Notes

1. Read at the Fourth Conference on Legal and Social Philosophy, at Columbia University, November 27, 1915.

2. On Bismarck and Hegel the reader can consult an admirable pa­per by Mr.

3. On this whole subject see Mr. Barker's paper in the Political Quarterly for February, 1915.

4. No adequate history of the secession of 1843 has yet been writ­ten. What exists is for the most part pietistic in form and content. Per­haps the least unsatisfactory work is that of R. Buchanan, The Ten Years' Conflict, Edinburgh, 1850. The Rev. W. Hanna's Life of Chalmers, Vol. IV, will be found to contain much material of value, though natu­rally of a biassed and edifying kind.

5. J. N. Figgis, From Gerson to Grotius, p. 6.

6. Buchanan, II, 594.

7. Buchanan, II, 607.

8. Calderwood, II, 388-389. Innes, Law of Creeds in Scotland, p.

14. I can not too fully acknowledge my debt to this admirable book.

9. Innes, op. cit., p. 20.

10. As is apparent in Melville’s famous sermon before James I. Cf. Innes, p. 21.

11. Acts of Parliament of Scotland, III, 24.

12. Knox, History of Reformation, p. 257, and cf. McCrie’s His­tory of the Scottish Church, p. 44.

13. 1584, c. 129. The so-called ‘Black Acts,’ Calderwood, IV, 62­73.

14. 1592, c. 116. Acts Par. Scot., III, 541. Calderwood, v, 162.

15. 1593, c. 164.

16. Acts Par. Scot., VII, 554.

17. 1690, c. 1.

18. 1690, c. 5.

19. McCrie, op. cit., p. 418.

20. See his judgment in the Auchterarder case. Robertson’s Report, II, 13.

21. This is well brought out by Mr. Innes, op. cit., p. 45.

22. Innes, p. 46.

23. Buchanan, I, 136. Cf. Hetherington’s Hist. of Ch. of Scotland, p. 555; and for some strenuous criticism of William’s attitude, Mr. McCormick’s Life of Carstares, pp. 43-44.

24. McCrie, op. cit., 440.

25. Mathieson, Scotland and the Union, p. 183. Innes op. cit., p. 58.

26. See Sir H. W. Moncrieff, Churches and Creeds, p. 19.

27. 10 Anne, c. 12.

28. Woodrow’s Correspon., 1, 77, 84. Caratares’ State Papers, 82. Burnet, VI, 106-107.

29. Innes op. cit., p. 60.

30. Speeches, II, 180.

31. Buchanan I, 280 ff.

32. Ibid., I, 282.

33. Ibid., I, 293. The motion was carried by 184 votes to 138. Ibid., p. 307.

34. Ibid., I, p. 325.

35. Buchanan, I, 399.

36. Ibid., I, 408.

37. The reader will find full details in Buchanan and the cases noted below.

38. First Auchterarder case. Robertson’s report.

39. Buchanan II, 479.

40. Ibid., II, 284.

41. 1840, 2 Dunlop, p. 585.

42. 1840, 3 Dunlop, p. 282.

43. 1841, 3 Dunlop, p. 778. This is the second Anchterarder case.

44. 1843, 5 Dunlop, p. 1010. This is the third Auchterarder case. I have not discussed the judgments of Brougham and Cottenham L. C. in the Lords, as they add nothing to the Scottish opinions.

45. 1840 3 D. 283.

46. 1843, 5 Dunlop, p. 909.

47. Buchanan, II, 194.

48. Hansard, 3d Series, vol. LXVII, p. 442, March 8, 1843.

49. Hansard, 3d Series, vol. LXVII, pp. 382, 502. See also below.

50. Buchanan, II, 633.

51. Innes Appendix K.

52. Life of Chalmers, vol. IV, p. 199.

53. Life of Chalmers, loc. cit.

54. Cf. Figgis, Divine Right of Kings, ed. 2, p. 267.

55. Jus Divinium, p. 42, quoted in Figgis, op. cit., p. 275.

56. Life of Chalmers, vol. IV, p. 54. Mr. Gladstone was present at and deeply impressed by these lectures. Morley (Pop. ed.), I, 127.

57. Quoted in Moncrieff, The Free Church Principle (1883), p. 35.

58. See Moncrieff, The Free Church, p. 37.

59. Buchanan, I, 367.

60. Life, III, 270.

61. March 16, 1843. Moncrieff, op. cit., p. 111. The remark is all the more significant since it is made on the eve of the Disruption.

62. Moncrieff, op. cit., p. 102.

63. Hansard, 5th Series, vol. XIII, February 12, 1913, p.

64. Innes, op. cit., p. 73.

65. Buchanan, II, 633.

66. Buchanan, II, 634, ‘the above-mentioned essential doctrine and fundamental principle... have been by diverse and repeated Acts of Par­liament, recognised, ratified and confirmed.’

67. Buchanan, II, 647.

68. Ibid, II, 649

69. Buchanan, loc. cit., 650.

70. Robertson’s Report, I, 356.

71. Quoted in Figgis, Divine Right of Kings, p. 278.

72. Robertson, I, 382.

73. Loc. cit., I, 383.

74. Loc. cit., I, 124.

75. Hansard, 3d Series, vol. xxxv, pp. 575-581.

76. Buchanan, II, 25.

77. Ibid., II, 572.

78. Hansard, 3d Series, vol LXVII, p. 356, March 7, 1843.

79. Ibid. p. 367.

80. Yet a doubt must be permitted whether the Free Church party would have accepted an hostile decision even of Parliament. Chalmers, certainly, had not such doubts of his position as to think of mediation.

81. Buchanan, II, 634.

82. Divine Right of Kings, p. 186. But in the preface to his second edition Mr. Figgis considerably modifies his conclusion.

83. Cf. works, IV, 539.

84. Cf. Leslie, The New Association and Bramhall’s A Warning to the Church of England.

85. As Mr. Figgis notes, Divine Right of Kings, p. 286.

86. See his Caesarism and Ultramontaniam, 1874.

87. See his article in the Contemporary Review for April, 1874.

88. See his paper ‘Ultramontanism and the Free Kirk’ in the Con­temporary Review for June, 1874.

89. Though the Encyclical Immortale Dei of 1885 in Denziger’s Enchiridion, pp. 501-508, and Newman’s Letter to the Duke of Nor­folk are, as I hope to show in a later paper, very akin to the Presbyterian theory; and the Jesuits of the seventeenth century worked out a similar claim.

90. I say outside because the General Assembly claims a control that is very like that of an Austinian.

91. Contemporary Review, vol. 24, p. 267.

92. Quoted in Fraser's Magazine for July, 1843.

93. North British Review, 1849, p. 447.

94. Trevelyan’s Life (Nelson ed.), II, 57.

95. That of Lord Medwyn, see below.

96. Middleton v. Anderson, 4 D. 1010.

97. Robertson, I, 185.

98. See my paper on ‘The Personality ofAssociations’ in the Harvard Law Review for February, 1916.

99. Robertson, II, 32.

100. Robertson, II, 359.

101. Robertson, II, pp. 2, 4, 5, 10.

102. Cuninghame v. Lainshawe, Clark's report of the Stewarton case, 1843, p. 53.

103. Robertson, II, 23.

104. Loc. cit.

105. Robertson, II, 88.

106. Robertson, II, 121.

107. This is of course the simple doctrine of parliamentary sover­eignty discussed by Professor Dicey in the first chapter of his Law of the Constitution. It is very effectively criticised in the last chapter of Professor McIlwain's High Court of Parliament.

