, 448, 460, 497, 507, 521

Portrait 33-4, 73

Positive evidence, Corroboration, Empirical backing, Empirical support, Confirmation, Verification xiii, 16-18, 25-7, 29, 30, 36-7, 40-50, 60, 68-71, 86ff., 136-8,140,147,149, 162-3, 166-9, 172, 175-82, 188,191, 195, 197-8, 221-4, 250, 271, 282, 287-8, 291-3, 295, 297, 299, 300-1, 303, 306-19, 322-39, 342,348, 350-1, 357-8, 381-7, 396-7, 428, 431, 439, 491-2, 520-1

Legal requirement regarding 37, 306, 322-34, 336, 337, 396-8, 523

Positivism 14,23, 31,33,204,211-2,215, 234, 236, 273, 276, 280-1, 382-3, 458-9

Legal 371

Moral 364, 371

Religious 482-3, 492, 494-5, 497, 500-1, 508-10

Positron 79

Pragmatism 14, 19, 241, 391, 433-4, 461, 495, 498, 506, 510

Prague 413

Prayer 504, 506

Precision 183-7, 220, 291

Prediction, scientific 47-8, 64, 76, 80, 115, 158-61, 164-5, 185, 214, 259, 291, 297, 303, 430, 437

Rationality of 165, 167, 184, 205, 313-4, 343-4

Prejudice and superstition 35, 66, 67, 103,132,151,157,213-5,221-5,232, 325, 327, 355, 380,386,392, 396,430, 444-5, 448-9, 459-60, 480, 482, 491, 493, 501

See also Pseudo-science

Prescription 24, 362, 374, 441 Presocratics xiii, 220-1, 227, 376 Presuppositions 142-3, 243, 246-9, 255-6, 264, 266, 324, 340, 346-8, 350-1, 515

Revocability of 229, 267

Criteria for 227-9, 363

Pretending 350

Priests, scientists as 505

Primary and secondary qualities 307

Primitive tribes 152, 331

Principle xiii, 8

of induction 285,290,292,306,309-12, 314

of tolerance 434

Correspondence 46, 358 Heisenberg’s 184

Reality 441

Rationality 328, 331

Verification 432

Private language 120

Privileged access 120ff.

Probability 14-7, 24, 32-3, 41-4, 81-2, 84-8,91,135-7,180,184-5,205,220, 237, 288, 315, 323, 326, 331, 338-9, 342-4, 326, 348,350,352,357,381-3, 392, 396, 430, 432, 436, 460, 463, 517 Revealed 342

Subjective 430

Problem, see Question

of choice, 373, 393, 420, 429, 432, 434, 439

of demarcation 40-1, 379ff.

of induction 31-2 40-1, 49, 306-9, 313, 315-6, 386-8

of rationality 398-9, 468 situation 512

Body-mind 109-10, 447

Socraic 457

Profession, Professionalism, scientific 313-7, 509

Profit maximization 194

Program for research 3, 4, 225-6, 272, 439-40, 500, 513

Progress 249, 273, 282-3, 285, 293, 302, 327, 333, 336, 362, 379

Scientific 206

Metaphysical 208, 227 Technological 333-7

Logic of 334-7

Scientific and metaphysical progress intertwined 229

Progressivism 441, 516

Projection 237-8, 313, 351

Promise 346, 351

Proof 242, 351-2, 380,405,407,413,420, 422-4, 432, 436-7, 500, 508

as a challenge 423, 500

Propriety 322, 326, 407, 430 Proselytizing 7, 379

Protestant, Protestantism 12, 64, 489, 513

ethics 413, 426, 428, 454-5, 457

Prout’s hypothesis 105-6, 112-4, 161, 186

Pseudo-answer 249, 255, 265

Pseudo-rationalism 354, 497

Pseudo-science xiv, 147, 208, 211, 215-7, 221-5, 354-5

Psycholinguistics 298

Psychologism 7, 164, 316, 331-2, 336, 370-2, 379

Psychology 40, 45, 48, 107-10 120-2, 152,156,223-5,229,314,341,408-9, 415, 424, 441, 497, 504, 517 of science 301, 327

Public character of science 209, 421-2 Public health 336

See also Bureaux of standards

Public opinion, scientific 308,325-6,331, 334, 343, 350, 354-6, 362, 383^1, 460-1

