Conclusion

Warfare and kingship are the central elements of many empires, and the Ptolemaic and Seleucid cases are no exception. But above all, incessant war drove the devel­opment of new fiscal institutions and stimulated expansion and a growing com­plexity in their administration.

Bibliography

Agut-Labordere, D., and G. Gorre 2014. “De l'autonomie a l’integration. Les temples egyptiens face a la couronne des Saites aux Ptolmemees.” TOPOI. Orient—Occident 19:17-55.

Aperghis, M. 2004. The Seleukid Royal Economy: The Finances and Financial Administration of the Seleukid Empire. Cambridge.

Armoni, C. A. 2012. Studien zur Verwaltung des Ptolemäischen Ägypten: das Amt des Basilikos Gram­mateus. Paderborn.

Austin, M. M. 1986. “Hellenistic Kings, War and the Economy.” Classical Quarterly 36:450-466. Austin, M. M. 2001. “War and Culture in the Seleucid Empire.” In T Bekker- Nielsen and L.

Austin, M. M. 2006. The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation. Cambridge.

Bagnall, R. S. 1976. The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions outside Egypt. Leiden.

Bagnall, R. S. 1997. “Decolonizing Ptolemaic Egypt.” In P. Cartledge, P. Garnsey, and E. S. Gruen, eds., Hellenistic Constructs: Essays in Culture, History, and Historiography, 225-241. Berkeley, CA.

Bagnall, R. S., and P. Derow 2004. The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation. Oxford.

Bang, P. F. 2012. “Between Asoka and Antiochos: An Essay in World History on Universal Kingship and Cosmopolitan Culture in the Hellenistic Ecumene.” In P. F. Bang and D. Kolodziejczyk, eds., Universal Empire: A Comparative Approach to Imperial Culture and Representation in Eurasian History, 60-75. Cambridge.

Bar-Kochva, B. 1976. The Seleucid Army: Organization and Tactics in the Great Campaigns. Cambridge.

Bauschatz, J. 2013. Law and Enforcement in Ptolemaic Egypt. Cambridge.

Bengtson, H. 1952. Die Strategie in der hellenistischen Zeit: ein Beitrag zum antiken Staatsrecht. Munich.

Bickerman, E. J. 1938. Institutions des Seleucides. Paris.

Bilde, P., et al. 1992. Ethnicity in Hellenistic Egypt. Aarhus.

Bilde, P., et al. 1996. Aspects of Hellenistic Kingship. Aahrus.

Bingen, J. 1978. Le Papyrus Revenue Laws: Tradition grecque et adaptation hellenistique. Opladen.

Bingen, J. 1984. “Voies et limites des interactions culturelles: Le cas de l'Egypte greco-romaine.” In Douze cas d’interaction culturelle dans l’Europe ancienne et l’Orientproche ou lointain, 25-44. Paris.

Bingen, J. 2007. Hellenistic Egypt: Monarchy, Society, Economy, Culture. Berkeley, CA.

Bogaert, R. 1994. Trapezitica Aegyptiaca: Recueil de recherches sur la banque en Egypte greco- romaine. Florence.

Boiy, T. 2004. Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon.

Braund, D. 1983. “Royal Wills and Rome.” Papers of the British School at Rome 51: 16-57.

Braund, D. 2003. “After Alexander: The Emergence of the Hellenistic World.” In A. Erskine, ed., A Companion to the Hellenistic World, 17-34. Oxford.

Briant, P., and F. Joannès 2006. La transition: Entre l’empire achemenide et les royaumes hellenistiques: Vers 350-300 av J-C. Actes du colloque organise au collège de France par la chaire d’histoire et civilisation du monde achemenide et de l’empire d’Alexandre et le reseau interna­tional d’etudes et de recherches achemenides, 22-23 novembre 2004. Paris.

Buraselis, K. 1993. “Ambivalent Roles of Centre and Periphery in the Hellenistic World: Remarks on the Relation of the Cities of Greece with the Ptolemies until the End of Philometor's Age.” In P. Bilde et al., eds., Centre and Periphery in the Hellenistic World, 251-270. Aarhus.

