other Poxviral diseases

DEBRA BOURNE

Wildlife Information Network, Twycross Zoo — East Midland Zoological Society, Atherstone, UK

Sheep pox and goat pox (capripox) are caused by the Sheeppox virus and Goatpox virus (genus Capripoxvirus).

These are endemic in Africa north of the equator, the Middle East and parts of Asia and there have recently been several incursions into southern Europe (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Italy, Greece). In native breeds of sheep or goats, these viruses usually cause only a few lesions, but in susceptible breeds there is high mortality. Sheeppox and goatpox are not infectious to humans⁽⁷¹⁾. Capripox infections have not been reported in wild Caprinae in Europe. Lumpy skin disease of cattle (caused by Lumpy skin disease virus) has to date been seen only in Africa.

Swinepox is a worldwide sporadic infection of domestic pigs; it can spread to wild boar (Sus scrofa) if they come into close contact with infected pigs. A juvenile male wild boar in Austria showed abnormal behaviour and multiple papules, pustules and scabs up to ‘cherry size’. Ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes was visible on histopathology, an orthopoxvirus was visible by negative contrast electron microscopy, and PCR and sequencing confirmed suipoxvirus. It was considered that the numerous lice on the boar may have promoted the infection⁽⁷²⁾. Horsepox has not been reported for decades, and there are no reports in wild horses.

Contagious mucocutaneous dermatitis has been described in the mountain hare (Lepus timidus). A poxvirus was detected in mountain hares in Finland with acute viral dermatitis. In fully developed acute lesions, although there was only mild epidermal oedema and mild superficial perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes, the hyperplastic epidermis and follicular infundibulum contained clusters of hydropic, swollen, pale keratinocytes; within these were numerous large intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies.

Electron microscopy revealed ovoid virions typical of poxviruses: 300 ? 130-150nm with a biconcave nucleocapsid core, two lateral bodies and an outer lipoprotein capsule. Lesions later became necrotic with variable inflammation, and neutrophils and bacterial cocci in the crusting exudates (secondary pyoderma). Variable dermal fibrosis, epidermal hyperplasia and mild to moderate infiltrate of mainly plasma cells (some lymphocytes and neutrophils) were noted in chronic advanced lesions. Finally, cutaneous scarring developed¹-⁷³).

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Source: Gavier-Widen D., Meredith A., Duff Paul J. (eds.). Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe. London: Wiley-Blackwell,2012. — 568 p.. 2012

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