Purely existential statement 383

Pyramid, see Ladder of axioms

Qualification 142, 190, 192, 194, 196, 201, 203, 207

Quality, occult 258-60

Quality, primary and secondary 307 Quantum mechanics 15, 19, 22, 161, 170-2, 182, 184-5, 192, 195, 200, 206-7, 257, 307, 358, 427-8, 431-2, 435, 500

Quarrels, intellectual 270 Quasi-algorism 257, 315 Quasi-induction 368 Quest 469, 505, 509-10

Question, Problem 8,10,40-1,43,45,58, 68, 70, 73, 181-2, 202-3, 208-10, 220-3, 240, 243ff., 287, 301-2, 306, 325, 355, 368, 396-7, 406, 421, 439, 451, 471, 491, 512

Choice of 208-9, 365-6, 394

b 256-7, 266

p 256-7, 263-6

w 256, 263, 265-7

What is 263

Why 240, 257, 262-3, 265-6

Cross examining 240, 243, 247-8 Philosophical 326

Polite 249

Technological 295

Race 56, 327

Radiation Radioactivity 178, 252, 327 Radicalism 449

Random, Randomness 152-4, 345-6 Rational action 322, 331, 499

Rational belief, see Belief

Rational choice, Rational ethics 364

Rational technology 156-7, 164-6, 182, 322-5, 329-31, 386, 396-7, 468

Rationalism 410-1, 429-30, 438, 442, 445-50, 453, 456-8, 462-4, 480, 485, 488-92, 494, 504-5

Comprehensively critical 398, 423, 499 Critical 423, 460, 499, 509

Uncritical 459, 460, 499, 501, 516

Rationality xiii-xiv, 11, 13, 31ff., 37, 70, 100, 189, 313-4, 322-5, 328, 331, 359-63,388-90,396,400,404-7,412, 420, 422-4, 429-30, 432-5, 440, 443, 453, 459, 470, 491-4, 504, 516, 518 Minimum program for 429 Problem of 398-9, 468

Partial and total 331, 429-32

Relativity of 361-3 principle 328, 331

Realism 61, 116-7, 204, 259, 262-3, 271, 446

Naive 92, 101-2, 420

Scientific 116-7

Reality 205-6, 271

Reality principle 441

Reason, Reasonability 138, 147

Reason, limits of 411, 432, 438, 444-5, 451, 460-1, 470-2, 479

Reductionism 446-7

See also Ladder of axioms

Reform, Reformism, in science 27-9, 36, 331, 333-4, 337, 351

Institutional 331, 351

Legal 374, 376

Refutability, Refutation, Refutationism xiii, 25-9, 34-5,41-4, 51-2, 74, 76-9, 82, 89, 91, 113, 134-6, 138, 147, 157, 159-60, 162, 173, 182, 187-9, 192-4, 200-4, 210, 212, 215-9, 220-1, 226, 235,274-5,281,287,291-3, 301,314, 316, 323-4, 328, 330, 336, 338,342-5, 348, 351, 366, 372, 374, 379-82, 384-6, 393-4, 409, 436-7, 439 Conclusive - impossible 136-7, 141, 255, 260

Regression 504

Regula falsi 51 Regulative ideas 368, 375, 388-9, 407, 410, 462

Rejection, Overthrow, see Overthrow Relative frequency 344-5 Relativism 241,361-3

Relativity, Einstein’s 5, 20, 27, 36-7, 41, 47-8, 60, 76-8, 82, 114, 159-60, 172, 186, 188, 194, 199, 200-1, 210, 220, 227, 231, 252, 266, 293, 297, 300-1, 328, 409, 436-7, 439, 446

Relevance 249

Reliability 155, 157, 162-3, 166-7 Reliability of generalizations 134-7 Religion 11-4, 18, 33, 36, 64, 211, 404, 408,411,419,433-4,445-6,452,469, 475, 482-3, 494, 498, 501-3, 505, 509-10, 512, 515

