Theme 10. The National Revival and Economic Modernization of the Ukrainian Lands under the Austrian (Austro-Hungarian) Monarchy of Habsburgs and the Russian Empire from the Middle 19th to the Early 20th Centuries

The purpose of the theme is concerned with the study of the economical, social and political transformation of the Dnieper Ukraine and the Western Ukrainian lands in the middle 19^th and the early 20^th centuries.

The theme contains the following main topics: Holovna Ruska Rada (1848 - 1851); the abolition of serfdom in Halychyna (1848); the actions of Lukian Kobylytsia; the abolition of serfdom (1861) and Tsarist reforms in the Dnieper Ukraine of 1860s and 1870s; the Valuev Circular (1863); the Ems Edict (1876); the Community (Hromada) movement; the Brotherhood Tarasivtsi; the Narodnyky movement; the "Ukrainian Common Organization"; the economy of the Western Ukrainian lands; political and cultural move­ments in the Western lands; cultural and educational society "Prosvita"; the Fellowship of Taras Shevchenko; the Agreement "New Era"; the first political parties in the Western lands; the economy of the Dnieper Ukraine in the early 72

20^th century; the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party; the Dnieper Ukraine political movement in the early 20^th century; the first Russian Revolution of 1905 - 1907; Russian Parliaments (Dumas); Stolypin’s reform; Tsarist reaction and folding the Revolutionary gains; political campaign for the equal suffrage for all the Ukrainians; the Uniat Metropolitan Andrii Sheptytskyi.

The Western lands

Holovna Ruska Rada (1848 - 1851). When through the Austrian Empire the pan-democratic revolution had been going against remnants of feudalism, from 1848 to 1851 in Lviv Holovna Ruska Rada (HRR, the Supreme Ruthenian Council) worked as the representative of the Galician Ukrainians before the State government. It was the first West-Ukrainian politic organization. Its main leaders were the Greek-Catholic Bishops Hryhorii Yakhymovych and Mykhailo Kuzemskyi.

On the other hand, the HRR demanded for teaching the Ukrainian language in schools and introducing the Ukrainian into an office-work.

In order to resist the HRR in 1848 the Poles initiated the creation of "Ruskiy Sobor" (the Rusian Assembly), which started criticizing the HRR.

However, despite the opposition, the HRR did something for the Ukra­inian people. In October of 1848 the HRR established the "Galician-Ruthe- nian Queen" (Halytsko-Ruska Matytsia), cultural and educational organi­zation, which was aimed to popularize the Ukrainian culture through the spre­ading of popular books [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 21; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The abolition of serfdom in Halychyna (1848). In 1848 under the pressure of the pan-European revolution movement the Austrian Government abolished serfdom. At once the HRR called people for the celebration of this event giving peasants the personal freedom. The best lands, including lands with forests, pastures, and ponds, however, remained in the hands of landlords.

In summer of 1849 in the Austrian Empire the revolutionists were defeated and anti-democratic reaction started. In 1851 Holovna Ruska Rada was desolved by the State [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 21; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The actions of Lukian Kobylytsia. In 1848 in the Northern Bukovyna a member of the Vienna Parliament Lukian Kobylytsia inspired the peasant uprising. Later on, the Ukrainians achieved the abolition of serfdom in Bukovyna (1853) [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 21; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Dnieper Ukraine

The abolition of serfdom (1861).

On February 19, 1861, the Tsar Alexander II issued the manifesto of serfdom abolition. According to this document, the peasants were personally free, but they did not get lands. The peasant (agrarian) reform divided Ukraine into the community land tenure (Bessarabian-Novorossiysk Governor-generalship) and the podvirna (homestead) land use (the Left-Bank Ukraine). The great landlordism was saved. In the provinces of black earth peasant could own only 3.27 - 5.45 ha and in the provinces of a non-black earth - 4.36 - 7.63 ha. If a piece of land was more than required by the reform, such piece of land was cut off in favour of the landlord. As a result of this measure peasants had lost 30 % of their holdings in the south and east of the Dnieper Ukraine. On the Right Bank the Government increased the size of peasant holdings up to 20 per cent, to weaken the Polish nobles, who were in opposition to the Russian authority. Later on, since 1864, Polish landlords suffered through the additional taxes (10 per cent of their annual income) they had to pay to the Russian Government annually [4].