108. Cf. ‘The Sovereignty of the State,' supra.

109. Robertson, II, 37. Per Lord Gillies.

110. Buchanan, 1, 465.

111. Ibid., I, 472.

112. Ibid., I, 478.

113. The reader of Mr. Buchanan's work should be warned that the writer's prejudices lead him consistently to misrepresent Dr. Cook's at­titude.

114. Buchanan I, 481. II, 21.

115. Ibid., II, 24.

116. Ibid., II, 261.

117. Ibid., II, 516. Cf. this with Manning's view that the power to fix the limits of its own power was essentially the right of the Church. The Vatican Decrees (1875), p. 54.

118. Hansard, 3d Series, vol. LXVII, p. 502, March 8, 1843.

119. Ibid., March 7, 1843, pp. 382 ff.

120. Ibid.

121. See above the references at notes 60 and 61.

122. Cf. Innes p. 74 and the interesting note on that page.

123. Cf. Combes, Une Campagne taique, p. 20—the citation from the Duc de Broglie.

124. And article 29 of the Code Penale forbids associations of more than twenty persons even for social purposes. Seilhac, Syndicat Ouvriers (1902), p. 64.

125. See my paper, ‘Trusts in favour of Religious Bodies' in the Canadian Law Times for March-April, 1916.

126. Sir F. Pollock has protested (10 L. Q. B., 99) that English lawyers do not accept this view; it is certainly the theory of the Courts.

127. Robertson, II, 121.

128. Kinnoull v. Ferguson, March 10, 1843,5 D. 1010. Innes, p. 82.

129. See Robertson II 380 ff.

130. But this has now been done in the Church of England. See Bannister v. Thompson [1908], pp. 362, and on the rule for Prohibition B. v. Dibden [1912], A. C., 533.

131. Robertson, II, 372.

132. Robertson, II, 362.

133. 27 Harvard Law Review, 735. For a splendid example of the way in which the theory can be worked out see his paper in 29 Harvard Law Review, 640.

134. Figgis, From Gerson to Grotius, p. 63.

135. Cf. Figgis, op. cit. p. 184.

136. It is a matter of great interest that the Presbyterians, like the Jesuits, should have had two quite distinct theories of the State. In the seventeenth century one has to distinguish sharply between that of men like Cartwright and that ofthe Presbyterians in the Parliaments of Charles I. The latter was definitely Erastian and it was against that theory that Milton intelligibly inveighed. Cf. Figgis, Divine Right of Kings, Chap­ter ix.

137. Works, Jena ed., 12, 339.

138. Cf. Maitland’s Gierke, p. 102.

139. Shype, Life of Whitgift, II, 22 ff.

140. Mr. Figgis, both in his From Gerson to Grotius and Churches in the Modern State attacks very bitterly the Austinianism of M. Combes as seen in his Campagne Laique but I do not feel that he understands the provocations to which the Republic was subjected.

141. Innes, p. 113.

142. For he purposes of this paper I have regarded the movement as ending with the conversion of Manning rather than of Newman. There is, of course, a sense in which the movement has not yet ended. In that view Mr. Figgis’ Churches in the Modern State might be read as the lineal successor to Pusey’s tract on the royal supremacy.

143. Cf. V. F. Storr, Development of English Theology During the Nineteenth Century, pp. 126 ff.

144. Cf. Church, The Oxford Movement, p. 1, n. 1.

145. Church of Englandism, Works, II, 199. Cf. Stanley, Life of Arnold, I, 326.

146. D. N. B., vol. 58, p. 416.

147. Cf. Storr, op. cit., p. 63 ff.

148. Mr. Storr, indeed, contends that Knox anticipated most of the characteristic ideas of the Tractarians, op. cit., p. 85.

149. Sir John Walsh is an admirable index of thin attitude. See his voluminous pamphlets especially Popular Opinions on Parliamentary Reform Considered (London, 1832), pp. 7, 12, 16, and Colonel Stewart's Examination of the Principles and Tendencies of the Ministerial Plan of Reform (Edinburgh, 1831). Scarlett, Letter to Lord Milton (London, 1881), p. 37, ‘I hold it as a maxim that every government which tends to separate property from constitutional power must be liable to perpetual revolutions.'

150. Cf. Newman's question as to Arnold, Apologia (ed. Wilfrid Ward), p. 134.

151. Cf. Stanley, Life of Arnold, vol. I, pp. 205, 207, 333. II, p. 133, and his consequent opposition to Jewish emancipation, II, p. 40, 44.

152. vol. 50, p. 509.

153. Greville, III, 206.

154. Fraser’s Magazine, March, 1835, p. 247.

155. London Review, July, 1835. Cf. II. Stephen, English Utilitar­ians, II, 57.

156. Brodrick and Potheringham, History of England from 1801­1837, p. 322.

157. Greville (ed. of 1874), vol. III, pp. 9, 267. Lord Grey had already warned the bishops to set their house in order. Storr, op. cit., p. 250.

158. Walpo1e, Life of Lord John Russell, I, 197.

159. Apologia (Ward's ed.), p. 134.

160. Loc. cit.

161. Op. cit., p. 135.

162. Loc. cit., p. 136.

163. Palmer, Narrative of Events, p. 45. It is difficult to say how much truth there is in his story of a contemplated Roman Catholic es­tablishment. Peel had certainly considered the idea. Life, vol. I, p. 369.

164. Ibid., p. 49.

165. Apologia, p. 140.

166. Apologia, p. 144.

167. See Appendix A to Palmer's Narrative.

168. Palmer p. 60.

169. Apologia, p. 141.

170. Apologia, p. 154.

171. Cf. Starr, op. cit., p. 258.

172. Cf. Tract 4.

173. Hence, in Tract 90, Newman logically endeavours to read the Tridentine tradition, i.e., to him the pre-Reformation tradition, into the Thirty-Nine Articles.

174. Remains, I, 405.

175. The reader may note how in Dr. Figgis' Churches and the Modern State this attitude is, perhaps a little vaguely, implied. Cf. espe­cially pp. 43-47.

176. Cf. Church, The Oxford Movement, p. 51.

177. Cf. the startling commencement ofthe first tract—Ad clerum.

178. Cf. Hansard, New Series, vol. xxiv, p. 802, June 23, 1834.

179. Hansard, New Series, Vol. XXVII, March 30, 1835, p. 423.

180. Loc. cit., p. 534, March 31, 1835.

181. Gladstone noted that Peel was wholly anti-Church and unclerical and largely undogmatic. Morley, I, 132. Hansard, New Series, vol. xvii, April 16, 1833, p. 1002.

182. Cf. Church, The Oxford Movement, p. 168 ff.

183. Church, op. cit., p. 170. Palmer, Narrative, p. 131. Mr. Palmer makes it clear that the Tractarians were only a small number of the opposition.