Cosmic 511-2

Monotheistic 503-4

Natural and revealed 426, 454 Phenomenology of 483, 504, 512 and ethics 495

and politics 478 and science 155, 404, 419-20, 469-514

Religious community 505-6

Religious instinct 483, 504, 512

Religious positivism 482-3, 492, 494-5, 497, 500-1, 508-10

Religious skepticism 474-502 Renaissance 12, 35, 54, 65, 462-3, 471, 510

New 376-7

Repairs 292

Repeatability 48-50, 111-3, 166, 222-3, 250

Representational sample 151

Research 157-8, 173, 208-9, 220, 225, 248-9, 268, 306, 312, 316-7, 336, 370, 374-5, 399,424-5,429,448,454, 462, 469, 500, 505, 512

Fundamental 282-3, 326, 329 ‘Normal’scientific 173

Planning of 162, 165-6, 212 Technological 295

Research policy 212, 222, 317

Research programs xiii, 225-6, 272, 439-40, 513

Methodology of 219, 226-33 Satisfactory 227-31

Unsatisfactory 227-33, 239

Research technology 251-2, 255, 261 Resolution power 185-6

Resources, intellectual 316

Respect for the law 443

Respect while criticizing 67, 72-3, 80 Responsibility 37, 317-8, 322, 332, 335-6, 373, 429-30, 474, 519

Retraining 317-8

Revealed preference 430

Revelation 426

See also Miracles

Revolt against science 11

Revolution 363

French 245, 407, 445, 448

Scientific 9, 11, 14-6, 20, 27, 32, 138, 140,162,172-3,178-9,184,201,248, 251, 266, 363, 428, 461, 468,487, 506 Rewording 203

Risk 294-5, 323, 326, 330-5

of total destruction 315, 322, 326, 333, 517, 523

Ritual 413, 454, 501, 508

Robot 315

Romanticism xv, 11, 13, 314, 324, 412, 441-2, 468

Rome 206

Royal Society of London 156, 245, 323, 375, 392, 448, 471, 477-8, 493-4 Routine 313-5

Rules, see Conventions

Bacon’s 128-9

Boyle’s 112-4, 128-9, 130, 137-9,145, 149, 166-7, 181, 193-4

Alternatives to 130-1, 148-50, 181, 196, 199

Violations of 113, 115, 175

Descartes’ 128-9

Locke’s 128-9

Polanyi’s 130, 139 of thumb 325, 330

Sacred cows 132

Safeguard 374-5

Safety margin 325 Sample, representative 151 Santa Claus 129

Saturn 60

Scandal 68, 306-8, 310, 312, 314, 425 Schema 391

Schizophrenia 408, 412 Scholasticism 448

Schools 38

Schools of thought 320, 420, 424, 431, 443-4, 451, 468, 495

Science vii, xiii, 1, 5, 6, 15, 17-9, 22, 24, 26,28-9, 32, 52, 56,59,73-80, 81,86, 189, 196, 204-6, 241, 244, 249, 255, 266-9, 286, 288-9, 290-1, 299, 310-2, 316, 319-21, 355, 366, 369, 370-2, 374, 380, 383-4, 388-98, 405, 416,419,424-6,431,435-6,438,443, 445, 452, 460-1, 474, 484-6, 491-3, 499, 502, 517

Aims of 33, 36, 37, 63, 219, 318-20, 327, 328, 333, 345, 368, 374-5, 388-91, 394-5

Applied 282, 289-90, 293-7, 299, 323,

326, 329-30, 417

Autonomy of 318-21, 331, 493-4 Constitution of 375-6, 378, 425 Faith in 44, 116, 285, 288, 313, 316,

