Concluding Remarks

Progress made in the past 10 years was impor­tant to advance the manipulation of the MAP genome applying the technologies developed for M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis. Still it may be difficult to implement some of these approaches due to the extreme slow growth of MAP and the need for special nutritional requirements such as mycobactin J or the use of low pH me­dia to increase iron availability.

MAP researchers must be resilient in applying novel technologies to this fastidious microor­ganism and we expect that significant progress will be made in the upcoming years. For exam­ple, application of the Hidden Markov Model to determine gene essentiality, single-cell ge­netic analysis and genome barcoding strategies would be expected in the near future (DeJesus et al., 2017; Martin et al., 2017; Rego et al., 2017).

Acknowledgements

Support for Dr Barletta’s research was by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2013-67015-21239, Animal Health (NEB 39­162) and HatchZMultistate (NEB 39-168) projects. Portions of Dr Bannantine’s research were also funded by Grant no. 2013-67015-21239 and the USDA-Agricultural Research Service. Research in Dr Sreevatsan’s laboratory was funded by NIFA.

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