Contents
List of illustrations xiv
Notes on authors xvii
Acknowledgements xviii
Note on the text xx
List of abbreviations xxi
INTRODUCTION 1
The second edition 1
Introduction to the twentieth century 2
1.
GREAT POWER RIVALRY AND THE WORLD WAR, 1900-1917 5Introduction 5
The Great Powers, power politics and the states system 6
The long-term causes of the First World War 15
From one crisis to the next, 1905-13 21
1914: decisions for war 24
The triple stalemate 26
Conclusion 29
Recommended reading 30
2. THE SEARCH FOR EUROPEAN STABILITY, 1917-29 32
Introduction 32
The ‘new diplomacy' 33
The armistice 37
The Paris peace settlement 39
The Paris peace settlement in Central and Eastern Europe 44
The implementation of the peace 46
The Locarno era 50
Conclusion 54
Recommended reading 54
3. JAPAN, CHINA AND THE ORIGINS OF THE PACIFIC WAR, 1900-41 58
Introduction 58
The First World War in East Asia 59
The Washington Conference 62
Chinese nationalism and the Northern Expedition 64
The Manchurian Crisis 66
Japan's ‘Monroe Doctrine' for East Asia 69
The Sino-Japanese War 71
Towards the Pacific War 74
Conclusion 76
Recommended reading 78
4. THE EUROPEAN COLONIAL EMPIRES, 1900-45 81
Introduction 81
Empires and power 82
Ireland and the British Dominions 88
Empire and nationalism in the Middle East 90
India in crisis 95
Rationalization and resistance in South-East Asia 98
The colonial empires in Africa 100
The Second World War and empire 102
Conclusion 104
Recommended reading 105
5. THE ORIGINS OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT, 1900-48 107
Introduction 107
The origins and development of Zionism 108
Palestinian nationalism 110
The twice-promised land 111
The mandate and British policy 113
Palestine and the Second World War 116
Partition and the end of the mandate 118
Arab and Zionist institution-building 121
The 1948 war 125
Conclusion 129
Recommended reading 130
6.
‘GOOD NEIGHBORS'? THE UNITED STATES AND THEAMERICAS, 1900-45 133
Introduction 133
The Monroe Doctrine and the imperial thrust 134
The Spanish-American War 136
Theodore Roosevelt and the American empire 137
Woodrow Wilson, the First World War and the Americas 139
Wilsonian visions defeated 141
From boom to bust 142
From gunboat diplomacy to the ‘Good Neighbor' policy 144
Pan-Americanism and the approach of war 148
The Second World War and the Monroe Doctrine 150
Conclusion 152
Recommended reading 153
7. THE PATH TO EUROPEAN WAR, 1930-39 155
Introduction 155
The dual crisis 156
The collapse of the Weimar Republic 158
Revolution and expansion 161
Diplomacy and deterrence 165
Isolation and co-existence 172
From Munich to European war 176
Conclusion 183
Recommended reading 185
8. THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1940-45 188
Introduction 188
From European war to World War 189
The Axis at war 196
The Grand Alliance at war 201
The collapse of the Grand Alliance 207
Conclusion 211
Recommended reading 213
9. THE 'FIRST'COLD WAR IN EUROPE, 1945-61 216
Introduction 216
The German question 218
From take-overs to conformity: the USSR and Eastern Europe 220
The United States, containment and Western Europe 224
On every front 230
Stability and revolts 232
A wasting asset? Nuclear weapons 236
Culture and propaganda 238
The Berlin Wall 240
Conclusion 242
Recommended reading 243
10. ASIA IN TURMOIL: NATIONALISM, REVOLUTION AND THE
RISE OF THE COLD WAR, 1945-53 247
Introduction 247
The end of the Raj248 Nationalism and independence in South-East Asia 250
The Chinese Civil War 253
China, Japan and the Cold War in Asia 258
The Korean War 261
Asia and the consequences of the Korean War 265
Conclusion 267
Recommended reading 268
11. FROM COLD WAR TO DETENTE, 1962-79 271
Introduction 271
The Cuban Missile Crisis 273
Towards the world of MAD 275
France, Germany and the origins of European detente 277
Trouble in the Soviet bloc 279
Triangular diplomacy and the ‘two detentes’ 281
Detente in trouble: Watergate, Angola and the Horn of Africa 283
The death of detente: SALT II and Afghanistan 287
Conclusion 290
Recommended reading 292
12.
