General surveys

For the most part, the literature on interwar Ukrainian Galicia is marked by a decided lack of serious scholarly writings. What is available consists primarily of a few general accounts and many more works that deal with specific topics or time periods.

Only a few works focus specifically on the two decades of interwar Ukrainian Galicia. These consist of an extended essay by three Polish writers who in 1938 already reflected on the failure of Warsaw’s efforts to carry out a policy of national assimilation in eastern Galicia,^[514] and of monographs by Mykola Kravets’, My- khailo Herasymenko, and Bohdan Dudykevych, the leading Soviet writers on the period, who are very critical of both “imperialist” Polish rule and the activity of “bourgeois-nationalist” Ukrainian leaders.² More representative of the existing literature are numerous polemical pamphlets. From Polish writers, these works reflect views expressed in 1919, trying to justify Polish control over all of Galicia because of the “absolute inferiority of the Ruthenian element,”³ and later essays that may express sympathy for some Ukrainian demands, although they still argue for the advantages of Polish rule in Galicia.⁴ Ukrainian essays on the same period stress the absolute need for self-determination, whether it be brought about by political or military means.⁵ A collection of twelve polemical pamphlets from

2 Mykola M. Kravets’, Narysy robitnychoho rukhu v Zakhidnii Ukralni v 1921-1939 rr.

See also V.Iu. Tverdokhlib, Solidarnist' u borot’bi za vyzvolennia: dopomoha hromads’kosti Krainy Rad zakhidno-ukrains’kym trudiashchym u borot’bi za vozz"iednannia v iedynii ukralns’kii radians’kii derzhavi, 1917-1939 (L’viv: Vyshcha shkola 1978).

3 The quote comes from Henri Grappin, Polonais et ruthenes: la question de Galicie (Paris 1919). See also W. Lutoslawski and E. Romer, The Ruthenian Question in Galicia (Paris 1919); I. Panenko, La Galicie: pays polonais (Paris: Bureau polonais de publications politiques 1919); I. Pannenkowa, Punkty Wilsona a Galicja wschodnia (Warsaw and L’viv: Polskie Towarzystwo Nauczycieli Szkot Wyzszych 1919); and Eugeniusz Romer, W obronie Galicyi (L’viv: Ksijznica polska, 1919).

4 The Polish pamphlet literature from the interwar period is very extensive: see the national minority bibliography listed in chapter 1, n. 34. The most prolific authors were M. Felihski, Ukraihcy w Polsce odrodzonej (Warsaw 1931), in Ukrainian as Ukraintsi u vidrodzhenii Pol'shchi (L’viv 1931), in English as The Ukrainians in Poland (London: p.a. 1931), and in French as Les ukrainiens dans la Pologne restauree (Warsaw: Institut polonais de collaboration avec I'ctrangcr 1931), the latter reprinted in Seeds of Conflict (see n. 6 below); Stanislaw Los, “The Ukrainian Question in Poland,’’ Slavonic and East European Review, IX [27] (London

1931), pp. 116- 125; idem, “O konstruktywnj polityk? ukraihska w Polsce,” Nasza Przysztosc, XXI (Warsaw 1932), pp. 82- 113, reprinted as 0 konstruktywnq politykq na Rusi Czerwonej (Warsaw 1932) and in Ukrainian as Za konstruktyvnu polityku na Chervonii Rusy (L’viv: UNO 1933); idem, Mizhnarodnie polozhennia Pol’shchi ta halyts’ki ukraintsi (L’viv

1932) ; and idem, “Sytuacja migdzynarodowa a Ukraihcy haliccy,” Nasza Przyszlosc, XXX (Warsaw 1933), reprinted separately (Warsaw 1933); and Leon Wasilewski, Polska dla Polak6w czy dla wszystkich obywateli polskich (Warsaw 1924); idem, Sprawa kresow i mniejszosci narodowych w Polsce (Warsaw, 1925).

There is also some Polish irredentist literature on eastern Galicia from the post-1945 period: Stanislaw Skrzypek, The Problem of Eastern Galicia (London: Polish Association for the South-Eastern Provinces 1948); S. Skrzypek, Sprawa ukraihska (London 1953); and Stanislaw J. Paprocki, Kwestia ukraihska (London 1953).