184. Church, op. cit., p. 320.

185. Apologia, p. 166.

186. It is needless, perhaps, to refer to Dean Church's incompa­rable Oxford Movement.

187. Apologia, p. 163.

188. Op. cit., p. 164.

189. Op. cit., p. 169.

190. Op. cit., p. 175.

191. Op. cit., p. 182.

192. Church, op. cit., p. 290.

193. Church, op. cit., 312-335.

194. It is hardly needful for me to remark here how greatly I am indebted to Mr. Wilfrid Ward's brilliant W G. Ward and the Oxford Movement.

195. Cf. Morley's Gladstone, i, 230. Apologia, p. 293.

196. See especially Part VI of the Apologia.

197. Morley, I, 234.

198. Church, op. cit., p. 406. Palmer, op. cit., p. 240.

199. Life of Gladstone, II, 280.

200. See the special report by Moore. The facts of the case and Lord Langdale's judgment are given conveniently in Brooke's Six Privy Council Judgments. it is noteworthy that Bishop Blomfield, the most ecclesiastically minded ofthe three prelates, should have refused to con­cur in the judgment.

201. Greville, I, 18.

202. Hansard, 3d Series, vol. III, p. 629.

203. Palmer, Narrative, p. 245. Purcell's Manning, I, p. 523.

204. Morley, I, 283.

205. The document in Purcell's Manning, I, 532.

206. Purcell I, 539 ff.

207. Op. cit., I, 543-545.

208. The great authority on liturgy.

209. Purcell, I, 558, n. 1.

210. See the letter of S. Wilberforce to Gladstone, Purcell, I, 568.

211. Purcell, I, 578.

212. The first tract actually points out ‘how miserable is the state of religious bodies not supported by the State.'

213. Tract 1, p. 4.

214. Tract 2, p. 2.

215. Tract 2, p. 4.

216. P. 13.

217. Loc. cit., p. 13.

218. The reference is apparently to the Ecclesiastical Commission­ers' Act, 1836, 6 and 7 William iv, c. 77, but the protest is written in 1839.

219. Tract 33, note on p. 7.

220. It is simply stated to be by ‘an Episcopalian' and Whately, I believe, never acknowledged the authorship. But it is usually ascribed to him.

221. In the third letter.

222. See the fourth letter.

223. Cf. Storr, Development of English Theology, p. 84.

224. Apologia, p. 115.

225. Life of Gladstone, I, 115.

226. In our own day an eloquent and brilliant defence has been made of this position by Dr. Figgis in his Churches in the Modern State from the Anglican standpoint and Dr. Forsyth in his Theology in Church and State from the Nonconformist.

227. Cf. Froude—The Oxford Counter-Reformation in Short Stud­ies (ed. of 1883), Vol IV, p. 154..

228. Op. cit., p. 164.

229. I say ‘were to learn' since it is clear from a variety of sources, e.g., Purcell's Life of Manning, I, 541, that many of the clergy did not understand the royal supremacy in this broad sense.

230. Life and Letters of R. W Church, p. 289. He is speaking ofthe Church Boards Bill.

231. See my paper on The Political Theory ofthe Disruption printed in this volume.

232. The Oxford Counter-Reformation in Short Studies, IV, 185.

233. Hansard, 3d Series, Vol. cxviii, p. 552.

234. Hansard, New Series, vol. XVIII, p. 185, April 16, 1833. One imagines how this would have been greeted by Newman and Hurrell Froude.

235. Hansard, New Series, vol. xix, p. 991, July 19, 1833.

236. Quoted in Wilfrid Ward, W G. Ward and the Oxford Move­ment, p. 378.

237. Hansard, New Series, Vol. viii, p. 368, March 4, 1823. He is speaking of the Irish church, but he would of course have applied the doctrine to that of England, and doubtless he was speaking with the support of the Utilitarians.

238. Memoirs of Sir Robert Peel, Vol. I, p. 84.

239. Cf. Newman's Correspondence, Vol. II, p. 310. The letter to a ‘lady of excitable temperament.'

240. Correspondence, II, 315, letter to J. W. Bowden.

241. Cf. Correspondence, II, 323, letter to the Bishop of Oxford.

242. Loc. cit.

243. Correspondence, II, 4.

244. Ibid., II, 16.

245. Op. cit., II, p. 23. The reference to Warburton's Alliance be­tween Church and State in this letter is very significant.

246. Op. cit., II, 77.

247. Loc. cit., II, 160, letter to Keble.

248. Op. cit., II, 166.

249. Op. cit., II, 216.

250. Op. cit., II, 308.

251. Op. cit., II, 329.

252. So at least I would summarise Mr. Gladstone’s State in its Relations with the Church—though, as Bagehot (Collected Works, III, 294) whimsically said, he defended it ‘mistily.’ I assume it more or less met with Tractarian approval. It was mainly influenced by James Hope and W. Palmer of Worcester; and Newman thought that it would do good. Morley, I, 135.

253. Cf. Ward, Ideal of a Christian Church, p. 49; and compare the remarkable letter to Manning written in 1844 by Dean Church. Purcell, I, 696.

254. See the letter quoted in the last note.

255. Cf. Tract 59.

256. The closing words of Tract 59.

257. Tract 60.

258. Cf. for instance Tract 71, the discussion of the liturgy and the account of the quarrel between the Upper and Lower Houses of Convo­cation in 1689. It is perhaps significant that the stoutest Erastian of recent times, Sir William Harcoart, should have been the firm upholder of lay influence. See his Lawlessness in the National Clurch (1899).

259. See Pusey’s Letter to the Bishop of Oxford, p. 19; though in Newman’s Essay on Development this becomes capable of formidable modification.

260. The very title of his sermon seems to express this feeling.

261. Newman’s Correspondence, Vol. I, p. 392.

262. Ibid I 396.

263. Ibid., I, 399.

264. Ibid., I, 403.

265. See his Narrative of Events, pp. 4446.

266. In this connexion the letter quoted in Mr. Palmer’s appendix at p. 217 is of deep interest.

267. Above, p. 6.

268. The Oxford Movement, p. 158.

269. Op. cit., p. 163.

270. Cf. Church, op. cit., p. 169.

271. Correspondence, vol. II, p. 150.

272. Op. cit., 161 (letter of Archdeacon Froude).

273. Letters of J. B. Mosley, p. 54.

274. Op. cit., I, 166.

275. The Oxford Movement, p. 177.

276. Liddon, Life of Pusey, Vol. II, p. 158.

277. Life, II, 160.

278. Life, II, 165.

279. See Jelf, Report of B. v. Canterbury (Archbishop). The whole case is most instructive.

280. Life of Pusey, Vol. I, p. 368.

281. Newman's Correspondence, II, 27, 78.

282. Op. cit., II, 170-171.

283. Op. cit., I 169.

284. Hansard, 3d Series, Vol. XLVIII, June 4, 1839, p. 1338.

285. Hansard, 3d Series, vol. iii, June 3, 1850, p. 600.

286. Morley, I, 280.

287. See an able essay in the Guardian for October 12, 1887.

288. Life, II, 249.

289. Life of Pusey, II, 254.

290. Life of Pusey, II, 256.

291. Loc. cit.

292. Life of Manning, I, 540.

293. Life of Manning, I, 534.

294. Morley's Gladstone, 1, 281.

295. Remarks on Dr. Wiseman ‘s sermon on the Gorham case, London, 1850.

296. Church Matters in 1850: A Call to Speak Out, p. 8.

297. Loc. cit., p. 31.

298. A letter to the Rt. Hon. Lord J. Russell on the Present Perse­cution of a certain portion ofthe English Church, London, 1850, p. 11.