Since 1861 peasants had to redeem pieces of land by paying 20 per cent of their cost. The state was obliged to pay the rest cost. In their turn, peasants had to repay the debt to the state for 49 years. It is remarkable, a land was four times more expensive (503 mln rubles) than it was in the international market (128 mln rubles). On the Right Bank redemption cost was reduced from 30 % to 20 % [5].

Zemska reform. In 1864 Zemska reform was made. Zemstvo was the name of the local self-government.

Judicial reform (1864). In 1864 judicial reform was made. It introduced the public and independent Court. In the Court hearings the jury judges took part. The Court became the field of debates between the protection and the prosecution. In Ukraine three Trial Chambers (in Kyiv, Kharkiv and Odessa) were created. Those sentences, which were made without a jury, could be challenged in these Trial Chambers. The Senate considered an attorney functions [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 21; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The reform of educational system (1864). In 1864 the reform of education system started, it introduced a unified system of primary education. In the field of secondary education the classic men high schools (graduates were eligible to enter the university) and women gymnasiums were opened [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 21; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The reform of censorship (1865). In 1865 the reform of censorship launched the special bodies of censorship [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 21; 24; 28; 30; 38].

Urban reform (1870). In 1870, according to the urban reform, in all towns town councils were established. Only rich candidates were able to be elected to town councils. The functions of town councils were the same as Zemstvos had in the country: to supervise medicine aid, roads, educational system, and etc. [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38]

Military reform (1864 - 1883). Between 1864 and 1883 the military reform was provided by the Russian Government. In Ukraine three military districts were established (in Kyiv, Odesa and Kharkiv).

Financial reform (1860 - 1864). The financial reform (1860 - 1864) established the State Bank and the State Centre of Accountability.

Polish uprising (1863 - 1864). Between 1863 and 1864 the Poles were engaged in the Anti-Russian uprising for the revival of Poland, the State, which had been divided by Russia, Austria and Prussia in the late 18^th century. While revolting, the Poles involved some Ukrainians into the moto to defend the Ukrainian and Polish cultures [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Valuev Circular (1863). In 1863 the participation of the Ukrainians in the Polish uprising provoked an actions of the Russian government against the Ukrainian culture. The Minister of the Internal Affairs Peter Valuev issued a secret order known as the Valuev Circular. It forbade printing school, educational and religious books in the Ukrainian language, any using of the Ukrainian language in public institutions, schools and churches [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Ems Edict (1876). In 1876 the Emperor Alexander III issued the Ems Edict that banned the Ukrainian language in whatever sphear of public relations: in literature, theatres, concerts and schools. The Ems Edict also forbade an import of Ukrainian literature from other countries and translations of foreign literature into the Ukrainian language.

This Edict had been acting till 1881, when Alexander III was killed by terrorists [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Petersburg Community (Hromada). When the above said reforms had been only planned, in 1859 in St. Petersburg Mykola Kostomarov, Vasyl Bilozerskyi and Taras Shevchenko created the first Ukrainian Community (Hromada), cultural and educational organization that aimed to popularize the national Ukrainian idea through the publishing Ukrainian books and magazines, teaching in Sunday schools.

The movement of Hlopomany. In 1850s, mostly in the Right-Bank Ukraine, a movement of Hlopomany (from Polish "chtop" - "peasant") started. The leader was the historian Volodymyr Antonovych. The Hlopomany were of the Orthodox Faith. They wore the Ukrainian national clothes, sang the Ukrainian songs and kept folk customs they had learned. They travelled through the villages to collect folk tales, proverbs, informarion about customs and ceremonies [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Old Kyiv Community (Hromada) and Community movement.