Burstein, S. M. 1990. Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Erythraean Sea. London.

Callatay, F. de. 2000. “Guerres et monnayages à lepoque hellenistique: Essai de mise en perspec­tive suivi d'une annexe sur le monnayage de Mithridate VI Eupator.” In J. Andreau, P. Briant and R. Descat, eds., Economie antique: La guerre dans les economies antiques, 337-364. Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges.

Callatay, F. de. 2005. “Einstauration par Ptolemee 1er Soter dune economie monetaire fermee.” In F. Duyrat and O. Picard, eds., Lexception egyptienne? Production et echanges monetaires en Egypte hellenistique et romaine, 117-134. Cairo.

Callatay, F. de, and C. Lorber 2011. “The Pattern of Royal Epithets on Hellenistic Coinages.” In P. P. Iossif, A. S. Chankowski and C. Lorber, eds., More than Men, Less than Gods—Studies on Royal Cult and Imperial Worship: Proceedings of the International Colloquium Organized by the Belgian School at Athens (November 1-2,2007), 417-455. Leuven, Paris, and Walpole, MA.

Capdetrey, L. 2007. Lepouvoir seleucide: Territoire, administration, finances dun royaume helle­nistique, 312-129 avant J.-C.

Capdetrey, L. 2013. “La table du roi.” In C. Grandjean, C. Hugoniot and B. Lion, eds., Le banquet du monarque dans le monde antique, 173-198. Rennes/Tours.

Chandezon, C. 2001. “L'Egypte et la Mediterranee: Remarques sur les systèmes fiscaux en Egypte et dans les cites grecques. Actes du Colloque (6 juin 1998).” In S. H. Aufrère, ed., Voies de com­munications et vecteurs culturels, 61-81. Montpellier.

Chandezon, C. 2004. “Prelèvements royaux et fiscalite civique dans le royaume seleucide.” In V. Chankowski and F. Duyrat, eds., Le Roi et l’economie. Autonomies locales et structures royales dans l’economie de l’empire seleucide, 131-148. Lyon.

Chaniotis, A. 2002. “Foreign Soldiers—Native Girls? Constructing and Crossing Boundaries in Hellenisitic Cities with Foreign Garrisons.” In A. Chaniotis and P. Ducrey, eds., Army and Power in the Ancient World, 99-113. Stuttgart.

Chaniotis, A. 2005. War in the Hellenistic World: A Social and Cultural History. Oxford.

Chaniotis, A. 2006. “Die hellenistischen Kriege als Ursache von Migration: Das Beispiel Kreta.” In E. Olshausen and H. Sonnabend, eds., ‘Troianer sind wir gewesen.’ Migrationen in der Antiken Welt, 98-103. Stuttgart.

Chankowski, V, and F. Duyrat 2004. Le Roi et l’economie: Autonomies locales et structures royales dans l’economie de l’empire seleucide. Lyon.

Claessen, H. J. M. 1978. “The Early State: A Structural Approach.” In H. J. M. Claessen and P. Skalnik, eds., The Early State, 533-596. The Hague.

Clancier, P., and J. Monerie 2014. “Les sanctuaires babyloniens à lepoque hellenistique: Evolution d'un relais de pouvoir.” TOPOI. Orient—Occident 19:181-237.

Clarysse, W 2003. “The Archive of the Praktor Milon.” In K. Vandorpe and W Clarysse, eds., Edfu, an Egyptian Provincial Capital in the Ptolemaic Period: Brussels, 3 September 2001,17-27. Brussels.

Clarysse, W, and K. Vandorpe 1998. “The Ptolemaic Apomoira.” In H. Melaerts, ed., Le Culte du souverain dans l’Egypte ptolema'ique au IlIe siècle avant notre ère: Actes du colloque interna­tional, Bruxelles, 10 mai 1995, 5-42.

Clarysse, W., and D. J. Thompson 2006. Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt. Cambridge.

Cohen, G. M. 1991. “Katoikiai, Katoikioi and Macedonians in Asia Minor.” Ancient Society 22:41-50.

Cohen, G. M. 1995. The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, andAsia Minor. Berkeley, CA.

