Notes

Chapter 1: Ukraine's Geographic and Ethnolinguistic Setting

1 Stephen Rudnytsky, Ukraine: The Land and Its People (New York 1918), p. 25.

2 http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/Perepis/PidsPer.html

3 Data drawn from official statistical yearbooks from the Russian Federation, Moldova, Belarus, Slovakia, Romania, and Poland.

4 Data from ibid.; from statistical yearbooks from Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania; and from V. Kubijovyc et al., “Ukrainians,” in Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Vol. V, ed. Danylo Husar Struk (Toronto, Buffalo, and London 1993), p. 460.

Chapter 2: Historical Perceptions

1 Karamzin's Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia, translated by Richard Pipes (New York 1996), p. 112.

2 Bernard Lewis, History Remembered, Recovered, Invented (Princeton, N.J. 1975), p. 59.

3 From a pastoral letter by Filofei, dated 1524, cited in Vasyl’ Hryshko, Istorychno-pravne pidhruntia Teorii'IIIRymu (Munich 1953), p. 5.

4 S.M. Solov’ev, Istoriia Rossii s drevnieishikh vremen, Vol. IV, pt. 1 (St Petersburg 1894), p. 1343.

5 V. Kliuchevskii, Kurs russkoi istorii, Vol. II, 2nd ed. (Moscow 1915), p. 58.

6 Dmitrii S. Likhachev, Reflections on Russia (Boulder, Colo. 1991), p. 74.

7 From the Ukrainian text reproduced in Georges Luciani, Le livre de la genese du peuple iikiaioiec (Paris 1956), pp. 124 and 126.

8 Konstantin F. Shteppa, “The ‘Lesser Evil’ Formula,” in Cyril E. Black, ed., Rewriting Russian History, 2nd rev. ed. (New York 1962), pp. 105-106.

9 M. lavors’kyi, Istoriia Ukrainy v styslomu narysy (Kharkiv 1928), p. 58.

10 A.M. Pankratov, ed., Istoriia SSSR, Vol. I (Moscow 1940), p. 189.

11 Ibid., 2nd ed. (1947) and subsequent editions.

Chapter 3: The Steppe Hinterland and the Black Sea Cities

1 Herodotus, The History, translated by George Rawlinson, Great Books of the Western World, Vol. VI (Chicago, London, and Toronto 1952), p.

Chapter 4: The Slavs and the Khazars

1 The Gothic History of Jordanes, translated by Charles Christopher Mierow, 2nd ed. (Princeton, N.J. 1915), p. 60.

2 This and other quotations from The Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text are taken from a translation by Horace G. Lunt of Harvard University. Manuscript (in possession of the author), PVL-B, p. 1.

Chapter 5: The Rise of Kievan Rus'

1 The Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text, translated by Horace G. Lunt, manuscript, PVL- B, p. 1.

2 Ibid., PVL-B, p.2.

3 Ibid., PVL-B, p. 3.

4 Ibid., PVL-B, p. 5.

5 Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio, Vol. II: Commentary, by F. Dvornik, RJ.H. Jenkins, B. Lewis et al. (London 1962), p. 23.

6 The Primary Chronicle, PVL-B, p. 5.

Chapter 6: Political Consolidation and Disintegration

1 The Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text, translated by Horace G. Lunt, manuscript, PVL- 4e, p. 1.

2 Ibid., PVL-9, p. 5.

3 The Nikonian Chronicle, Vol. II, translated by Serge A. and Betty Jean Zenkovsky (Prince­ton, N.J. 1984), p. 216.

Chapter 7: Socioeconomic and Cultural Developments

1 Nikolai K. Gudzy, History of Early Russian Literature (New York 1949), p. 146.

Chapter 8: The Mongols and the Transformation of Rus' Political Life

1 Rene Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia (New Brunswick, N.J. 1970), p. 248.

2 From the Novgorodian Chronicle, cited in Serge A. Zenkovsky, Medieval Russia’s Epics, Chronicles, and Tales, 2nd rev. ed. (New York 1974), p. 196.

