Introduction
Animal models play a crucial role in understanding the pathogenesis of infection and disease, and in testing novel vaccine candidates. Historically the use of non-standardized experimental animal models for paratuberculosis research has been a major problem that has prevented the ability to establish pathogen and host factors that predispose to disease, and to successfully compare the efficacy of vaccine candidates among research groups.
In 2006, paratuberculosis researchers from the USA, the European Union (EU), Australia and New Zealand were convened under the sponsorship of the Johne's Disease Integrated Project (JDIP) as a committee to critically review the paratuberculosis animal model literature and develop international standardized challenge models for cattle, sheep, goats, cervids and mice. The JDIP Animal Model Standardization Committee (AMSC) members consisted of 16 paratuberculosis researchers, most of whom had successfully completed and published Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) challenge and/or vaccine efficacy studies in various species. The intent was to develop and propose international standard guidelines for models based on animal species that would gain acceptance worldwide. Parameters essential for the development of infection and vaccine models were outlined and harmonized to provide ‘best fit' paratuberculosis challenge models. The AMSC findings were published in 2007 (Hines et al., 2007a). Another extensive critical review of paratuberculosis experimental infection models was also published by Begg and Whittington (2008). The conclusions of both extensive reviews were often similar. The intent of this chapter is to provide an update of the current MAP experimental infection and vaccine models, across multiple species.16.2
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