Introduction
While it is assumed that the human beings have gained momentum of development throughout the history, they have gained the power to dominate nature and have endured the negative consequences of living in a community and as settled.
The most important of these are fatal epidemic diseases. Transition from hunter-gatherer life to agricultural society, killing animals’ habitats; the spread of intercontinental trade with geographical discoveries; the destruction of nature and the employment of people in crowded work environments upon transition from the agricultural society to the industrial society; the emergence of globalization’s unlimited transportation opportunities upon transition from industrial society to information society, and disruption of the ecological balance along with convenience of technology upon transition from the information society to the super smart society has also brought the appropriate ground to reproduce and contamination ability for the invisible virulent microbes.In human development momentum, the cornerstone for preparing the suitable ground for microbes can be considered as approximately 10,000 years ago. Most of the microbes that cause infectious diseases, especially in crowded societies, with the transition to the settled life required by the agricultural society, were derived with the mutation of microbes in animals (smallpox, 1600 BC, mumps, 400 BC, leprosy 200 BC) with which food producers had close relation (Diamond 2010). Outbreaks, which generally occur due to war, migration, climate change, famine, malnutrition during periods of drought, poor hygiene, have shaped not only the city and castle architecture (Ozlu and Tiryaki 2019), but also world history. While the mankind was trying to overcome the process, at first, by seeking help from the gods1 in the face of global pandemics, which he caught unpredictably and helplessly, they, in time, tried to manage the process with tax and other obligations, various public services, and legal regulations (Labour Law, easy citizenship) in a way that differs from country to country.
Today, both nation states and international organizations have entered the process of combating the epidemic with economic, financial, social, and political policy measures. [1]The times of epidemics have made some state interventions inevitable; such as, on one hand, announcing support packages for the elimination of economic stagnation, on the other hand, health expenditures, personnel training, vaccine, and treatment efforts, social security expenditures for the sustainability of public health, as a requirement of being a social state. This section addresses, especially starting from 431 BC (Athens), the global outbreaks that have shaped the fate of people, empires, and nation states, the fiscal policy measures implemented in the fight against the epidemics, and particularly the policy measures that have been implemented in the context of combating COVID-19.
2.2
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