3 John Fennell, The Crisis of Medieval Russia, 1200-1304 (London and New York 1983), p. 97.

Chapter 9: Galicia-Volhynia

1 The Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text, translated by Horace G. Lunt, manuscript, PVL- 4a1, p. 7.

2 The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle: The Hypatian Codex, pt. 2, translated by George A. Per- fecky (Munich 1973), p. 58.

Chapter 10: Lithuania and the Union with Poland

1 Cited in Jaroslaw Pelenski, “The Contest for the ‘Kievan Inheritance’ in Rus­sian-Ukrainian Relations,’” in Peter J.

2 Cited in Omeljan Pritsak, “Kievan Rus’ and Sixteenth-Seventeenth-Century Ukraine,” in Ivan L. Rudnytsky, ed., Rethinking Ukrainian History (Edmonton 1981), p. 13.

3 Grand Duke Aleksander to his official in Vitsebsk (1495), in Akty, otnosiashchiesiak istorii Zapadnoi Rossii, Vol. I: 1340—1506, ed. I. Grigorovich (St Petersburg 1846), p. 151.

Chapter 13: Reformation. Counter Reformation, and the Union of Brest

1 Cited in Mykhailo Hrushevs’kyi, Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy, Vol. VI (Kiev 1907), p. 525.

2 Cited in Ivan Wlasowsky, Outline History of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Vol. I (New York and South Bound Brook, N.J. 1974), p. 255.

3 Cited in Russel P. Moroziuk, Politics of a Church Union (Chicago 1983), p. 35.

Chapter 14: The Tatars and the Crimean Khanate

1 Alan Fisher, The Crimean Tatars (Stanford, Calif. 1978), p. 25.

Chapter 15: The Cossacks and Ukraine

1 Cited in Dmytro Doroshenko, Narys istorii Ukrainy, Vol. I, 2nd ed. (Munich 1966), p. ¹52.

2 Linda Gordon, Cossack Rebellions (Albany, N.Y 1983), p. 87.

3 Cited in Mykhailo Hrushevs’kyi, Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy, Vol. VII (Kiev 1909), pp. 391-392.

4 ^Ibid., p. 392.

Chapter 16: Khme1'nyts'kyi and the Uprising of 1648

1 Shaul Stampfer, “What Actually Happened to the Jews of Ukraine in 1648,” Jewish His­tory, XVII, 2 (Haifa 2003), p. 221.

2 Shmuel Ettinger, “Chmielnicki (Khmelnitski), Bogdan,” in Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol. V (Jerusalem 1972), p. 481.

3 Cited in Mykhailo Hrushevs’kyi, Iliustrovana istoriia Ukrainy, 2nd ed. (Winnipeg ^{[ 1}923^]), p. 3^O3.

4 Cited in Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, History of Ukraine-Rus', Vol. VIII (Edmonton and Toronto 2002), p. 535.

Chapter 17: Muscovy and the Agreement of Pereiaslav

1 K.V. Kharlampovich, Malorossiiskoe vliianie na velikorusskuiu tserkovnuiuzhizn', Vol. I (Kazan 1914), p. 29.

2 Cited in Mykhailo Hrushevs’kyi, Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy, Vol. IX, pt. 1 (Kiev 1928), p. 732.

Chapter 20: Mazepa and the Great Northern War

1 Michael T Florinsky, Russia: A History and Interpretation, Vol. I (New York 1947), pp. 339-34°·

2 V.A. Diadychenko, “Mazepa, Ivan Stepanovych,” in Radians'ka entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy, Vol. III, ed. A.D. Skaba (Kiev 1971), p. 67.

