Introduction
We have emphasized throughout this book that species are connected with one another and with their environment. Ecology is, at its very essence, the study of these interconnections.
In Unit 4, we looked at interactions between species as two-way relationships, with one species eating, competing with, or facilitating another species. For ease of mathematical modeling, we considered these pairwise interactions in isolation, even though we have emphasized that, in reality, species experience multiple interactions. In this chapter, we will explore multiple-species interactions and how they shape the nature of communities. We will consider the various ways in which ecologists have defined communities, the metrics used to measure community structure, and the types of species interactions that characterize communities.
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