In 1862 the members of the Hlopoman movement Volodymyr Antonovych, Pavlo Chubynskyi and Mykhailo Drahomanov launched the "Kyiv Community" ("Stara Kyivska Hromada"). Soon the similar Communities appeared in Chernihiv, Vinnytsia, Yekaterinoslav, Odesa, Poltava, Kharkiv, Katerynodar (Kuban), and even Moscow. The members of Communities organized public education through schools, textbooks, teacher training, etc. and scientific research in ethnography, linguistics, and history of Ukraine. They also published popular books written in Ukrainian.

After issuing the Valuev Circular (1863) Communities came to decline. The Kyiv Community became the illegal secret organization. In 1873 the Old Kyiv Community called at that period the Kyiv Community, started to publish the newspaper "Kiyevskiy Telegraf" (Kyiv Telegraph) [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The "South-West Department of the Russian Geographical Soci­ety". In 1873 the Old Kyiv Community initiated the launching the "Southwest Department of the Russian Geographical Society" (Pivdenno-Zakhidnyi Viddil Rosiiskoho Heohraphichnoho Tovarystva), which became a scientific centre of Ukrainian studies. The President of the Department became Hryhorii Halahan, who in 1871 had opened a private Ukrainian school in Kyiv (Pavlo Halahan College). The department manager was Pavlo Chubynskyi. The De­partment published the journal "Zapiski Yugo-zapadnogo Otdela" (the Notes of the South-West Department).

In 1874 in one day the Department had made a census in Kyiv and proved that most dwellers of Kyiv population were the Ukrainians. In the same year the Department organized III Archaeological Congress to consider some crucial questions in the History of Ukraine. There were the rich exhibition of Ukrainian archeological artefacts, maps and woodcuts. 121 professors and archeologists took part in the work of Congress [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

Mykhailo Drahomanov is the leader of the Ukrainian socialist movement. In 1876, after the Ems Decree had been issued, the Department was closed. An item of the Decree prohibited M. Drahomanov and P. Chubynskyi living in Ukraine.

Having left Ukraine M. Drahomanov published the magazine "Hromada" (the "Community", 1878 - 1879 and 1882), through which he demanded democratization and suggested getting the autonomy of Ukraine through non­violent actions. Also he made the so-called "Geneva group", which became the basis for the Ukrainian socialist movement [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Old Kyiv Community. In the meantime, in Ukraine the Old Kyiv Community secretly worked. Its members published in the Russian language the magazine "Kievskaya Starina" ("Kyiv Antiquity", 1882 - 1907) on the History of Ukraine [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Young (or Student) Communities. In 1890s the so-called Young (or Student) Communities ("Molodi Hromady") widely spread. They tended to be socialist groups. Shortly after, on the basis of Young Communities the Revolutional Ukrainian Party appeared. The Party demanded the Indepen­dence for Ukraine [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Tarasivtsi Brotherhood. The very strong group was the Tarasivtsi Brotherhood ("Bratstvo Tarasivtsiv", literally, the Brotherhood of the followers of Taras Shevchenko) established in 1891. The first members were Mykola Mikhnovskyi, Borys Hrinchenko, Ivan Lypa, Mykola Voronyi and other. In Lviv journal "Pravda" (The Truth) they published their program in which they promised to care for the Ukrainian language and defend the rights of the Ukrainian people. The main purpose was to made Ukraine autonomous, and then independent [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

Narodnyky movement. Between 1870s and 1880s in Ukraine Narod- nyky operated. The most famous groups were "Chaikivtsi" (after the name of the founder Mykhailo Chaikovskyi, the townsman of St. Petersburg), "Kyivska Komuna" (Kyiv Commune), "Pivdenni Buntari" (Southern Rebels). They called upon peasants to revolt for overthrowing the autocracy in the Russian Empire. The most known Narodnyky were Fedir Volkhovskyi, Andrii Zheliabov, Vira Zasulych, Volodymyr Debohoriy-Mokriievych, Yakiv Stepha- novych.