299. Op. cit., p. 49.

300. A Few Words of Hope on the present Crisis in the English Church, London, 1850, p. 5.

301. The See of St. Peter, London, 1850, p. 8.

302. A letter to the Rt. Rev. Ashurst Turner, Lord Bishop of Chichester, London, 1850, p. 5.

303. Op. cit., p. 6.

304. Life, I, 539.

305. Life, I, 547.

306. Letter to Rev. Ashurst Turner, p. 15.

307. Life, I, 555.

308. Loc. cit., I, 556.

309. Loc. cit., I, 565.

310. Loc. cit., I, 558, n. 1.

311. For Manning's opinion of him see Purcell's Life, I, 547. For Pusey's relations with him see Liddon's Life of Pusey, III, 263 ff.

312. See his Anglicanism Considered in its Results, p. 5, London, 1851. It was written after he became a Reman Catholic.

313. Ibid., p. 56.

314. Ibid., p. 61.

315. Ibid., p. 65 ff.

316. Ward, Life of Newman, vol. I, p. 234. The quotation is from the Lectures on the Difficulties of Anglicans.

317. See a letter in the London Times January 11, 1869.

318. Life and Letters of R. W. Church, p. 284.

319. Report, vol. I, e.g., pp. 15, 18, 27, 44, 48, 53, etc.

320. Report, vol. II, p. 216, Q. 10510.

321. Report, vol. II, p. 221, Q. 10587.

322. Report, vol. I, p. 36, Letter of Rev. G. Tremenheere.

323. Report, vol. II, p. 447, Q. 14120.

324. Report, vol. II, p. 484, Q. 14706.

325. vol. II. Cf. Report, p. 499, Q. 14953.

326. See Lord H. Cecil's evidence.

327. Lawlessness and the National Church, 1899, p. 13.

328. See the Political Theories of the Disruption, supra.

329. See his Alliance of Church and State, p. 86.

330. Chalmers himself actually lectured on their benefits in London in 1838.

331. Though of course Newman claimed that in 1845 he was join­ing the true Catholic Church, just as Chalmers looked upon the Free Church as the true Presbyterian Church. The other had abandoned the Headship of Christ in his view and had therefore lost its identity with the Church of Knox and Melville which he still represented.

332. Works, De Concordantia Catholica, 11. c. 40.

333. See his Tractatus de potestate regia et papali in Goldast, II, p. 108 ff., esp. c. 21.

334. Cf. De Officio Regis, esp. pp. 34-36, 137, 138.

335. Goldast, I, 232-242.

336. Goldast, I, 559-560.

337. Cf. Defensor Pacis, cc. 5-6.

338. E.g., Summa Cont. Gent., IV, 76.

339. E.g., the Gloss on C. 3. x. I, 41. and Hostiensis. Summa, I, 1, nr. 4.

340. The Somnium Vidarii, I, a. 1-16. Ockham. Dialog., I, 6, c. III. John of Paris, Tract, Introd. and c. 13-14. The references can be multi­plied almost indefinitely.

341. Cf. the striking phrases in the Registrtum, Bk. IV, ep. II (1076), pp. 242-243.

342. The introductory lecture of Dr. Figgis, From Gerson to Grotius works out this conception most admirably. I should say that the sub­stantial difference lies in the fact that the Church has become separate from the State to the Tractarians whereas to the medieval publicist the State was, in Dr. Figgis' phrase, the ‘police-department of the Church.'

343. Dr. Figgis, in the brilliant little essay on Newman which he has printed as an appendix to his Fellowship of the Mystery has made this very clear. It is of course merely one result of that realism which Gierke and Maitland have taught us to understand.

344. As in Rev. v. Dibden [1910], P. Q. 57; Thompson v. Dibden [1912], A. C. 533. The whole mass of ritual cases is of course another aspect of the same problem.

345. Fitzgerald v. Robinson, 112 Mass. 371. Shannon v. Frost, 3 B. Mon. (Ky.), 253, 258. Dees v. Moss Point Baptist Church, 17, So. 1 (Miss.). Waller v. Howell, 20 Misc., 236, 45 N. Y. Supp., 790.

346. Grosvenor v. United Society of Believers, 118 Mass., 78; and even more striking, Fitzgerald v. Robinson, 112 Mass. 371. Farnsworth v. Storrs, 5 Cush. (Mass.), 412, 416.

347. It is, I think, the natural deduction from Jarves and Hatheway, 3 Johns. (N. Y.), 180; cf. Konkle v. Haven, 140 Mich. 472, 478.

348. The best general work on the Catholic Revival in England is that of M. Thureau-Dangin: ‘La Renaissance Catholique en Angleterre an XIXme siecle.' This has been translated. To M. Thureau-Dangin, however, the movement is entirely non-political.

349. The story of the emancipation may now be consulted in Mon­signor Bernard Ward's Eve of Catholic Emancipation. It is, however, weak on the non-religious side.

350. History of Freedom, p. 151.

351. See for example, Lord Redeedale in Hansard, New Series, vol. xxxiv, p. 1251.

352. See Charles Butler's tribute to him in Historical Memoirs, vol. XV, p. 392.

353. Hansard, 2d Series, vol. XXXI, p. 477.

354. Monsignor Ward, op. cit., vol. iii, Chapters 40, 43, 46, adds much our knowledge of this part of the history.

355. Cf. Mr. Russell Smith's valuable little work, Religious Lib­erty under Charles II and James II, especially Chapter 2.

356. Rehearsal Transposed, p. 132.

357. Hansard, 2d Series, Vol. XL, p. 390, May 17, 1819. 358.Op. cit., p. 395.

359. Hansard, 2d Series, Vol. XXXVI, p. 616, May 16, 1817.

360. Hansard, loc. cit., p. 642.

361. Hansard, loc. cit., p. 647.

362. See his able little pamphlet, First Letter to the People of En­gland on the Catholic Question, London, 1829.

363. Hansard, 2d Series, Vol. V, p. 965, February 28, 1821.

364. Penn, England's Present Interest Discovered, p. 32 (1675).

365. Hansard, New Series, ‘Vol. V, p. 969, February 28, 1821.

366. Hansard, New Series, ‘Vol. VII, p. 517, May 10, 1822.

367. It is a pity that Monsignor ward in his three volumes should not have paid Sidney Smith the tribute his Letters of Peter Plymley merit.

368. Collected Works, p. 250.

369. Collected Works, p. 684.

370. Ward, op. cit., vol. II, p. 65.

371. Ward, II, 143.

372. Op. cit., II, p. 148.

373. Op. cit., II, 302. The author of the pamphlet is unknown, but it was reprinted by Butler with emphatic approval, as an appendix to his Historical Memorials in the later editions.