3 Iurii Iu. Kondufor, ed., Istoriia Ukrains'koiRSR, Vol. II (Kiev 1979), p. 332.

4 Nataliia Polons’ka-Vasylenko, Istoriia Ukrainy, Vol. II (Munich 1976), p. 76.

Chapter 22: Ukraine's Autonomy and the Russian Empire

1 Cited in Michael T Florinsky, Russia: A History and Interpretation, Vol. I (New York ¹947⁾, pp. 34^o-34¹ⁿ.^{[2] [3]}.

2 Cited in Zenon E. Kohut, Russian Centralism and Ukrainian Autonomy (Cambridge, Mass. 1988), p. 104.

Chapter 27: Socioeconomic Developments in Dnieper Ukraine

1 Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii, Vol. XXI, No. 15724, cited in I.O. Hurzhii, ed., Khrestomatiia z istorii Ukrains'koiRSR (Kiev 1970), p. 86.

2 Konstantyn Kononenko, Ukraine and Russia: A History of the Economic Relations (Milwau­^{kee 1}95⁸⁾, p. 49.

3 A.P. Ogloblin, Ocherki istorii ukrainskoifabriki:predkapitalisticheskaia fabrika (Kiev 1925), p. 88.

4 Ibid., p. 47.

5 Ibid., p. 207.

6 Ibid., p. 89.

Chapter 28: The Peoples of Dnieper Ukraine

1 Pervaia vseobshchaia perepis' naseleniia Rossiiskoi imperii 1897 goda, Vols. 8, 13, 16, 32, 33, 41,46-48 (St Petersburg 1899-1905).

2 Ibid.

3 A.P. Ogloblin, Ocherki istorii ukrainskoi fabriki:predkapitalisticheskaia fabrika (Kiev 1925), p. 88.

4 David G. Rempel, “The Mennonite Commonwealth in Russia, 1789-1919,” Mennonite Quarterly Review, XLVIII, I (Goshen, Ind. 1974), p. 10.

5 Cited in George Vernadsky et al., eds., A Source Book for Russian History from Early Times to 1917, Vol.

Chapter 29: The Ukrainian National Awakening in Dnieper Ukraine before the 1860s

3 Letter to Denys Zubryts’kyi, cited in George S.N. Luckyj, Between Gogol' and Sevcenko: Polarity in theLiterary Ukraine, 1798—1847 (Munich 1971), p. 30.

4 Cited in Olexander Ohloblyn, “The Ethical and Political Principles of ‘Istoriya Rusov’,” Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences, II, 4 (New York 1952), p. 393.

5 ^Ibid., p. 396.

6 Luckyj, Between Gogol' and Sevcenko, p. 137.

7 Taras Shevchenko, Songs Out of Darkness, translated by Vera Rich (London 1961), p. 28.

8 From the poem “The Plundered Grave” (1843), ibid., p. 21.

9 From the Ukrainian text reproduced in Georges Luciani, Le livre de la genese du peuple ukrainien (Paris 1956), p. 128.

10 Ibid., p. 134.

11 Ibid., p. 142.

12 Cited in Luckyj, Between Gogol' and Sevcenko, p. 186.

Chapter 30: The Ukrainian National Movement in Dnieper Ukraine after the Era of Reforms

1 Orest Pelech, “Toward a Historical Sociology of the Ukrainian Ideologues in the Rus­sian Empire of the 1830s and 1840s” (unpublished PhD dissertation, Princeton Univer­^sity ^{[4] [5]}97⁶⁾, p. 93.

2 From the poem “Klevetnikam Rossii” (To the Slanderers of Russia, 1831), in Pushkin Threefold (New York 1972), p. 248.

3 From the archival title of the report as reprinted in Fedir Savchenko, Zaborona ukrain- stva 1876 r., 2nd ed. (Munich 1970), p. 381.

4 Friedrich Engels, Po und Rhein (1915), cited in Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union, 2nd rev. ed. (New York 1968), p. 21.