Narodnyky organized the so-called "visiting people" ("khozhdeniie v narod", literally, the "going among the people"), during which they read to peasants banned books and had conversations on revolutionary themes. In 1877 the "Pivdenni Buntari" incited the peasants of Chyhyryn outskirts to revolt when had deceived them that the Tsar approved such actions against rich persons. However, this revolt was suppressed very soon. Later on, Narodnyky turned to a terror. In 1879 in Ukraine they created terrorist organizations "Chornyi Peredil" ("Black Redivision") and "Narodna Volia" ("People's Will"). In 1881 members of "Narodna Volia" killed the Tsar Alexander II [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The "Ukrainian Common Organization". In 1897 Volodymyr Antono- vych and Oleksandr Konysskyi initiated a secret organization - the "Ukrainian Common Organization" (Ukrainska Zahalna Orhanizatsiia, abbr. UZO). It was the union of nearly 20 Communities (Hromady), a lot of student group, and individuals. All they were headed by the Consultative Committee, located in Kyiv. In Kyiv UZO established library and bookstore. It periodically managed to make common anniversary celebrations devoted to Taras Shevchenko and other notable Ukrainian writers [28].

The Western Ukrainian lands

The Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Western Ukrainian lands. In 1867 Austria and Hungary signed an agreement under which the Empire turned into twofold Austro-Hungarian Empire headed by the Austrian Emperor. This was confirmed by the second Austrian Constitution adopted by the Emperor Franz-Joseph I.

The Ukrainians failed in their attempts of making the division of Halychyna into Eastern (Ukrainian) and Western (Polish) parts. The Ukrainians got an opportunity to elect and be elected to the Austrian and Hungarian parliaments, the Bukovyna and Galician Sejms. Since 1861, the Lviv Sejm had been working. Although, the Constitution of 1869 declared the inter-ethnic equality, most of Lviv Sejm members were the Poles [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The economy of the Western Ukrainian lands. In the second half of 19^th the economy of the Ukrainian lands was far behind the economy of western provinces of the Empire. The Government supported the raw material industry (primarily, sawmill sector). The small businesses dominated. In 1883 in the Western Ukraine cooperative movement began. The entrepreneur Vasyl Nahirnyi founded the first consumer cooperative "Narodna Torhivlia" ("People's trade"). In cooperatives people united on the basis of mutual cooperation and engaged in some kind of economic activity. In 1892, V. Nahirnyi founded the first insurance company (the company's name was "Dniester").

In the late 80s - early 90s of the 19^th century the labour emigration of the Ukrainians to the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Germany, Russia, Romania and Denmark started [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The political and cultural movements. According to their political preferences the Western Ukrainian intelectuals were divided into three groups: the Russophils (or Moscowphils), the Ukrainophils (or Narodovtsy), and the Radicals [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Russophils (Moscowphils). The Russophils appeared in the se­cond half of the 1860s. It was the group of people that did not want Ukraine to be the part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. They didn't like the Ukrainian language and that was why they created an artificial mixture of Russian, Ukrainian, Polish and Old Church Slavonic languages ("Yazychiye" they called). They contended that Ukrainian and Russian peoples were the one Russian nation. The leaders of the Russophils were Yakiv Holovatskyi and Dmytro Zubritskyi. In 1870 the Russophils established social and political organization "Ruska Rada" (the Russian Council). Also the Russophils published the newspaper "Slovo" ("Word") and the magazine "Halychyna" [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Ukrainophils (Narodovtsy). The Ukrainophils had been opera-ting since the early 1860s. The leaders were Markiian Shashkevych, Volody-myr Barvinskyi, Oleksandr Ohonovskyi. The Ukrainophils were in opposition to revolutionary forms of struggle. They supported the Ukrainian language. Their political organization was "Narodna Rada" ("People's Council"). Since 1880 they had been publishing a newspaper "Dilo" (the Deal), since 1885 - the journal "Batkivshchyna" ("Motherland") [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Radicals. The movement of Radicals began in the early 1870s. The leaders were Ivan Franko, Mykhailo Pavlyk and Ostap Terletskyi. They had rather political goal to unite the whole Ukrainian lands into one state. The Radicals published journals "Dzvin" ("Ring of Bell") and "Hromadskiy Druh" ("The Civil Friend") [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