374. Ward, op. cit., II, 302.

375. Quarterly Review, 1875, p. 494.

376. Declaration of the Catholic Bishops, etc., London, 1826, p. 14.

377. See the amusing opinion expressed of him by the voluble and excitable Milner. Ward, op. cit., III, 153.

378. Letter to Lord Liverpool on the Roman Catholic Claims, p. 115.

379. The text of these amendments is given in Parliamentary De­bates, Vol. xxvi, pp. 88 seq.

380. Ward, II, 37.

381. Ward, II, 41. The ‘heart and malice' is that of Charles Butler to whose Gallicanism Milner was unalterably opposed. See Ward, passim.

382. Ward, II, pp. 71 seq.

383. Life and Speeches, vol. II, 178. Ward, II, 143.

384. Ward, II, 150.

385. See the abortive resolutions proposed by Bishop Poynter. Ward, II, 242.

386. Ward, III, 58.

387. Ward, m, 63.

388. Ward, III, 77.

389. Ward, III, 158.

390. Manning's attacks on the Gallicanism of the old Catholics are well known. See Purcell, II, pp. 217, 308.

391. Ward, III, 168.

392. Ward, III, 247.

393. Ward, III, 21.

394. Nielson's History of the Papacy, I, 350.

395. Morley, I, 40.

396. Ward, III, 362, and see his comment at pp. 254-255.

397. Ward, III, 257, and see below.

398. This has practically been inoperative.

399. This again has been inoperative.

400. 10. G. IV.

401. SS. 12, 17, 18; and in connexion with his ownership of an advowson, see 3 Jac. I, c. 5. s. 13. and I, W. & M. C. 26. s. 2.

402. This is of old standing, see e.g., Adams v. Lambert (1602), 4 Co. Rep. 104. West v. Shuttleworth, (1835), 2 My. & K., 684. Heath v. Chapman (1854), 2 Drew, 417, 425.

403. De Themmines v. De Bonneval (1828), 5 Russ. 288.

404. Dicey, Law and Public Opinion (Second ed.), p. 345.

405. See his collected speeches, ed. Hoey (1855), p. 117.

406. Life, Vol. II, p. 126.

407. Plunket has stated its nature very eloquently and unanswer­ably. Collected Speeches, pp. 111-135.

408. The phrase is Plunket’s. Collected Speeches, p. 217.

409. For some striking remarks on the Byzantinism of Henry VIII see Maitland’s English Law and the Renaissance, especially pp. 14 ff.

410. This is the essential argument of such works as Leslie’s A Battle Royal, Barrow on the Pope’s Supremacy, Jackson on Christian Obedience, and the like.

411. In his two recent volumes, The Sequel to Catholic Emancipa­tion, Monsignor Bernard Ward has related the internal history of the Catholic Body in England to the re-establishment of the hierarchy. See also Mr. Wilfrid Ward’s able Life of Cardinal Wiseman.

412. Cf. Acton, History of Freedom, p. 190.

413. See Newman, Difficulties of Anglicans (ed. of 1908), Vol. I, pp. 37ff.

414. Indeed, as Acton pointed out in 1858, it was doubtful if there was a Catholic political system at all. See his essay, ‘Political Thoughts on the Church’ in the History of Freedom.

415. Cf. Newman’s Apologia (ed. Ward), p. 133, and Morley’s Gladstone, (Pop. ed.), I, 65.

416. See the preface to Dollinger’s Kirche undKirchen, where he gives an account of this prophecy made to the Archbishop of Rheims.

417. Ward, Life of Wiseman, I, 321.

418. Op. cit., 1, 330.

419. Op. cit., I, 425.

420. History of Rationalism, I, 159.

421. Life, I, 440.

422. Ibid., I, 474 ff.

423. Ibid., I, 480 ff.

424. Ibid., I, 492-494.

425. Ibid., I, 529.

426. Ibid., I, 543.

427. October 19, 1850.

428. Life of Wiseman, I, 548.

429. Ibid., I 551

430. Ibid., I, 553.

431. Ibid., II, 3.

432. Ibid., II, 6-9.

433. The text of the Act in given in the Life of Wiseman, vol. II, p. 585.

434. April, 1851, p. 574.

435. Hodder, Life of Shaftesbury, vol. II, p. 332.

436. Life of Wiseman, II, 15.

437. Ibid

438. Trevelyan’s Life (Nelson's ed.), vol. II, p. 275.

439. Morley, Life, I, 304 ff.

440. Life of Wiseman, I, 560.

441. Hansard, 2d Series, vol. LXXXVIII, p. 1261, Speech of April 20, 1846.

442. Ibid.

443. Hansard, 2d Series, vol. LXX-VIII, p. 362.

444. Life of Wiseman, 11, 566.

445. Appeal, etc., p. 23.

446. Life of Wiseman, II, 17 ff.

447. Ibid., II, 3.

448. Westminster Review, 1851, vol. LIV, p. 450.

449. Ibid., p. 454.

450. Edinburgh Review, April, 1851, p. 538.

451. See his Law of the Constitution (7th ed.), pp. 74-82.

452. Westminster Review, 1851, Vol. LIV, p. 458.

453. The Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster and the New Hier­archy, London, 1851, p. 20.

454. Ibid., p. 36.

455. Ibid., p. 18.

456. Life of Wiseman, vol. II, p. 9.

457. Trevelyan, Life of Bright, 193.

458. Ibid., 194, Speech of May 12, 1851.

459. Morley, I, 306.

460. De Tocqueville, ‘Correspondence,’ III, 274, quoted in Morley’s Life.

461. Morley, I, 308.

462. Difficulties of Anglicans (ed. of 1908), I, 44.

463. Ibid., I, 52.

464. The reference is to the Symbolik (Robertson’s translation), II, 36-39.

465. Difficulties of the Anglicans, I, 102.

466. Ibid., I, 107.

467. Ibid., I, 131.

468. Ibid., I, 173.

469. Ibid.

470. Ibid., I, 175.

471. Ibid., I, 175.

472. Ibid., I, 181 f

473. Ibid., I, 185.

474. Ibid., I, 187.

475. Ibid I, 196.

476. Ibid., I, 213.

477. Ibid., I, 218

478. Ep. Felix II, Ep. VIII, 5. in Thiel. Epistolae Romanorum Pontificum.

479. Gelasius, I, Ep. X, 9. and I, 10. in Thiel., op. cit.

480. Tractatus, IV, 11.

481. Monument, Germ. Hist., Sec. 11, Vol. II, No. 196.

482. Ad. Episcop. De Inst. Carol, cap. 1 in Migne, Patrolog, vol. cxxv.

483. Cf. the emphatic words in the document referred to above, ‘Quod eiusdem aeclessiae corpus in duabus principaliter dividatur eximiis personis,' etc.

484. As evidence, for example, in the purgation of Leo III; the clause about his freewill is clearly the merest sop to his dignity.

485. Cf. for instance Mon. Germ. Hist. Ep., IV. Alcuin, Ep. XVIII, 108.

486. Carlyle, Med. Pol. Theory, I, 281. Mr. Carlyle quotes from Jonas of Orleans with whose work, however, I am not acquainted.