Chapter 31: The Administrative and Social Structure of Ukrainian Lands in the Austrian Empire before 1848

1 Hippolit Stupnicki, Galicya pod wzgledem topograficzno-geograficzno-historycznym (L’viv 1849), p. 16.

Chapter 33: The Revolution of 1848

1 Cited in Kost’ Levyts’kyi, Istoriiapolitychnoidumky halyts'kykh ukraintsiv, 1848—1914, Vol.

2 Cited in C.A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790—1918 (New York 1969), p. 353.

Chapter 34: The Administrative and Socioeconomic Structure of Ukrainian Lands in the Austrian Empire, 1849-1914

Chapter 35: The Ukrainian National Movement in Austria-Hungary, 1849-1914

1 Cited in Vasyl’ Lev, “Borot’ba za ukrains’ku literaturnu movu v Halychyni ta kharakter ii,” Naukovyi zbirnyk Ukralns'koho naukovoho universytetu, VII (Munich 1974), p. 73.

2 levhen Chykalenko, Spohady, 1861-1907, 2nd ed. (New York 1955), p. 336.

3 Kost’ Levyts’kyi, Istoriiapolitychnoldumky halyts'kykh ukralntsiv, 1848-1914, Vol. II (L’viv ¹927⁾, p. ⁶34.

4 Cited in C.A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918 (New York 1969), p. 560.

5 As reported by Ivan A. Sil’vai, “Avtobiografiia” (1898), in his Izbrannye proizvedeniia (Bratislava 1957), p. 144.

6 Misiatsoslov na 1909, ed. Avhustyn Voloshyn (Uzhhorod 1908), p. 34.

Chapter 36: World War I and Western Ukraine

1 Omelian O. Popovych, VidrodzhenniaBukovyny (L’viv 1933), p. 78.

Chapter 37: Revolutions in the Russian Empire

1 Cited in Dmytro Doroshenko, Istoriia Ukralny, 1917-1923 rr., Vol. I (Uzhhorod 1932), p. 95.

2 From the ultimatum signed by V. Ulianov (Lenin) and L. Trotskii, in ibid., p. 215.

3 Texts of the Ukraine “Peace” (Washington, D.C. 1918), p. 141.

Chapter 38: The Period of the Hetmanate

1 Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Vidrodzhennia natsiia, Vol. III (Vienna 1920), p. 16.

2 Dmytro Doroshenko, Istoriia Ukralny, 1917-1923 rr., Vol. II (Uzhhorod 1930), p. 110.

Chapter 39: The Directory, Civil War, and the Bolsheviks

1 Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union, 2nd rev. ed. (New York 1968), p. 137.

Chapter 40: The Revolutionary Era and Ukraine's Other Peoples

1 Benzion Denur, “Ukraine,” in Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol. XV (Jerusalem 1972), p. 1518.

Chapter 41: The West Ukrainian National Republic

1 Cited from the universal reprinted in Mykhailo Lozyns’kyi, Halychyna v rr. 1918-1920 (Vienna 1922), pp. 68-69.

2 Cited in John S. Reshetar, Jr., The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920 (Princeton, N.J. ¹952⁾, p. 283.

Chapter 42: The Postwar Treaties and the Reconfiguration of Ukrainian Lands

1 Article 87, La Paix de Versailles, Vol. XII (Paris 1930), p. 358.

2 Traiteentre lesPrincipalesPuissancesAllieesetAssociees et la Tchecoslovaquie (Paris igig), p. 26.

Chapter 43: Soviet Ukraine: The Struggle for Autonomy

1 Taras Hunczak and Roman Sol’chanyk, eds., Ukralns'ka suspil’no-politychna dumka v 20 stolitti: dokumenty i materiialy, Vol. II (New York 1983), p. 78.

2 Cited in Bohdan Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth­Century Ukraine (New York 1985), p. 56.

3 The statistics in this paragraph are recalculated from data in George O. Liber, Soviet Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR, 1923—1934 (Cambridge 1992), p. 60.

4 Theses on the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CP(b)U on the Results of Ukrainianization (June 1926), cited in Robert S. Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, 1917—1957 (New York and London 1962), pp. 113-114.

