Bibliographic Essay

In their rather different ways, Anton Blok, Honour and Violence (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001), Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006) and Richard Bessel, Violence: A Modern Obsession (London and New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015) offer general insights into the role of violence in communities and during civil conflict across the ages.

On the context for violence during the Reformation, there are a number of monumental works which are both chronologically and geographically wide-ranging: Andrew Pettegree (ed.), The Reformation World (London and New York: Routledge, 2000); Diarmaid McCulloch, Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490-1700 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2003); Mark Greengrass, Christendom Destroyed: Europe 1417-1648 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2014); and Peter Marshall (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Reformation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015). For a more condensed overview see the essays in Bob Scribner, Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich (eds.), The Reformation in National Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) and Alec Ryrie (ed.), Palgrave Advances in the European Reformations (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). An interesting study, focusing on the displacement caused by religious turmoil, is Nicholas Terpstra, Religious Refugees in the Early Modern World: An Alternative History of the Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).

The literature on religious coexistence, tolerance and pluralism has grown exponentially in recent decades and has provided important insights for our understanding of how religious violence operated as well as how it might be appeased. See, in particular, Benjamin J. Kaplan, Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007); the various essays in Ole Peter Grell and Bob Scribner (eds.), Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), C.

On ritual (including apocalypticism) and its association with violence, see Edward Muir, Ritual in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Natalie Zemon Davis, ‘The Reasons of Misrule: Youth Groups and Charivaris in Sixteenth-Century France', Past & Present 50 (1971), 41-75, and ‘The Rites of Violence: Religious Riot in sixteenth-century France', Past & Present 59 (1973), 51-91; John Cashmere, ‘The Social Uses of Violence in Ritual: Charivari or Religious Persecution?', European History Quarterly 21 (1991), 291-319; Denis Crouzet, Les Guerriers de Dieu: la violence au temps des troubles de religion (c. 1525-c. 1610), 2 vols. (Paris, 1990); the various essays in Graeme Murdock, Penny Roberts and Andrew Spicer (eds.), Ritual and Violence: Natalie Zemon Davis and Early Modern France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); Georg Michels, ‘Rituals of Violence: Retaliatory Acts by Russian and Hungarian Rebels', Russian History 35.3/4 (2008), 383-94, and ‘The Violent Old Belief: an Examination of Religious Dissent On the Karelian Frontier', Russian History 19 (1992), 203-29; R. Po-chia Hsia, ‘Münster and the Anabaptists', in R.

On early modern iconoclasm see Phyllis Mack Crew, Calvinist Preaching and Iconoclasm in the Netherlands, 1544-1569 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Carlos M. N. Eire, War Against the Idols: The Reformation of Worship from Erasmus to Calvin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Olivier Christin, Une revolution symbolique. L'iconoclasme Huguenot et la reconstruction catholique (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1991); Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c. 1400-c. 1580 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992); Lee Palmer Wandel, Voracious Idols and Violent Hands: Iconoclasm in Reformation Zurich, Strasbourg and Basel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); and Julie Spraggon, Puritan Iconoclasm in the English Civil War (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2003).

The role of religion and violence has been closely studied in relation to some of the major civil conflicts of the period. What follows are only those studies that I have found most useful for this survey. On the French religious wars: Barbara Diefendorf, ‘Prologue to a Massacre: Popular Unrest in Paris, 1557-1572’, American Historical Review 90 (1985), 1067-91; David Nicholls, ‘The Theatre of Martyrdom in the French Reformation’, Past & Present 121 (1988), 49-73; Mark Greengrass, ‘Hidden Transcripts: Secret Histories and Personal Testimonies of Religious Violence in the French Wars of Religion’, in Mark Levene and Penny Roberts (eds.), The Massacre in History (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 1999); Jeremie Foa, ‘An Unequal Apportionment: the Conflict over Space between Protestants and Catholics at the Beginning of the Was of Religion’, French History 20.4 (2006), 369-86.