487. Carlyle, II, 199.

488. Cf. the important remarks of Mr. Sidney-Woolf in his brilliant essay on Bartolus, pp. 101-107.

489. As pointed out by Mr. Figgis in the essay, ‘Respublica Christiana,' which he has reprinted as an appendix to his Churches in the Modern State.

490. I assume that nobody now doubts that the Jesuits were respon­sible for the syllabus of 1864 and the Decree of 1870. Cf. Acton, His­tory of Freedom, p. 498 ff., and Janus' The Pope and the Council, passim.

491. Sequel to Catholic Emancipation, II, 287.

492. See above, note 102.

493. The best general work on the Papacy during the nineteenth century is that of Bishop Nielsen. Friedrich's Life of Dollinger contains a mass of information upon what is perhaps its most important episode. The historical perspective will always be set by Janus' The Pope and the Council.

494. Rosmini's DellaMissione a Rome is our best authority on this critical episode. For his interpretation of Rossi's appointment, see op. cit., p. 53.

495. Nielsen, II, 173.

496. See the very interesting note of Antonelli in Bianchi's Storia documentata della diplomozia Europea in Italia, Vol. VI, p. 238, seq.

497. Nielsen, II, 181.

498. Nielsen, II, 182. For Dollinger's opinion ofthe change, cf. his Kleinere Schriften, p. 582 ff.

499. Nielsen, II, 184. Lord Palmerston obtained his release in char­acteristic fashion by threatening to send some English warships to the Mediterranean.

500. Nielsen, II, 191 f. For the attitude of Gregory XVI, see op. cit., II, 76 f.

501. Schräder, Pius IXals Papst und als Konig, 12.

502. Wilfrid Ward, W G. Ward, and the Catholic Revival, p. 14. I owe much to. this able and fascinating book.

503. Cf. W. Ward, op. cit., Chapter v, for a general discussion of his father's position.

504. Cf. Du Pape (ed. of 1837), vol. I, p. 345.

505. Ibid., I, 23.

506. Wilfrid Ward, op. cit., p. 141.

507. Op. cit., p. 133.

508. Op. cit., p. 134.

509. Op. cit., p. 176.

510. Op. cit., p. 186.

511. History of Freedom, p. 151.

512. This is apparent in the famous essay on the massacre of Saint Bartholomew.

513. History of Freedom, p. 246.

514. Ibid., p. 250.

515. Ibid., p. 251.

516. Ibid., p. 256.

517. Ibid., p. 257.

518. Ibid., p. 448.

519. Ibid., p. 453.

520. Ibid., p. 455.

521. Ibid., p. 457.

522. What freedom meant to Acton the reader can gather—his own writings apart—from the famous passage in Lord Bryce's Contempo­rary Biography. Cf. also Figgis, Churches in the Modern State, pp. 253-265.

523. Cf. the introduction to Basquet's Lord Acton and His Circle.

524. ‘Conficts with Rome,' Home and Foreign Review, April, 1864.

525. Letters of Lord Acton to Mary Gladstone (2d ed.), p. 104.

526. This, I take it, is the basic thought of the ‘Political Thoughts on the Church,' History of Freedom, p. 188, seq.

527. Cf. the comments of Lord Acton in Letters to Mary Gladstone, pp. 35 and 107, especially p. 35.

528. Cf. ‘Wilfrid Ward, Life of Newman, Chapters XXI and XXIV.

529. Wilfrid Ward, Life of Newman, II, 101.

530. Ibid., II, 101.

531. Ibid., II, 114.

532. Cf. Life, vol. II, Chapter XXV, for an account of the Curia's attitude to it.

533. Cf. the impressive comment of Mr. Wilfrid Ward, Life, II, 213.

534. Life, II, 223.

535. Ibid. and cf. his emphatic protest against the idea that he was a minimiser, Life, II, 218.

536. Life, II, 218.

537. Nielson, II, 195.

538. Acton, History of Freedom, p. 496.

539. The authoritative exposition on the papal side is Schräder, Die Encyclika (1865).

540. Cf. Nielsen's comment, op. cit., II, 259.

541. Syllabus section 23.

542. Section, 24.

543. Section, 37.

544. Section 42.

545. Section 55.

546. Section 67.

547. Section 73.

548. Section 79.

549. Section 80.

550. Nielsen, II, 262.

551. Dupanloup's protest is very striking. See the life by Lagrange,

II, 279.

552. The essay was published in 1865. For the charge ofheresy, see Oliphant, Memoir of Montalembert, II, 268.

553. Nielsen, II, 265.

554. Life, II, 101.

555. W. G. Ward and the Catholic Revival, p. 248.

556. History of Freedom, p. 496. Lord Acton's testimony is the more important since he probably had access to what he called the ‘eso­teric' sources.

557. History of Freedom, p. 492.

558. Nielsen, II, 291.

559. History of Freedom, p. 495. Cf. Manning, True Story of the Vatican Council, p. 53.

560. Friedrich, Tagebuch, p. 294.

561. Purcell, Life of Manning, II, 420.

562. History of Freedom, p. 500.

563. Purcell, II, 457.

564. Nielsen, II, 296.

565. Ibid., II, 301.

566. Ibid., II, 310.

567. Life, II, 224.

568. Ibid., II, 235.

569. Ibid., II, 236.

570. Ibid., II, 240.

571. Ibid II 241.

572. For the curious history of this epithet see the Life, 11, 289­290.

573. Life, II, 288.

574. Ibid., II, 293.

575. Ibid., II, 298.

576. Nielsen, II, 371 f. History of Freedom, p. 549.

577. A very beautiful little volume translated in England as Letters and Declarations on the Vatican Decrees gives the history of Dollinger's relation to the Church after the definition.

578. Cf. Schulte, Die Altakatholicismus, pp. 222, 223-228.

579. Nielsen, II, 431.

580. Nielsen, II, 431.

581. Nielsen, II, 449.

582. So Ward in the Life of Newman, II, 401, and Gladstone,

Vaticanism, p. 41.

583. Contemporary Review, 1874, p. 671.

584. Vatican Decrees, p. 7. I use an edition of 1874 published in New York by Appletons.

585. Ibid., p. 11.

586. Ibid., p. 12.

587. Ibid., p. 16.

588. Ibid., p. 25.

589. Ibid., p. 31-33.

590. Ibid., p. 33.

591. Ibid., p. 41.

592. Ibid., p. 43.

593. Ibid., p. 45.

594. Ibid., p. 47.

595. Ibid., p. 50.

596. Ibid., p. 52. It is curious to speculate how differently Mr. Gladstone would have written in 1916.

597. Ibid., p. 62.

598. Ibid., p. 64.

599. Ibid., p. 65.

600. Ibid., p. 67.

601. Supra, n. 22.

602. Morley, Life, I, 282.

603. Times of November 9, 1874.

604. Times, same date as the letter of Manning.

605. Life of A. P. de Lisle, vol. II, p. 55.

606. Annual Register for 1874, p. 105.

607. Edinburgh Review, July, 1875, p. 557.

608. Ibid., p. 559.

609. Times of November 14, 1874.

610. See the quotation from his pamphlet in the Dublin Review for 1876, p. 83.

611. Dublin Review, 1875, p. 179.

612. Ibid., p. 197.

613. Times of November 23, 1874.

614. Charges, vol. II, p. 302.

615. Annual Register for 1874, p. 107.

616. The Vatican Decrees, London, 1875, p. 37.

617. Ibid., p. 38.

618. Ibid., p. 46.

619. Ibid., p. 54.

620. Ibid., p. 55.

621. Nineteenth Century, 1877, vol. I, p. 804.

622. Vaticanism, p. 79.

623. A Reply to Mr. Gladstone S Political Expostulation, London, 1875.

624. Ibid., p. 53.

625. Ibid., p. 54

626. Ibid., p. 55.

627. Cf. the very valuable remarks of Dr. Figgis on this nation in the introductory lecture to his Gerson to Grotius.

628. A Reply to Mr. Gladstone's Political Espostulation, p. 81.

629. In a letter to the New York Herald quoted in Monsignor Capel's pamphlet, p. 67. The whole letter is an admirable exposition of the real meaning of sovereignty.