Cohen, G. M. 2006. The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa. Berkeley, CA.

Cohen, G. M. 2012. The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India. Berkeley, CA.

Collombert, P. 2000. “Religion egyptienne et culture grecque: Lexemple de Dioskourides.” Chronique d’Egypte 75: 47-63, 6 pl.

Coqueugniot, G. 2013. Archives et bibliothèques dans le monde grec: Edifices et organisation, Ve siècle avant notre ère—IIe siècle de notre ère. Oxford.

Coussement, S. 2016. Because I am Greek: Polyonymy as an Expression of Ethnicity in Ptolemaic Egypt. Leuven.

Crawford, D. 1978. “The Good Official of Ptolemaic Egypt.” In H. Maehler and V M. Strocka, eds., Das ptolemäische Ägypten, 195-202. Mainz am Rhein.

Criscuolo, L. 2011a. “I due testamenti di Tolemeo VIII Evergete II.” In A. Jordens and J. F. Quack, eds., Ägypten zwischen innerem Zwist und äusserem Druck: Die Zeit Ptolemaios’ VI. bis VIII. Internationales Symposion Heidelberg 16.-19.9.2007, 132-150. Wiesbaden.

Criscuolo, L. 2011b. “Observations on the Economy in Kind in Ptolemaic Egypt.” In Z. H. Archibald, J. K. Davises and V. Gabrielsen, eds., The Economies of Hellenistic Societies, Third to First Centuries BC, 166-176. Oxford.

Descat, R. 2011. “Labour in the Hellenistic Economy: Slavery.” In Z. H. Archibald, J. K. Davies, and V Gabrielsen, eds., The Economies of Hellenistic Societies: Third to First Century B.C., 207­215. Oxford.

Dieleman, J., and I. Moyer 2010. “Egyptian Literature.” In J. J. Clauss and M. Cuypers, eds., A Companion to Hellenistic Literature, 429-447. Oxford.

Dillery, J. 1999. “The First Egyptian Narrative History: Manetho and Greek Historiography.” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 127: 93-116.

Doyle, M. 1986. Empires. Ithaca, NY.

Dreyer, B., and P. F. Mittag 2011. Lokale Eliten und hellenistische Konige: Zwischen Kooperation und Konfrontation. Berlin.

Eckstein, A. M. 2006. Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome. Berkeley, CA.

El-Abbadi, M. A. H. 1993. “The Problem ofthe Council of Alexandria: Can a Solution Be Found?” Bulletin de la Societe [Royale] dArcheologie dAlexandrie 45: 1-6.

Errington, M. R. 2008. A History ofthe Hellenistic World 323-30 BC. New York.

Erskine, A. 2003. “Approaching the the Hellenistic World.” In A. Erskine, ed., A Companion to the Hellenistic World, 1-16. Oxford.

Feyel, C., et al. 2012. Communautes locales etpouvoir central dans l’Orient hellenistique et romain. Nancy, Paris.

Fischer-Bovet, C. 2011. “Counting the Greeks in Egypt: Immigration in the First Century of Ptolemaic Rule.” In C. Holeran and A. Pudsey, eds., Demography in the Graeco-Roman World: New Insights and Approaches, 135-154. Cambridge.

Fischer-Bovet, C. 2014. Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt. Cambridge.

Fischer-Bovet, C. 2015. “Social Unrest and Ethnic Coexistence in Ptolemaic Egypt and the Seleucid Empire.” Past and Present 229, no. 1: 3-45.

Fischer-Bovet, C. 2016. “Towards a Translocal Elite Culture in the Ptolemaic Empire.” In M. Lavan, R. Payne, and J. Weisweiler, eds., Cosmopolitanism and Empire: Universal Rulers, Local Elites and Cultural Integration in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, 103-128. Oxford.

Foulon, E. 1996. “Hypaspistes, Peltastes, Chrysaspides, Argyraspides, Chalcaspides.” Revue des etudesgrecques 98: 53-63.

Fraser, P. M. 1972. Ptolemaic Alexandria. Oxford.

Gehrke, H.-J. 1982. “Der siegreiche Konig: Überlegungen zur hellenistischen Monarchie.” Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 64:247-277.