THE VIETNAM WARS, 1945-79 295Introduction 295
The origins of the conflict and the first Indochina War 296
Divided Vietnam and American nation-building 298
The Americanization of the Vietnam War 301
‘Peace’ and unification 306
Indochina in turmoil after 1975 309
Conclusion 311
Recommended reading 312
13. NEUTRALISM, DEVELOPMENT AND THE RISE OF THE
THIRD WORLD, 1945-2007 315
Introduction 315
Neutrality in Cold War Europe 316
India and the path to Bandung 318
The birth of the Non-Aligned Movement 322
Development and the Group of 77 325
The fragmentation of the Third World 328
Conclusion 332
Recommended reading 333
14. THE 'DEVELOPMENTAL STATES': JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA
AND TAIWAN, 1945-2007 335
Introduction 335
The American occupation of Japan 336
The ‘1955 system’ and the revision of the Security Treaty 338
High-speed growth and its discontents 342
Japan as an economic superpower 346
The troubled nineties 349
Japan's neighbours: South Korea and Taiwan 350
Conclusion 353
Recommended reading 354
15. THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND NORTH KOREA:
IDEOLOGY AND NATIONALISM, 1949-2007 357
Introduction 357
The rise and decline of the Sino-Soviet alliance 358
Revolutionary China and the Third World 363
The opening to America and the death of Mao 366
Deng and the ‘Four Modernizations' 368
Tiananmen and after: causes and consequences 370
North Korea: the last Stalinist state 372
Conclusion 375
Recommended reading 376
16. THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA, 1945-2007 379
Introduction 379
Hemispheric unity, internal dislocation 380
Guatemala 383
The Cuban Revolution 385
The Alliance for Progress 387
Revolutionaries and reformers from Chile to Nicaragua 391
Into the new millennium: an age of uncertainty 396
Conclusion 400
Recommended reading 401
17. AFRICA: DECOLONIZATION AND INDEPENDENCE, 1945-2007 404
Introduction 404
The end of empire 405
The rise and fall of pan-Africanism 409
Imperialism and ‘white rule' in southern Africa 411
The Cold War in Africa 413
The end of apartheid in South Africa 416
The African state and the legacy of empire 418
Poverty, resources and the troubled road to democracy 423
Conclusion 426
Recommended reading 427
18.
THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT, 1949-2007 429Introduction 429
The 1956 Suez-Sinai campaign 430
The 1967 June War 433
The 1973 October War 434
The 1982 Lebanon War 438
The Palestinian armed struggle from the 1948 naqba to the
1987 intifada 440
The peace process, its collapse and attempts to revive it 442 The 2006 Lebanon War 448
Conclusion 452
Recommended reading 453
19. THE RISE OF POLITICAL ISLAM, 1928-2000 456
Introduction 456
The rise of political Islam 457
Islamist movements: aims, strategies and political philosophies 459
The 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran 463
Fundamentalist Islam: Afghanistan and the Taliban 466
Islamic resistance: Hizb’allah, Hamas and Laskar Jihad 468
Transnational Islamism, international jihadism, global Islamism
and the al-Qaeda phenomenon 472
Conclusion 475
Recommended reading 476
20. THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE 'NEW WORLD ORDER',
1980-2000 480
Introduction 480
The superpowers and the Third World 481
The disintegration of the Soviet bloc 483
The First Gulf War 489
The unipolar moment: America at the apex 491
The ‘new world order’ and ethnic conflict 494
Conclusion 498
Recommended reading 499
21. THE RISE OF A NEW EUROPE: THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN
INTEGRATION, 1945-2007 501
Introduction 501
The idea of Europe 502
From the Second World War to the Treaty of Rome 503
Widening and deepening in the shadow of the Cold War 505
An ever-wider Europe and the conundrums of success 508
The EEC/EU as inspiration: integration in Asia and the
Americas 514
Conclusion 518
Recommended reading 520
22. THE WAR ON TERROR IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD 522
Introduction 522
From 9/11 to ‘Iraqi Freedom' 523
Backfire: Iraq, Afghanistan and the war on terror 527
The challenge of nuclear proliferation 530
America's conundrums: hyperpower humbled 532
Al-Qaeda since 9/11 534
The ‘war on terror' in South-East Asia 535
Conclusion: where to next? 538
Recommended reading 540
Glossary 542
Bibliography 561
Index 601
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