Conclusions

The high prevalence of MAP in some nonruminant wildlife species and their interaction with susceptible ruminant livestock raise the possibility that they play an active role in the current epidemiology of the disease in livestock and can present a significant challenge to control efforts.

The risks of transmission from wildlife to livestock have been frequently raised but are difficult to prove in the field, mainly due to the long incubation period of the disease and the difficulty in excluding other potential sources of infection (Williams et al., 19 79; Chiodini and Van Kruiningen, 1983; Greig et al., 199 7; Ferroglio etal., 2000; Beard etal., 2001a, b). Nevertheless, a growing body of evidence implicates the European rabbit as a persistent risk of infection to sympatric livestock. Paratuberculosis in domestic livestock populations is a notoriously difficult disease to control (Stabel, 1998). The participation of non-ruminant wildlife carriers of MAP may partially account for these difficulties. Further research is required to quantify the role of rabbits in the epidemiology of MAP infection. For example, the force of infection of MAP from wildlife to domestic livestock and vice versa is currently unknown. This knowledge is needed if we are to improve our approach to MAP control and fully appreciate the role of non-ruminant wildlife species in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis.

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Source: Behr Marcel A., Stevenson K., Kapur V. (eds.). Paratuberculosis: Organism, Disease, Control. 2nd edition. — CAB International,2020. — 439 p.. 2020

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