Cultural and educational society "Prosvita". In 1868 in Lviv the Ukrainophils created the cultural and educational society "Prosvita" (in English: "Enlightenment"). The "Prosvita" society published popular books, founded libraries and huts for reading, cared for Ukrainian elementary and secondary schools [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Fellowship of Taras Shevchenko. In 1873, in Lviv, the Ukraino- phils established the Literary Fellowship of Taras Shevchenko (Literaturne Tovarystvo imeni T H. Shevchenka), which was intended to support the development of Ukrainian literature. This Fellowship published journals "Pravda" ("Truth") and "Zoria" ("Dawn"). From 1892 the Fellowship was renamed the Scientific Fellowship of Taras Shevchenko. From 1897 to 1913 its head was the historian Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, who would be the first President of Ukraine. For the whole life he had written ten volumes of "History of Ukraine-Rus" (1898 - 1936), "The Essays on the History of Ukrainian People" (1904), "The Illustrative History of Ukraine" (1911). In 1894 he opened the first Department of History of Ukraine at Lviv University [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Agreement "New Era". In 1890 the Ukrainophils (Yulian Roman­chuk, Sylvester Sembratovych, Oleksandr Barvynskyi and the Radical Volo­dymyr Antonovych), Polish politicians, the Austrian Government signed the Agreement, called "New Era" (Nova Era). The "New Era" allowed the Ukrainians to occupy public offices. The Ukrainian language was introduced into the courts and administration. Also the Agreement provided for Ukrainians seats in the Austrian parliament and Halychyna Sejm [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party. In 1890 the Radicals made the first Ukrainian Political Party - the Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party (RURP). The leaders were Ivan Franko and Mykhailo Pavlyk. It was the first European peasant party, which had socialist aims. The main aim was the establishment of the Socialism (public control over capital goods, total or partial elimination of private property) and the Democracy.

One RURP member Yulian Bachynskyi in his book "Ukraina Irredenta" ("The Ukraine Enslaved", 1895) put forward the idea of unity and indepen­dence of Ukraine [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Ukrainian National Democratic Party. In 1899 Viacheslav Bud- zynovskyi, Yulian Romanchuk, brothers Kost and Eugene Levytskyi, Volo­dymyr Okhrymovych, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi and Ivan Franko made the Ukrainian National Democratic Party (UNDP). The ultimate goal of the Party was independent Ukraine. Also they believed that firstly it needed to create at least the Ukrainian province in the Austria-Hungary. UNDP was the largest party in Halychyna [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Ukrainian Socialist Democratic Party. In 1899 Mykola Hats- kevych, Semen Wityk and Julian Bachynskyi founded the Ukrainian Socialist Democratic Party (USDP). It joined to the Austrian Socialist Democratic Party as an autonomous unit. For a long time USDP had been a small one. USDP demanded the establishing of socialism, protecting the interests of workers. To achieve these goals USDP used parliamentary methods of struggle. The ultimate goal was an independent Ukrainian Socialist Republic.

All three above-mentioned parties (RURP, UNDP, USDP) made mee­tings of peasants (so-called viches). The party members often used to meet their voters in order to popularize political notions, which strongly tended to be of socialistic ideology [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Dnieper Ukraine in the early 20^th century

The economy of the Dnieper Ukraine. In the early 20^th in the Russian Empire the economic crisis raised. It had been caused by the overproduction of goods due to the development of means of production. The quantities of products increased up to such degree as the products became very cheap, even chipper than the expenditure on hiring workers, who made these products. It, of course, led to decrease in the production and to a lack of employment for people. Due to the crisis the concentration of production started. As a result of this process, monopolies (in the form of syndicates) were created. Monopolists unconstrained by any competiton placed a pressure on their workers. An official working day lasted for 11 hours per day, but workers often used to be forced by an employer to work 12 - 16 hours per day. Wages were very low and work was very hard. Also in plants and factories women and children were exploited.

The crisis of 1900 - 1903 led to a depression, which was going till 1913.