Goddio, F. 1998. Alexandria: The Submerged Royal Quarters. London.

Goldstone, J. A., and J. F. Haldon 2009. “Ancient States, Empires, and Exploitation.” In I. Morris and W Scheidel, eds., The Dynamics of Ancient Empire: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium, 3-29. Oxford.

Gorre, G. 2014. “La monnaie de bronze lagide et les temples egyptiens. La diffusion de la monnaie de bronze en Thebaide au IIIe siecle av. J.-C.” Annales. Histoire, Sciences sociales, janvier-mars, no 1 : 91-113.

Grainger, J. D. 2010. The Syrian Wars. Leiden.

Griffith, G. T 1935. The Mercenaries ofthe Hellenistic World. Cambridge.

Gruen, E. S. 1984. The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome. Berkeley.

Hatzopoulos, M. V. 1996. Macedonian Institutions under the Kings. Athens.

Hauben, H., and A. Meeus. 2014. The Age of the Successors and the Creation of the Hellenistic Kingdoms (323-276B.C.). Leuven.

Haubold, J. 2016. “Hellenism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Role of Babylonian Elites in the Seleucid Empire.” In M. Lavan, R. Payne, and J. Weisweiler, eds., Cosmopolitanism and Empire: Universal Rulers, Local Elites and Cultural Integration in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, 89­102. Oxford.

Holbl, G. 2001. A History ofthe Ptolemaic Empire. New York.

Honigman, S. 2014. Tales of High Priests and Taxes: The Books of the Maccabees and the Judean Rebellion againstAntiochos IV. Berkeley, CA.

Hornblower, S. 1996. “Hellenism, Hellenization.” In S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, eds., Oxford Classical Dictionary, 677-679. Oxford.

Houghton, A. 2011. “The Seleucids.” In W Metcalf, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, 235-251. Oxford.

Houghton, A., and C. Lorber 2002. Seleucid Coins: A Comprehensive Catalogue. Part 1: Seleucus I to An tiochus III. Lancaster and New York.

Houghton, A., C. Lorber, and O. Hoover 2008. Seleucid Coins: A Comprehensive Catalogue. Part 2: Seleucus IV through Antiochus XIII. Lancaster and New York.

Huss, W 2001. Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit 332-30 v. Chr. Munich.

Huss, W 2011. Die Verwaltung des Ptolemaiischen Reiches. Munich.

Iossif, P. P. 2014. “The Last Seleucids in Phoenicia: Juggling Civil and Royal Identity.” American Journal of Numismatics 26: 61-87.

lossif, P. P. 2015. “Who's Wealthier? An Estimation ofthe Annual Coin Production ofthe Seleucids and the Ptolemies.” Revue Belge de Numismatique 161:233-272.

lossif, P. P., A. S. Chankowski, and C. Lorber 2011. More than Men, Less than Gods—Studies on Royal Cult and Imperial Worship: Proceedings ofthe International Colloquium Organized by the Belgian School at Athens (November 1-2,2007). Leuven, Paris, and Walpole, MA.

Jacob, C., and F. Polignac 2000. Alexandria, 'Third Century BC: The Knowledge of the World in a Single City. Alexandria.

Jordens, A., and J. F. Quack 2011. Ägypten zwischen innerem Zwist und äusserem Druck: Die Zeit Ptolemaios’ VI. bis VIII. Internationales Symposion Heidelberg 16.-19.9.2007. Wiesbaden.

Jursa, M. 2006. “Agricultural Management, Tax Farming and Banking: Aspects of Entrepreneurial Activity in Babylonia in the Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Periods.” In P. Briant and F. Joannès, eds., La transition entre l’empire achemenide et les royaumes hellenistiques, 137-222. Paris.

Keenan, J. G., J. G. Manning, and U. Yiftach-Firanko 2014. Law and Legal Practice in Egypt from Alexander to the Arab Conquest. A Selection of Papyrological Sources in Translation, with Introductions and Commentary. Cambridge.

Koenen, L. 1993. “The Ptolemaic King as a Religious Figure.” In A. Bulloch et al., eds., Images and Ideologies: Self-definition in the Hellenistic World, 25-115. Berkeley, CA.