630. It would be interesting to trace the relation of this attitude to the current psychology of the unconscious. It is of course the argument of James in the famous lecture on Bergeon in his Pluralistic Universe.

631. The Letter to the Duke of Norfolk was begun in October, 1874, and published in January, 1875. Ward, Life of Newman, II, 402-403.

632. I use an edition published by the Catholic Truth Society of New York in 1875 and all references are to that edition.

633. Cf. his phrase p. 11, ‘Dr. Newman is like the sun in the intel­lectual hemisphere of Anglo-Romanism' and note the different way in which throughout he deals with the criticism ofNewman compared with other replies.

634. Cf. the beautiful letter to Blachford. Life, II, 408.

635. Letter to Duke of Norfolk, p. 52.

636. Ibid., p. 53.

637. Ibid., p. 54.

638. Ibid., p. 57.

639. Ibid., p. 64.

640. Ibid., p. 66.

641. Ibid., p. 68.

642. Ibid., p. 69.

643. Ibid., p. 73.

644. Ibid., p. 77.

645. Ibid., p. 80.

646. Ibid., p. 81

647. Ibid., p. 83, and see the interesting citations he gives on this point.

648. Ibid., p. 86.

649. Newman claimed for it the sanction of Bishop Fessler—the Secretary-General of the Council. Ibid., p. 105.

650. Vaticanism (New York, Harpers, 1875), p. 85.

651. In his Churches in the Modern State.

652. I should like to refer to Mr. Barker's brilliant paper on the ‘Discredited State' in the Political Quarterly for May, 1915, for a very full expression of this attitude. I think, however, that he unduly narrows the meaning of personality.

653. It is perhaps unnecessary to express the obligation this paper owes to the essay by Lord Morley in the first volume of his Miscella­nies, to that of Sainte-Beuve in his Portraits litteraires, vol. II, and above all to the masterly analysis of Faguet in his Politiques et Moralistes. See also the brilliant little study by M. Georges Cogordan.

654. Considerations sur la France, p. 13. I use an edition pub­lished in 1910 by Roger and Chernoviz of Paris.

655. Politiques etMoralistes, p. 5.

656. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits litteraires, vol. II (ed. of 1862), p. 389.

657. He was born in 1753.

658. See the biting attack on Rousseau in the Melanges, pp. 188­192.

659. Melanges, p. 192.

660. Principe Generateur, No. X. Cf. No. XLV.

661. Melanges, p. 192.

662. Cf. the valuable remarks of M. Faguet, op. cit., p. 10.

663. Melanges, p. 247.

664. Ibid., p. 249.

665. Ibid., p. 230.

666. Ibid., p. 236.

667. De natura deorum, II, 4.

668. Lettres sur l’Inquisition, I.

669. Principe Generateur, Nos. 19, 20, 21.

670. Melanges, p. 244.

671. Principe Generateur, No. 28.

672. Melanges, pp. 246, 347.

673. Ibid., p. 359.

674. Ibid., pp. 332 seq.

675. Ibid., pp. 201 seq.

676. Ibid., p. 309.

677. Ibid., p. 313.

678. Ibid., p. 323.

679. Oeuvres Choisies do Joseph de Maistre, Vol. IV, p. 179.

680. Cf. Paguet, op. cit., p. 15.

681. Fragments, p. 34.

682. Ibid., p. 57.

683. Du Pape, Conclusion (ed. of 1910), p. 354.

684. The reader will wish to consult Sainte-Beave's reply to De Maistre's attack, Porte-Royal, Vol. III (ed. of 1888), p. 233 seq.

685. IVme lettre sur I'education publique en Russse.

686. Vide his Sur lEtat du Christianisme en Europe.

687. Melanges, p. 510.

688. Ibid., p. 513.

689. Ibid., p. 516.

690. Ibid., p. 227.

691. Ibid., p. 542.

692. Ibid., p. 547.

693. Faguet, op. cit., p. 59.

694. Du Pape, Bk. IV, Caps. VII-XI.

695. Du Pape (ed. of 1910), p. 331.

696. Faguet, op. cit., p. 5.

697. Brandes, Main Currents of XIXth Century Literature, Vol. III, p. 105.

698. Du Pape, Bk. I, Chap. I (ed. of 1910), p. 44.

699. Ibid., p. 45.

700. Ibid., p. 47.

701. Ibid., p. 49.

702. Ibid., Bk. I, Chaps. II-IX.

703. Ibid., p. 79.

704. Ibid., p. 123 (Bk. I, Chap. XVI).

705. Ibid., p. 129 (Bk. I, Chap. XVIII).

706. Ibid., p. 132 (Bk. I, Chap. XIX).

707. Ibid., p. 138-139 (Bk. II, Chap. I).

708. Ibid., p. 140 (Bk. II, Chap. II).

709. Ibid., p. 145 (Bk. II, Chap. III).

710. Ibid., p. 148 (Bk. II Chap. IV).

711. Ibid., p. 149 (Bk. II; Chap. V).

712. Ibid., p. 166 (Bk. II, Chap. VII).

713. Ibid., p. 173.

714. Ibid., p. 180.

715. Ibid., Bk. II, Chap. IX.

716. Ibid., Bk. III, Chap. I.

717. Ibid., Bk. III, Chap. II.

718. Ibid., Bk. III, Chap. III.

719. Ibid., Bk. III, Chap. IV.

720. Ibid., p. 287.

721. Ibid., Bk. III, Chap. v.

722. Ibid., p. 303.

723. Ibid., Bk. IV, Chap. I.

724. Ibid., p. 321 ff.

725. Ibid., p. 347.

726. Ibid., p. 365.

727. His treatment of the Spanish Inquisition is a good example of this trait.

728. Cf. the admirable remarks of M. Faguet, op. cit., p. 66.

729. On Bismarck‘s attitude to religion the most important discus­sion is that of Baumgarten, Christliche Welt (1902), pp. 507-512, 587­591, 626-634. See also Busch, Our Chancellor, Vol. I, Chap. II—prob­ably an authoritative statement, and Glaser, Biamarck 's Stellung sum Christentum (1909).