Chapter 44: Soviet Ukraine: Economic, Political, and Cultural Integration

1 I.S. Koropeckyj, “Industry,” in Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Vol. II, ed. Volodymyr Kubijovyc (Toronto, Buffalo, and London 1988), p. 314.

2 Ivan Koshelivets’, Mykola Skrypnyk (Munich 1972), p. 67.

3 The statistics are drawn from Bohdan Krawchenko, Social Change and National Con­sciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine (New York 1985), p. 134-140; and Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923—1939 (Ithaca and London 2001), p. 369.

4 P.P. Postyshev, Vborot'biza lenins’ko-stalins’ku natsional'nupolitykupartiia (Kiev 1935), p. 19.

5 From a speech by the deputy minister of education Andrii Khvylia, cited in James E.

Mace, Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation (Cambridge, Mass. 1983), p. 298.

6 From figures in Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, p. 369.

7 Cited in Robert S. Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, 1917—1957 (New York and London 1962), p. 233.

Chapter 45: Other Peoples in Soviet Ukraine

1 Tsentral’noe statisticheskoe upravlenie, Vsesoiuznaiaperepis' naseleniia 1926 goda, Vol. XII: Ukrainskaia SSR (Moscow 1929).

2 Calculations based on data in M.I. Panchuk, O.P. Koval’chuk, and B.V. Chyrko, eds., Natsional'ni menshyny v Ukralni v 1920—1930-tiroky: istoryko-kartohrafichnyi atlas (Kiev 1996).

3 V.I. Lenin, Sochineniia, Vol. XX, 4th ed. (Moscow 1941), p. 12.

4 Andrzej Paczkowski, “Poland, the Enemy Nation,” in Stephane Courtois et al., The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression (Cambridge, Mass., 1999), pp. 366-369.

5 Recalculated from data in Serhii Chornyi, Natsional’nyi sklad naselennia Ukralny v XX storichchi (Kiev 2001), pp. 54-57.

Chapter 46: Ukrainian Lands in Interwar Poland

1 Maly rocznik statystyczny (Warsaw 1938), pp. 74-75.

2 Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia, Vol. II, ed. Volodymyr Kubijovyc (Toronto 1971), p. 374·

Chapter 47: Ukrainian Lands in Interwar Romania and Czechoslovakia

1 Cited in Volodymyr Kurylo et al., Pivnichna Bukovyna, ii mynule i suchasne (Uzhhorod ¹9⁶9⁾, p. 91.

2 Article 8 of Romania’s Primary Education Act of 1924, cited in C.A. Macartney, Hungary and Her Successors: The Treaty of Trianon and Its Consequences, 1919—1937 (London i937)> P. 3^o6.

3 SkolstvinaPodkarpatske Rusi vpritomnosti (Prague 1932); levhen lu. Pelens’kyi, “Shkil’- nytstvo. Kul’turno-osvitne zhyttia,” in Karpats'ka Ukraina (L’viv 1939), pp. 125-127.

Chapter 49: World War II and Nazi German Rule

1 Cited in M. Suprunenko, “Ukraina naperedodni i v vitchyznianii viini proty nimets’ko- fashystskykh zaharbnykiv,” in Borotba ukrainskoho naroduproty nimetskykh zaharbnykiv (Ufa ¹94²⁾, p. 33.

2 This formulation is partially that of Mark Mazower as paraphrased by Timothy Snyder, “Holocaust: The Ignored Reality,” New York Review of Books, LVI, 12 (New York 2009), p. ¹5.

3 Cited in John A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 2nd ed. (Littleton, Colo. 1980), p. 87.

4 Cited in Alexander Dallin, German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945 (New York 1957), p. 67.

Chapter 50: Postwar Soviet Ukraine under Stalin

1 Serhii Chornyi, Natsional'nyi sklad naselennia Ukrai'ny v XX storichchi: dovidnyk (Kiev 2001), pp. 81-82.

2 Cited in J. Otto Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949 (Westport, Conn. 1999), p. 11.

3 Cited in E. Ozenbashly, Krymtsy (Akmesdzhit [Simferopol’] 1997), p. 21.

4 From a front page article in Pravda (Moscow), 25 May 1945, cited in Yaroslav Bilinsky, The Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II (New Brunswick, N.J. 1964),

p. 12.