Kosmin, P. 2013. “Seleucid Ethnography and Indigenous Kingship: The Babylonian Education of Antiochus I.” In J. Haubold et al., eds., The World of Berossos: Proceedings ofthe 4th International Colloquium on “The Ancient Near East between Classical and Ancient Oriental Traditions,” Hatfield College, Durham 7th-9th July 2010, 199-212. Wiesbaden.

Kosmin, P. 2014. The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire. Cambridge, MA, and London.

Lampela, A. 1998. Rome and the Ptolemies of Egypt: The Development of their Political Relations, 273-80B.C. Helsinki.

Le Rider, G. 1986. “Les Alexandres d'argent en Asie Mineure et dans l'Orient Seleucide au IIIe siècle av. J.-C. (c. 275-c. 225): Remarques sur le système monetaire des Seleucides et des Ptolemees.” Journal des savants 1: 3-57.

Le Rider, G. 1995. “La politique monetaire des Seleucides en Coele Syrie et en Phenicie après 200: Reflexions sur les monnaies d'argent lagides et sur les monnaies d'argent seleucides à l'aigle.” Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique 119: 391-404.

Le Rider, G., and F. de Callatay 2006. Les Seleucides et les Ptolemees: L’heritage monetaire et finan­cier d’Alexandre le Grand. Monaco.

Lianou, M. 2014. “Ptolemy I and the Economics of Consolidation.” In H. Hauben and A. Meeus, eds., The Age of the Successors and the Creation of the Hellenistic Kingdoms (323-276 B.C.), 379-411. Leuven.

Liverani, M. 1988. “The Growth of the Assyrian Empire in the Habur/Middle Euphrates Area: A New Paradigm.” State Archive of Assyria Bulletin 2: 81-98.

Lorber, C. 2012. “Egyptian Hoards Relating to the Abandonment of the Attic Standard by Ptolemy I.” In M. Asolati and G. Gorini, eds., I ritrovamenti monetali e i processi storico-economici nel mondo antico, 33-47. Padua.

Lorber, C. 2013. “The Grand Mutation: Ptolemaic Bronze Currency in the Second Century B.C.” In S. Bussi, ed., Egitto dai Faraoni agli Arabi. Atti del Convegno Egitto: Amministrazione, economia, società, cultura dai Faraoni agli Arabi, 135-147. Roma, Pisa.

Lorber, C. 2018. Catalogue of Ptolemaic Coins. Part 1: Ptolemy I to IV. New York.

Lorber, C., and C. Fischer-Bovet. 2020. “Getting Paid in Second Century BC Egypt.” In T Faucher, ed., Money Rules! The Monetary Economy of Egypt, from Persians until the Beginning of Islam, 169-202. Cairo.

Ludlow, F., and J. G. Manning. 2016. “Revolts under the Ptolemies: A Paleoclimatological Perspective.” In J. J. Collins and J. G. Manning, eds., Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World: In the Crucible of Empire, 154-171. Leiden.

Ludlow, F., et al. 2016. “Volcanically-Induced Nile Flood Failure Promotes Internal Revolt and Suppresses Interstate Conflict in Hellenistic Egypt, 305-30 BCE.” Geophysical Research Abstracts 18: 14775.

Ma, J. 2000. Antiochos III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor. Oxford.

Ma, J. 2002. “‘ Oversexed, Overpaid and Over Here': A Response to Angelos Chaniotis.” In A. Chaniotis and P. Ducrey, eds., Army and Power in the Ancient World, 115-122. Stuttgart.

Ma, J. 2007. “Review of Aperghis, the Seleukid Royal Economy, Cambridge 2004.” Hermathena 182:182-188.

Ma, J. 2013. “Hellenistic Empires.” In P. F. Bang and W Scheidel, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, 324-357. Oxford.

Mairs, R. 2014. The Hellenistic Far East: Archaeology, Language and Identity in Greek Central Asia. Berkeley, CA.

Manning, J. G. 2003. Land and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Structure of Land Tenure. Cambridge. Manning, J. G. 2010. The Last Pharaohs: Egypt under the Ptolemies 305-30 BC. Princeton, NJ.