On the one hand, the monopolies allowed to overcome the economic crisis. On the other hand, they made a social stress [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Revolutionary Ukrainian Party. In 1900, some students in Khar­kiv launched a first in the Dnieper Ukraine Party, the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party (RUP). The leaders were Dmytro Antotnovych, Bonifatii Kaminskyi, Levko Matsiievych and Mykhailo Rusov. The Party secretly published magazines "Haslo" (Motto) and "Selianyn" (Peasant), which were distributed among peasants [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

Mykola Mikhnovsky and his brochure "Ukraine Independent". Ini­tially, the programmatic document of RUP was a brochure "Ukraine Indepen­dent" ("Samostiina Ukraina", New York, 1900), written by the Kharkiv lawyer Mykola Mikhnovskyi. Its author demanded the independence for Ukraine. He also insisted on taking the state power by way of a bloody struggle. In the brochure also was the slogan "Ukraine for the Ukrainians" [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The splitting of the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party (RUP). However, in conditions of economic crisis, when many workers were suffering, the most members of RUP turned their attention to problems of workers. Very soon these members accepted the ideas of Marxism, which called for the shaping of the international working fraternity. Hence, the former nationalistic ideas became obsolete for many RUP members.

In return, in 1902 Mykola Mikhnovskyi, who was a warm nationalist, launched the small Party, named the Ukrainian National Party (UNP).

The next year RUP was again splitted, when the small socialistic group led by B. Yaroshevsky went out of RUP, creating their own Party named the Ukrainian Socialistic Party (USP).

In 1904 another, but the large, group got out of RUP. This new group named "Spilka" (Union) was led by Marian Melenevskyi (alias Basok). The "Spilka" joined to another Marxist Party, the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) at the head of which was Vladimir Lenin [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party (former RUP). The next year, RUP renamed itself, becaming the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party (USDLP). Thus, the Party chose the way of combining nationalistic and Marxist ideas. The new leaders became Mykola Porsh, Volodymyr Vynnychenko and Symon Petliura [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Ukrainian Democratic Party. In 1904 another political party was launched. Its members were previously in the Communities’ "Ukrainian Common Organization" (UZO), the literary and educational organization, which had run in 1897. The new Party was the liberal one, known the Ukrainian Democratic Party (UDP). The leader was Yevhen Chykalenko. UDP demanded the establishing of the Constitutional Monarchy in the Russian Empire, social reforms and the autonomy for Ukraine [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Ukrainian Radical Party. In 1904, no sooner had UDP run than a part of its members separated, launching the Ukrainian Radical Party (URP), among the leaders of which were Borys Hrinchenko, Semen Yefremov and Fedir Matiushevskyi [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Ukrainian Democratic Radical Party. In 1905 UDP and URP united and declared about establishing the Ukrainian Democratic Radical Party (UDRP), which had the same political purposes as UDP previously had [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The First Russian Revolution of 1905 - 1907. Due to the economic crisis, the most of society used to live in very hard conditions. Socialistic Parties called for the revolution. In addition, the Government of the Russian Empire was dishonoured by the defeat of its army in the Russian-Japan War of 1904 - 1905. All these caused the First Russian Revolution of 1905 - 1907.

It began with the day of January 9, which was called the "Bloody Sunday". In St. Peterburg the police shooted the great protest march of workers, who had been going with icons and portraits of the Tsar Nikolay II in their hands. At the head of the march a Ukrainian pricher Heorhii Halon was marching. The marchers demanded to establish 8-hour working day, to make lower prices etc. On the "Bloody Sunday", at least, 130 persons were killed and many hundreds were wounded by the police.

The news of the "Bloody Sunday" caused mass strikes, in which nearly 440 000 persons took part, throughout the whole Empire. The strikes were held under the slogan "Down with Autocracy!" The October strike raised to fight almost two million people, including 120 000 persons in Ukraine.

In June of 1905 the crew of a battleship "Potemkin" mutinied, having the political slogan directed against the Autocracy in the Russian Empire. In November of 1905 in Sevastopol sailors led by the Lieutenant P. Schmidt too mutinied. At the same time, in Kyiv the Second Lieutenant B. Zhada- nivskyi inspired the mutiny of sappers [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The First Russian Parliament (Duma). At last on October 17, 1905 Nikolai II signed a Manifesto by which he declared the civil liberties for all his subjects (private freedom, freedom of press, assemblies and unions etc.). Also he allowed the convening of Duma, the First Russian Parliament. The Duma elections involved all segments of the population.