730. Glaser, op. cit., p. 14.

731. Fürst Bismarcks briefe an seine Braut und Gatlin, pp. 5-6 (January 4, 1847).

732. See the most interesting letter to Andrae Roman in Bismarck, Briefe, 1836-1873, ed. Kohl, p. 420.

733. Busch, Tagenblatter (1899), I, 249.

734. Wilmowski, Meine Erinnerungen an Bismarck, p. 186.

735. Bismarck’s Briefe an seine Gatlin aus dem Kriege, 1870­1871, pp. 70, 76.

736. Busch, Our Chancellor, Vol. I, p. 106.

737. Busch, op. cit., I, 115.

738. Ibid., p. 117.

739. Whitman, Reminiscences of Bismark, p. 296.

740. Busch, op. cit., I, pp. 154-155.

741. Aus dem Leben der beiden ersten deutschen Kaiser und ihrer Frauen (1906), p. 309.

742. Busch, op. cit., I, 121-122.

743. On Stahl, see the admirable essay of Jacobowski, Der Christliche Staat and seine Zukunft (1894).

744. Reden, I, 22.

745. Her suspicion of ‘raison d’etat’ was the secret of his antago­nism to the Empress Augusta. See the very striking remarks in Bismarck, Gedanken und Erinnerungen, I, p. 302.

746. Busch, op. cit., I, 136.

747. See the Bismarck Jahrbach, 1895, Vol. II, p. 335.

748. Reden, VI, p. 269.

749. See Wilmowski, Meine Erinnerungen an Bismarck (1909), p. 189.

750. Hohenlohe, Denkwurtigkeiten, II, 61-66. It should, however, be noted that, according to Frederic III, Bismarck told the Grand Duke of Baden, on the morrow of Sedan, that he intended to fight infallibility. Kaiser Friedrich’s Tagebucker (1902), p. 107.

751. Schulte, Liebenserinnerungen, I, 378.

752. Busch, Tagenbuchblatter, II, 547. See the Life by Pastor, II, 387.

753. Pastor, Ruchaeneperger, II, 49.

754. See Govone,Memoires (French translation), p. 521 seq. Boullier, Victor Emanael etMassini, p. 251 seq.

755. Hahn, Fürst Bismarck (1878), I, 720-723.

756. Goyau, Bismarck et Le Kultarkampf, I, 52. I can not too greatly express my debt to this admirable work—easily the best extant on the subject.

757. Goyau, op. cit., I, p. 53.

758. Poschinger, Fürst Bismarck I, 68.

759. Bluntschli, Denkwurtiges, III, 232.

760. Ibid., III, 193.

761. Ibid., III, 253.

762. Goyau, op. cit., I, 68.

763. Goyau, I, 71.

764. Schneegans, Memoiren, p. 54.

765. Historische und politische Auf saetze, III, 610.

766. Majunke, Geschichte des Cultarkampfes, p. 144.

767. Raich, Briefe von und an Ketteler, p. 422.

768. Goyau, I, 82.

769. Ibid., I, 95.

770. Holtzendorff, Das Deutsche Reich und die Constituirung der Christlichen Religionsparteien, p. 16.

771. Goyau, op. cit., I, 101.

772. Goyau, op. cit., I, 105.

773. Rothan L'Allegmane etL'Italie, II, 380.

774. Bismarck, Reden, V, 16.

775. Busch, Tagenbuchblatter, II, 222.

776. Goyau, op. cit., I, 113.

777. Bismarck, Politische Briefe, I, 265 ff.

778. Busch, Tagenbuchblatter, II, 226.

779. Raich, op. cit., p. 443.

780. Hohenlohe, Denkwurtigkeitein, II, 64.

781. Pastor Reichensperger, II, p. 30.

782. Bismarck, Reden, V, 204.

783. Reden, V, 206.

784. Pfulf, Ketteler, III, 153.

785. Favre, Rome et la Republique Franqaise, p. 143-144.

786. Bismarck, Politsiche Briefe, I, 268.

787. See Poschinger, Bismarck und die Parliamentarier, II, 160.

788. Politische Beden, XII, 348.

789. On the nature of the relation between medieval Church and State the reader can consult Dr. Figgis' brilliant paper, printed as an appendix to his Churches in the Modern State.

790. See the interesting little brochure of Mgr. Vallet, Le prince de Bismarck ä Gastein (1906), p. 16.

791. Cf. Busch, Our Chancellor vol. i, p. 135.

792. Bismarck, Reden, v, 382.

793. Busch, op. cit., I, 138.

794. Ibid., p. 139.

795. Ibid., p. 147.

796. Ibid., p. 183.

797. Oncken, Bennigsen, II, 218.

798. See his retrospect of April 21, 1887, in Reden, XII, 369 seq.

799. Siegfried, Actenstucke bet. reffend den preussischen Kulturkampf, p. 46.

800. Bismarck, Gedanken, II, 128.

801. Reden, VI, 270.

802. See his conversation about Kraezig with Auguste Reichensperger, reported in Poschinger, Bismarck und die Parlamentarier, II, 184.

803. Cf. Majunke, Geschicte des Culturkampfes p. 198.

804. Goyau, op. cit., II, 96..

805. Pastor, Reichensperger, II, 63.

806. Hohenlohe, Denkwurtigkeiten, II, 78.

807. Reden, XI, 250-251.

808. Goyau op. cit., I, 317.

809. M. Goyau has conveniently reprinted the text of the laws in the fourth volume of his excellent work.

810. This is the Imperial Law of July 4, 1872. Goyau, IV, 225.

811. This is the law of May 11, 1873. Goyau, IV, 227.

812. Goyau IV, 231.

813. Ibid., IV, 238.

814. Ibid., IV, 241.

815. Ibid., IV, 246.

816. Prussian Law of May 31, 1875. Goyau, IV, 256.

817. Law of July 4, 1875. Goyau, IV, 272.

818. Prussian Law of June 7, 1876. Goyau, IV, 274.

819. Poschinger, Stud. bei Bismarck (1910), p. 159.

820. Goyau, III, 77.

821. On Falk's dismissal and his own interpretation of it, see Fischer, Falk, p. 17.

822. Philippson, Friedrich, III, p. 367.

823. Goyau, op. cit., IV, 61 f.

824. Lefebre de Behaine Leon XIII et Bismarck, p. 86. The whole of this admirable book, by the French ambassador at Rome during the Kulturkampf, must be consulted for Bismarck's tortuous negotiations.

825. See his amazing Luther Redivivus (1878), pp. 254-255.

826. Reden, IX, 162.

827. Goyau, II, 109.

828. Ibid., II, 247.

829. Busch, Tagenbuchblatter, II, 322.

830. Bismarck, Gedanken, II, 150.

831. See Treitschke's Zehn Jahre Deutscher Kampfe, II, 238-239.

832. Op. cit.

833. Cf. Mr. Croly's remarks in the New Republic, vol. IX, p. 170, and the brilliant paper of M. Duguit in the Revue d'Economic Politique, 1894, p. 38. Mr. Barker in his Political Thought from Spencer to To­day, pp. 180-182, has noted the modern attitude to this problem. See also Mr. H. A. L. Fisher's classic lecture on Political Unions.