Manning, J. G. 2011. “Networks, Hierarchies and Markets in the Ptolemaic Economies.” In Z. H. Archibald, J. K. Davies, and V. Gabrielsen, eds., The Economies of Hellenistic Societies: Third to First Century B.C., 296-323. Oxford.

Manning, J. G. 2015a. “At the Limits: Long Distance Trade in the Time of Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Kings.” In V H. Mair and J. Hickman, eds., Reconfiguring the Silk Road: New Research on East- West Exchange in Antiquity, 5-14. Philadelphia.

Manning, J. G. 2015b. “Hellenistic Traders.” In T Howe, ed., Traders in the Ancient Mediterranean, 101-140. Chicago.

Maresch, K. 1996. Bronze und Silber: Papyrologische Beiträge zur Geschichte der Wärhung im ptolemaischen und romischen Ägypten bis zum 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Opladen.

Maresch, K. 2012. Ptolemäische Bankpapyri aus dem Herakleopolites (P.Herakl.Bank): Papyri der Sammlungen in Heidelber, Koln und Wien. Paderborn.

McGing, B. 1997. “Revolt Egyptian Style: Internal Opposition to Ptolemaic Rule.” Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 43, no. 2: 273-314.

Migeotte, L. 2014. Les finances des cites grecques aux periodes classique et hellenistique. Paris. Monerie, J. 2013. Aspects de l’economie de la Babylonie à l’epoque hellenistique etParthe. Paris. Monson, A. 2012. From the Ptolemies to the Romans: Political and Economic Change in Egypt.

Cambridge.

Monson, A. 2015. “Hellenistic Empires.” In A. Monson and W Scheidel, eds., Fiscal Regimes and the Political Economy of Premodern States, 169-207. Cambridge.

Mooren, L. 1977. La hierarchie de courptolemaique: Contribution à l’etude des institutions et des classes dirigeantes à l’epoque hellenistique. Leuven.

Moyer, I. 2011a. “Court, Chora, and Culture in Late Ptolemaic Egypt.” American Journal of Philology 132:15-44.

Moyer, I. 2011b. “Finding a Middle Ground: Culture and Politics in the Ptolemaic Thebaid.” In P. F. Dorfman and B. M. Bryan, eds., Perspectives on Ptolemaic Thebes: Papers from the Theban Workshop 2006, 115-145. Chicago.

Mueller, K. 2006. Settlements of the Ptolemies: City Foundations and New Settlement in the Helle­nistic World. Leuven.

Muhs, B. 2011. Receipts, Scribes, and Collectors in Early Ptolemaic Thebes (O. Taxes 2). Leuven.

North, D. C., and R. P. Thomas 1973. The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. Cambridge.

Olivier, J., and C. Lorber 2013. “Three Gold Coinages of Third-Century Ptolemaic Egypt.” Revue Belge de Numismatique et de Sillographie 159:49-150.

Olivier, J., and B. Redon. 2020. “Reconsiderer la politique militaire des Lagides à la lumière des donnees numismatiques: Frappes et tresors monetaires sous les Lagides aux IIIe et IIe s. av. J.-C. (c. 294-116 av. J. C.).” In T Faucher, ed., Money Rules! The Monetary Economy of Egypt, from Persians until the Beginning of Islam, 105-138. Cairo.

Papantoniou, G. 2012. Religion and Social Transformations in Cyprus: From the Cypriot Basileis to the Hellenistic Strategos. Leiden.

Pfeiffer, S. 2007. “Zur Einquartierung von Soldaten des ptolemäischen Heeres. Rechtsgrundlagen, Konflikte und Losungsstrategien.” In S. Pfeiffer, ed., Ägypten unter fremden Herrschern zwischen Satrapie und romischer Provinz, 165-185. Frankfurt am Main.

Pfeiffer, S. 2008. “The God Serapis, His Cult and the Beginning of the Ruler Cult in Ptolemaic Egypt.” In P. McKechnie and P. Guillaume, eds., Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World, 387-408. Boston.

Preaux, C. 1979. L’Economie Royale des Lagides. New York.