334, 499

History of, see History of science Institution of 1, 182, 322-3, 332-3,

350, 366, 370-2, 374-5, 378, 393 Medieaval 222-3, 481

Moral neutrality of, alleged, 412-16,

419

Negative 72

‘Normal’ 173,266

Philosophy of 24-9, 34-5, 376, 378,

384, 435, 522

Pseudo xiv, 147, 208, 211, 215-7,

221-5, 354-5

Pure 155, 157, 163-4, 282-6, 290-3,

296, 316-8, 320, 322-3, 325-6, 328-30, 333

Revolutions in, see Revolution Sociology of 10, 217-8, 316-8, 328,

330, 331, 336-7

Value of 9, 13

Science and actions 437-40

Science and art 419-20, 462, 502

Science and ethics 406, 412-3, 415-6, 418, 420, 422

Science and its history 148

Science and politics 417-8, 448

Science and religion 155, 404,

419- 20, 469-514

Science and secrecy 303

Science fiction 6,7,118, 315, 412, 414-5, 476

Science making machine 302, 311-3 Scientific attitude 49, 89, 140, 371-2,

377-8, 381-4, 400-1, 451

Scientific community xiii, 144, 244, 250, 254, 302, 313-8, 326, 351, 356, 370,

372, 374-5, 380, 388, 443, 480, 486, 506, 512

Scientific freedom 420, 438-9, 443, 459-60, 489, 496-7

Scientific knowledge 338-9, 340, 350, 470, 472

Scientific language 106-7, 129, 131, 163,

409, 434, 436

Scientific lore 245

Scientific metaphysics, see Metaphysics

Scientific method 213-5, 226-7, 285, 292-3, 311-2, 375, 387-90, 395

Scientific opinion 308, 325-6, 331, 334, 343, 350, 354-6, 362, 383-4, 460-1

Scientific profession 313-7, 509

Scientific progress 202

Scientific research, see Research

Scientific revolutions, see Revolutions

Scientific schools 320, 420, 424, 431, 443-4, 451, 468, 495

Scientific secrecy 303

Scientific technology 517

Scientific tradition 156, 208, 211, 219, 371, 392, 396-7, 399, 401, 451-2, 472-3, 478, 505

Scientists as connoisseurs 503, 505, 507

Scientists as seekers 505

Search for truth 150, 505

Secrecy 303

Sectarianism 52,511

Secularism 513

Security 2, 3, 5, 445

See also Assurance; Insurance Self-confidence 516

Self-deception 497

Self-evidence 422

Self-pressure 283

Self-reliance, autonomy 474-5, 477, 486, 489-90, 496, 501, 505, 507-8, 516, 518-9, 521

Semantics 134

Senate, U.S.A. 298

Sensationalism 92ff., 114-5, 119, 121, 146-7, 201, 381, 451

Naive and sophisticated 92-3, 103, 119, 125

Sensations 103-4, 129

Sex 327

Side effects 330

Significance 439-40

See also ‘Meaning’

Simplicity 52, 148, 159^ 177, 201, 205, 217, 290, 378-9

Simplification 350

Sin 64

Sincerity 40, 301

Situational logic 328, 331

Six day war 305

Skepticism xiv, xv, 31-2,72,98,119,193, 241, 377, 389, 392, 398,411,424,426, 429, 450-1, 453-4, 465, 500, 522 Religious 474, 477, 502, 515-6, 518, 521, 522, 518-9, 522

Sky 262, 265

Slavery, intellectual 462

Social change 316-8, 335-7, 351, 377-8, 522

Sociologism 7, 8, 370-1, 522

Sociology of knowledge 340

Sociology of science 10, 217-8, 316-8, 328, 330-1, 336-7

Socratic problem 457

Solid state physics 286

Solipsism, methodological 120-1, 125 Solitude 325, 461

Soluble 329

Some-induction 312

Space program 302, 351

Specialization 446 Specification 294

Spectroscopy 170-2, 179, 185, 188, 192, 251-2, 358

Mass 161, 179, 252

Speculation 170, 407-10, 413 Speed of light 170

Sin of photon 161

Spiritualism 327

Spy 332

Stability 1-6, 9-10, 13-5, 21-2, 30, 32, 38, 335, 517-8, 521

Standards, scholarly and scientific, see Criteria

Standards, technological, see Bureaux of standards

Static society 335

Statistics 186, 197, 202, 234, 261-2, 265, 344-5

Status 394, 396

Steam engine 53-4

Stop-gap hypothesis 79, 127-8, 205

Street lighting 294-5, 299-300 Stubbornness 286

Study 420, 509-14

Style 81, 501-2, 508, 510, 514 Subjective probability 430 Subjectivism, Subjectivity, see Arbitrari­ness; Idealism

Substance 227, 258-60

Success 16, 36, 41-2, 270-3, 283-92, 296-8, 300, 302, 306, 310-7, 329-30, 436, 446, 474

Suicide 407, 445, 447

Superstition, see Prejudice

Symbolism, Freudian 408

Symmetry 159

Sympathy 415

Synthetic a priori 255, 309-10, 312

Systematic treatment 52, 54, 152-4, 287, 298, 302

Systems, tyranny of 413, 449, 459, 523

Taboo 511

Talent 285-6, 288, 295, 302, 304

Talmud 470, 514

Tao 452

Taste 503

Tautology 241, 255, 274, 381 Taxonomy 190

Technological progress 333-7

Technological research 295

Technological test 37, 149, 301-2, 316, 325, 332-3, 336-7

Technology 17, 19, 53-4, 82, 155-6, 165, 207, 232, 282-302, 310-2, 315-6, 319-21, 322-7, 356, 358

