Introduction
Living things can be found in remarkable places. Birds such as ravens, Iammergeyers (Eurasian vultures), and alpine choughs (crows) fly over the highest summits of the Himalayas, over 8,000 m (26,000 feet) above sea level.
Fish such as the “fangtooth” (Abyssobrotula galatheae) live more than 8,000 m below the ocean surface. Bacteria and archaea can be found almost everywhere on Earth, in hot sulfur springs at the extreme chemical and temperature limits for life, under glaciers, on dust particles many kilometers above Earth's surface, and kilometers deep in ocean sediments. However, most living things occur in a range of habitats that cover a thin veneer of Earth's surface, from the tops of trees to the surface soil layers in terrestrial environments and within 200 m of the surface of the oceans.The biosphere—the zone of life on Earth—is sandwiched between the lithosphere, Earth's surface crust and upper mantle, and the troposphere, the lowest layer of the atmosphere. Biological communities can be studied at multiple scales of varying complexity, as we saw in Concept 1.2. Here, we will use the biome concept to introduce the amazing diversity of terrestrial life. The diversity of aquatic life is not as easily categorized, but we will describe several freshwater and marine biological zones, which, like terrestrial biomes, reflect the physical conditions where they are found.
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