Quaegebeur, J. 1979. “Documents egyptiens et role economique du clerge en Egypte hellenistique.” In E. Lipinsky, ed., State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the International Conference, 707-729. Leuven.

Reekmans, T. 1948. “Monetary History and the Dating of Ptolemaic Papyri.” In L. Cerfaux and E. Van ‘t Dack, eds., Studia Hellenistica 5, 15-43. Leuven.

Rostovtzeff, M. I. 1941. The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World. Oxford.

Rowlandson, J. 2007. “The Character of Ptolemaic Aristocracy: Problems of Definition and Evidence.” In T. Rajak, S. Pearce, and J. Aitken, eds., Jewish Perspectives on Hellenistic Rulers, 29-49. London.

Samuel, A. E. 1989. The Shifting Sands of History: Interpretations of Ptolemaic Egypt. Lanham, MD, and London.

Savalli-Lestrade, 1.1998. Les philoi royaux dans l’Asie hellenistique. Geneva.

Savvopoulos, K. 2010. “Alexandria In Aegypto: The Use and Meaning of Egyptian Elements in Hellenistic and Roman Alexandria.” In L. Bricauld and J. Versluys, eds., Isis on the Nile: Egyptian Gods in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. Proceedings of the IVth International Conference of Isis Studies, Liege, November27-29,2008, 75-86. Liege.

Scheidel, W 2004. “Human Mobility in Roman Italy, I: The Free Population.” The Journal of Roman Studies 94: 1-26.

Scheidel, W. 2011. “A Comparative Perspective on the Determinants of the Scale and Productivity of Maritime Trade in the Roman Mediterranean.” In W V Harris and K. Iara, eds., Maritime Technology in the Ancient World: Ship Design and Navigation, 1-22. Portsmouth, RI.

Scheidel, W 2013. “Studying the State.” In P. F Bang and W Scheidel, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, 5-60. Oxford.

Scheuble-Reiter, S. 2012. Die Katokenreiter im ptolemäischen Ägypten. Munich.

Schuler, C. 1998. Ländliche Siedlungen und Gemeinden im hellenistischen und romischen Kleinasien. Munich.

Schuler, C. 2007. “Tribute und Steuern im hellenistischen Kleinasien.” In H. Klinkott, S. Kubisch, and R. Müller-Wollermann, eds., Geschenke und Steuern, Zolle und Tribute: Antike Abgabenformen in Anspruch und Wirklichkeit, 371-405. Leiden.

Sekunda, N. 2007. “Military Forces. A. Land Forces.” In P. A. G. Sabin, H. van Wees and M. Whitby, eds., The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, 325-357. Cambridge.

Sekunda, N. 2012. “Cavalry, Hellenistic.” In R. S. Bagnall et al., eds., The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 1388-1389. Malden, MA.

Sherwin-White, S. M. 1983. “Aristeas Ardibelteios: Some Aspects of the Use of Double Names in Seleucid Babylonia.” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 50: 209-221.

Sherwin-White, S. M., and A. Kuhrt 1993. From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire. London.

Shipley, G. 2000. The Greek World after Alexander, 323-30 BC. London and New York.

Smith, R. R. R. 1988. Hellenistic Royal Portraits. Oxford.

Soma, P. 2009. “Tas sitarchias kai tous misthous ([Arist.], Oec. 1351B): Bronze Currencies and Cash-Allowances in Mainland Greece, Thrace and the Kingdom of Macedonia.” Revue Belge de Numismatique 155: 3-38.

Stephens, S. A. A. 2003. Seeing Double: Intercultural Poetics in Ptolemaic Alexandria. Berkeley, CA.

Strootman, R. 2011. “Kings and Cities in the Hellenistic Age.” In O. M. Van Nijf, R. Alston, and with the assistance of C. G. Williamson, eds., Political Culture in the Greek City after the Classical Age, 141-153. Leuven, Paris, and Walpole, MA.

Strootman, R. 2012. “Seleucids.” In R. S. Bagnall et al., eds., The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, 6119-6125. New York.

Strootman, R. 2014a. Courts and Elites in the Hellenistic Empires: The Near East after the Achaemenids, c. 330- 30 BCE. Edinburgh.