5 The Ukrainian Question: A Peace Problem (Geneva: Executive of Ukrainian Nationalists 1928); Stepan Tomashivs’kyi, Desiat’ lit ukralns'koho pytannia v Pol'shchi (L’viv: p.a. 1929); Basil Paneyko, “Galicia and the Polish-Ukrainian Problem,” The Slavonic and East European Review, IX [27] (London 1931), pp. 567-587; Gregory Chomyszyn, Problem ukrainski these years representing both Polish and Ukrainian viewpoints on Galicia was recently reprinted.^{[515] [516]}

As for statistical data, these are available in the published results of the Polish censuses of 1921 and 1931. Three volumes from each census are devoted to Galicia, indicating the size, location, and occupation of the inhabitants.^[517] Because of the sensitivity about national identity and the resultant accusations of national assimilation, the official statistics became themselves the subject of both praise and criticism.^[518] The controversial problem of the ethnographic boundary between Poles and Ukrainians and the interrelationship between religious and national identity has also engendered a large literature, especially by the Ukrainian Volo­dymyr Kubiiovych and the Pole Alfons Krysiriski.^[519]

Establishment of Polish rule 19J8-1923

The historical literature on certain aspects of the interwar years is more abundant. The most detailed coverage deals with the period from the outbreak of the Polish- Ukrainian war in November 1918 to the international recognition of Polish control of the area in March 1923. Recently published collections of documents on Polish- Ukrainian and Polish-Soviet relations include much material on the military, diplomatic, and social status of Galicia.¹⁰ The most detailed histories of these early years are by the former Sich Riflemen officer Vasyl’ Kuchabs’kyi, and the socialist leader Matvii Stakhiv, both of whom describe with sympathy the political, diplomatic, and military efforts to establish a viable western Ukrainian state.¹¹ On the other hand, in his history of attempts throughout the Ukraine to gain independence between 1917 and 1923, Izydor Nahaievs’kyi includes an extensive chapter on Galicia in which he is very critical of local leaders for their supposed lack of sufficient concern for the larger Ukrainian problem.¹² The Soviet view, which is negative toward both the Polish state (acting in collusion with western imperialists) and “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists” (struggling for indepen­dence in order to preserve their own control over the downtrodden masses), is best outlined in a monogrpah by lurii Slyvka.¹³

10 Ukraine and Poland in Documents, 1918-1922, 2 vols., ed.

11 W. Kutschabsky, Die Westukraine im Kampfe mit Polen und dem Bolschewismus in den Jahren 1918-1925, Schriften der kriegsgeschichtlichen Abteilung im historischen Seminar der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Berlin, vol. VIII (Berlin: Junker und Dunnhaupt Vlg. 1934); Matvii Stakhiv, Zakhidna Ukraina: narys istori'i derzhavnoho budivnytstva ta zbroino'i i dyplomatychnoi oborony v 1918-1923, 5 vols [given as vol. Ill, IV, V, VI, pts 1-2] (Scranton, Pa.: Ukrai'ns’kyi Robitnychyi Soiuz 1959-61), this work combined with two other volumes covering the years 1772 to 1918 has been issued in an abridged English edition: Matthew Stachiw and Jaroslaw Sztendera, Western Ukraine at the Turning Point of Europe's History, 1918-1923, 2 vols, Shevchenko Scientific Society Ukrainian Studies (English section), vols. 5-6 (New York 1969-71).

See also Sydir laroslavyn, Vyzvol’na borot’ba na zakhidn’o-ukra'ins’kykh zemliakh u 1918­1923 rokakh (Philadelphia 1956); and Stepan Ripets’kyi, Ukra'ins’ ko-pol’ s’ kyi protses 1918­1923 pered svitovym trybunalom (Chicago and New York: Ukr. publitsystychno-naukovyi instytut 1963), in English translation: Ukrainian-Polish Diplomatic Struggle 1918-1923 (Chicago: Ukrainian Research and Information Institute 1963).

12 Isidore Nahayewsky, History of the Modern Ukrainian State 1917-1923 (Munich: Ukrainian Free University and Academy of Arts and Sciences 1966), especially chapter 4.

13 lurii lu. Slyvka, Borot’ba trudiashchykh Skhidnol Halychyny proty inozemnoho ponevolennia (Kiev: Naukova dumka 1973).