History of 258, 304

Philosophy of 298-9

Rational 156-7, 164-6, 182, 322-5, 329-31, 386, 396-7, 468

Scientific 517

Social 156

Teleology 189

Telescopy 489

Television 252

Tentativity 194, 255, 268, 288, 368, 389, 394, 396, 424, 458, 460, 486, 499-501

Terrestrial magnetism 177, 191, 200, 202 Testability, see Refutability

Test 115-7, 133-4, 147-8, 159-61, 163, 254, 288, 294, 298, 301, 322, 328-9, 333, 336, 346, 368, 385-6, 394, 439 Test flight 332, 335

Testimony 108, 126, 180, 183

Textbook 397

Thalidomide 326, 332

Theology 33, 470,480, 482,495-6, 501-4

Natural 410, 443, 451-2, 454-5

Negative 72

as art criticism 503-4

Theory, see Hypothesis; see also Institu­tions

Thing-in-itself 58-9

Thought experiment 26, 46, 184-5, 423,

447

Thresher 298, 326

Tolerance 195-9, 201, 203, 434, 484, 494 Total blackout 523

Touchstone 258, 261-2 Tradition 502, 507

Philosophical 468, 511

Religious 502, 505-7

Scientific 156, 208, 211, 219, 371, 392, 396-7 399, 401, 451-2, 472-3, 478, 505

Trained observer 125

Transcendental argument 306, 311, 359, 433, 459, 522

Transcendental hypothesis 461-2 Travel grant 450

Trial and error 273, 275, 291-3, 330, 391 Trigonometry 102

Trust and test 147

Truth vii, 17-19, 24, 28, 31-3, 36, 42-3,

62-6, 72, 150, 157, 164, 183, 221, 240-2,247-8,253,256,268-9,288-9, 291, 293-4, 297, 301-2, 319, 321-3, 327-8, 342, 344-5, 349-51, 354, 361, 366, 368, 372, 374-6, 378-9, 391-2, 407, 420-1, 426, 429, 436, 444-5, 448-9,454-5,484-5,487-9,493, 500, 505-6

Manifest 66, 68, 72, 242-6, 420-2, 428 Moral 373

Search for 150, 505

Transmission of 134

Tyranny of facts 459

Tyranny of systems 413, 449, 459 Tu quoque 423, 499

Twilight zone 28

Unanimity, see Consensus Uncertainty 460, 463 Understanding 302

Unemployment 417 Unified field theory 35

Uniformity of nature 461-2

Unique 407, 434-5

United States 56,298, 302, 313, 326, 351, 374

Unity of science 227, 404-5, 408-11, 415-20, 429, 434-6, 438-9, 443, 445-7, 451, 459-61

Universe of discourse 7-8

Universalism 511

Universalizability 404-5, 412, 422-3, 432-6

University 294

Unsuccessful experiment 48-50, 111-3, 166, 222-3, 250

Urbana 376

Usefulness 396

Utopia 3, 404

Vaccination, Inocculation 232-3, 481 Vacuum 194, 330

Value theory 327

Vatican 206, 490, 497

Verification, Verificationism 42-3, 45, 94-6, 133, 135-7, 141, 158-60, 173, 214,216,223,227,260-1, 276, 307-8, 323, 327, 330, 383, 399,405,407,413,

420- 4, 432, 436-7

Verisimilitude 304, 323, 394-5 Vienna Circle 409, 435 Virgin birth 479

Viscosity 194

War 21, 417-8

West 331, 359, 376-7, 388, 390, 410,

421- 2, 470, 474, 515

Wild hypotheses 255 Witness 108, 126, 129, 136, 180-3, 326 Wizardry, see Luck

Wording 203

Words, misuse of 22, 520-1

Work 289-90, 413, 457

Work ethic, see Protestant ethic Worldview 36, 522

See also Metaphysics, grand-scale Worthy opponent 72

Young Turks 250

Zen 453-4

Zero probability 81-90, 357

Zionism 55-7