Strootman, R. 2014b. “ ‘Men to Whose Rapacity neither Sea nor Mountain Sets a Limit': 'I lie Aims of the Diadochs.” In H. Hauben and A. Meus, eds., The Age of the Successors and the Creation of the Hellenistic Kingdoms (323-276B.C.), 307-322. Leuven.

Thompson, D. J. 2001. “Hellenistic Hellenes: The Case of Ptolemaic Egypt.” In I. Malkin, ed., Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity, 301-322. Cambridge, MA.

Thompson, D. J. 2002. “Families in Early Ptolemaic Egypt.” In D. Ogden, ed., The Hellenistic World: New Perspectives, 137-156. Swansea.

Thompson, D. J. 2011. “Slavery in the Hellenistic World.” In P. Cartledge and K. Bradley, eds., Cambridge History of Slavery, 194-213. Cambridge.

Thompson, D. J. 2012. Memphis under the Ptolemies. Princeton, NJ.

Thonemann, P. 2013. Attalid Asia Minor: Money, International Relations, and the State. Oxford and New York.

Tilly, C. 1992. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992. Cambridge, MA.

Tuplin, C. 2009. “The Seleucids and Their Achaemenid Predecessors: A Persian Inheritance?” In A. Zournazi, ed., Ancient Greece and Ancient Iran: Cross-Cultural Encounters, 109-136. Athens.

Tuplin, C. 2014. “The Military Dimension of Hellenistic Kingship: An Achaemenid Inheritance?” In F. Hoffmann and K. S. Schmidt, eds., Orient und Okzident in hellenistischer Zeit. Beiträge zur Tagung “Orient und Okzident—Antagonismus oder Konstrukt? Machtstrukturen, Ideologien und Kulturtransfer in hellenistischer Zeit’,’ Würzburg 10.-13. April 2008, 245-276. Vaterstetten.

van der Kooij, A. 2007. “The Septuagint of the Pentateuch and Ptolemaic Rule.” In G. N. Knoppwers and B. M. Levinson, eds., The Pentateuch as Torah: New Models for Understanding Its Promulgation and Acceptance, 289-300. Winona Lake, IN.

van der Spek, R. J. 2009. “Multi-ethnicity and Ethnic Segregation in Hellenistic Babylonia.” In T Derks and N. Roymans, eds., Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition, 101-115. Amsterdam.

Vandorpe, K. 2002. The Bilingual Family Archive of Dryton, His Wife Apollonia and Their Daughter Senmouthis (P Dryton). Brussels.

Veisse, A.-E. 2004. Les “revoltes Egyptiennes”: Recherches sur les troubles interieurs en Egypte du regne de Ptolemee III Evergete a la conquete romaine. Leuven.

Veisse, A.-E. 2007. “Statut et identite dans l'Egypte des Ptolemees: Les designations d'‘Hellenes' et d'‘Egyptiens.' ” Ktema 32: 279-291.

Vierros, M. 2014. “Bilingualism in Hellenistic Egypt.” In Georgios K. Giannakis, ed., Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics, 234-238. Leiden.

von Reden, S. 2007. Money in Ptolemaic Egypt: From the Macedonian Conquest to the End of the Third Century BC. Cambridge.

von Reden, S. 2014. “Wheat Prices in Ptolemaic Egypt.” In H. D. Baker and M. Jursa, eds., Documentary Sources in Ancient Near Eastern and Greco-R oman Economic History: Methodology and Practice, 260-288. Oxford.

Waterfield, R. 2012. Dividing the Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great’s Empire. Oxford.

Wiesenhofer, J. 1998. Das Partherreich und seine Zeugnisse. Stuttgart.

Will, E. 1985. “Pour une ‘anthropologie coloniale' du monde hellenistique.” In J. W Eadie and J. Ober, eds., The Craft of the Ancient Historian: Essays in Honor of Chester G. Starr, 273-301. Lanham, MD, New York, and London.

Yoyotte, J. 1998. “Pharaonica.” In F. Goddio, ed., Alexandria: The Submerged Royal Quarters, 199-244. London.