5 Ibid.

6 From articles in Pravda (Moscow) and Izvestiia (Moscow), 12 January 1954, summa­rized in ibid., pp. 205-206.

7 “To the Pastors and Faithful of the Greek Catholic Church. Residents of the Western Oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR,” cited in Bohdan Rostyslav Bociurkiw, The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Soviet State, 1939-1950 (Edmonton and Toronto 1996), p. 119.

Chapter 51: Post-Stalinist Soviet Ukraine

1 N. Podgorny, “Sovetskaia Ukraina v bratskoi seme narodov SSR,’’ Kommunist, No. 8 (Moscow 1954), p. 22.

2 Bohdan Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine (New York 1985), pp. 173, 181, 194, and 205; Stephen Rapawy, Ukraine and the Border Issues (Washington, D.C. 1993), pp. 36 and 40.

3 Krawchenko, Social Change, p. 196.

Chapter 52: From Devolution to Independence

1 Interview with Serhii Odarych, secretary-general of Rukh, in the Economist (London), ¹7 Ap^{ril 1}99¹.

2 The Popular Movement of Ukraine for Restructuring — RUKH: Program and Charter (Kiev ¹9⁸9⁾, p. 11·

Chapter 53: Independent Ukraine

1 The formulation is by Taras Kuzio, “Ukraine: Muddling Along,” in Sharon Wolchik and Jane L. Curry, eds., Central and East European Politics from Communism to Democracy (Landham, Md. 2008), p. 361.

2 The figures are drawn from tables in Bohdan Harasymiv, Post-Communist Ukraine (Edmonton and Toronto 2002), p. 345; and George Thomas Kurian, ed., The Illus­trated Book of World Rankings, 5th ed. (Armonk, N.Y. 2001), pp. 99-100.

3 Keith A. Darden, “Blackmail as a Tool of State Domination: Ukraine Under Kuchma,” East European Constitutional Review, X, 2-3 (New York 2001), pp. 67-71.

4 United Nations Statistical Yearbook, 50th issue (New York 2006), pp. 138-154.

5 Constitution of Ukraine, Preamble (http://www.rada.gov.ua/const/conengl.htm), p. 1.

6 Article 10, p. 3.

7 Article 11, p. 3.

8 Statystychnyi shchorichyk Ukrainy za 1998 rik/Statistical Yearbook of Ukraine for 1998 (Kiev 1999), pp. 434-436;... za/for 2000 (Kiev 2001), p. 447;... za/for 2006 (Kiev 2007).

9 The figures are based on results from a sociological survey in which respondents were asked the question: Which language do you predominantly use at home? See Natalya Panina, Ukrainian Society, 1994—2005: Sociological Monitoring (Kiev 2005).

10 The figures are drawn from the data in John-Paul Himka, “Religious Communities in Ukraine,” in Peter Jordan et al., eds., Ukraine, special issue of Osthefte (Vienna 2001), pp. 24^1-25⁸.

11 Paul Robert Magocsi, Ukraine. An Illustrated History (Toronto 2007), p. 307.

12 Constitution of Ukraine, Article 11, p. 3.

13 The table is constructed from data in V. B. levtukh, V. P Troshchyns’kyi, K. lu. Halush- ko, and K. O. Chernova, Etnonatsional’na struktura ukrai'ns’koho suspil’stva: dovidnyk (Kiev 2004), p. 16.

14 Ukrai'ns’kapravda (Kiev), July 5, 2004, cited in Taras Kuzio, “Nationalism, Identity, and Civil Society in Ukraine: Understanding the Orange Revolution,” Nations and National­ism (forthcoming).

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