Contents

Introduction: Understanding the History of Legal Aid in an

International and Comparative Perspective 1

Felice Batlan and Marianne Vasara-Aaltonen

Part I Grand Histories of Legal Aid 27

The Persistent Question of Legal Aid in the Professional

Development of Russian Lawyers 29

William E.

From pro Deo to pro Pecunia. An Institutional History of Legal

Aid in Belgium 57

Bruno Debaenst

The Historical Evolution of Legal Aid in China from the

Perspective of Globalisation (1890-2003) 89

Jin Dong

Part II Growing Needs and New Providers: Legal Aid at the

Fin de Siecle 115

For Workers and for the Disadvantaged: Legal Advice Centres in Germany from the Late Nineteenth Century to the Early Twentieth Century 117

Hiroki Kawamura

“To Poor and Rich Alike”: Legal Modernisation, the Women’s Movement, and Legal Aid in Late-Nineteenth-Century Finland 153 Marianne Vasara-Aaltonen

Lawyers Providing Legal Aid in Print: Legal Question and

Answer Columns in Finnish Newspapers Around 1900 185

Mia Korpiola

Part III Politics, Memory, and the Writing of History 221

The Organisation of !-’Assistance Judiciaire, the Politics of Poverty, and the Rewriting of History in Nineteenth-Century France 223

Sylvia Schafer

Training and Disciplining Lawyers Through Legal Aid: Chile, 1932-1960s 253

Marianne Gonzalez Le Saux

Archival Confrontations and Rewriting the History of Legal

Aid in the U.S. 287

Felice Batlan

Index 319