The October Manifesto also gave way for the growing of number of periodicals (24 editions), opening of the "Prosvita" societies and Ukrainian- language schools [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

Stolypin’s reform. In 1906 the Minister of the Internal Affairs Peter Sto­lypin implemented the reform pursuing the development of individual farms.

The reform allowed farmers to sell and buy land, take a cheap credit. Also many Ukrainian farmers got pieces of land in those regions, which had a little population, like Siberia, the Central Asia, and the North Caucasus.

However, despite of some positive results the so-called Stolypin’s ref­orm led to the disaster stratification in rural areas. Later on, it had been appe­ared that among rural population very rich families were 5 % and very poor ones - 80 %. During the migration to the bad-settled regions many farmers died because of bad sanitary conditions [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The First State Duma. In the State Duma, convened in spring of 1906, the Ukrainian parliamentary faction (42 members) was acting. It was led by a lawyer Illia Shrah. They pursued the policy of making political autonomy for Ukraine. On July 8, 1906, the State Duma was dissolved by the Tsar [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Second State Duma. In January of 1907 the Second State Duma was elected. The Ukrainians created a new faction (47 people, mainly peasants). On June 3, 1907, the Tsar declared the Manifesto that dissolved the Second State Duma [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Tsarist reaction and folding the Revolutionary gains. According to the Manifesto 80 % of the population of the Russian Empire have no voting rights. Only landlords and great bourgeoisie were able to vote members of the State Duma III. Of course, new voters were monarchists.

Evidently, it was the beginning of the reaction against results of the Revolution of 1905 - 1907.

The Tsar’s Government implemented a number of repressions. For the period between 1907 and 1909 on charges of treason 26 000 persons were convicted, of whom 5 000 persons were put to death. The Government banned the teaching in schools in the Ukrainian language. In the schools pupils were not allowed to sing Ukrainian songs, recite poems in Ukrainian, play the national melodies.

Educational societies of "Prosvita" were closed in Kyiv, Odesa, Cher­nihiv, Poltava and other towns.

In 1910 the Minister of the Internal Affairs Peter Stolypin issued a circular, in which "foreigners", including Ukrainians, were forbidden to create any fellowships and clubs as well as to publish newspapers in their native languages. At this time, the Russian State Committee of Printing banned the using in press the words "Ukraine", "Ukrainian people".

In return, in 1913 a member of USDLP, which was the secret Party, Dmytro Dontsov proclaimed the "idea of separation", or the notion that Ukra­ine must be seceded from the Russian Empire [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Western Ukrainian lands in the early 20^th century

The political campaign for the the equal suffrage for all the Ukrainians. In the Western lands, which were under reign of the Austria- Hungary, the following political events took place. Since 1890 the Ruthenian- Ukrainian Radical Party (RURP) had been demanding the equal suffrage for all the Ukrainians. RURP wanted that the Ukrainians not regarding whether they were rich or not would be able to elect the members of the Austrian and the Hungarians parlaments.

In 1891 the Ukrainophil Yevhen Olesnytskyi in Stryi started the political campaign for the electoral reform. Between 1905 and 1906 the mass movement for electoral reform extended over large area, wich included Lviv, Stanislav, Ternopil, Chernivtsi, Brody, Kolomyia, Stryi, Boryslav, Sambir and other towns.

During January of 1906 in Halychyna 300 meetings and forums were called. No less than 500 000 persons took part in them.

In November of 1905 the Ukrainians founded the National Committee led by Yurii Romanchuk and Kost Levytskyi.

In January of 1906 the Emperor Franz-Joseph welcomed the Ukrainian delegation and the Uniat Metropolitan Andrii Sheptytskyi and had some discussions on the problem whether it was necessary to implement the equal suffrage for all the Ukrainians.

At last, in 1907, the Imperial Government introduced equal suffrage. Shortly after, 32 Ukrainians were elected into the Austrian Parliament [3; 5; 10; 12; 17; 24; 28; 30; 38].

The Uniat Metropolitan Andrii Sheptytskyi. In 1913 the Uniat Metro­politan Andrii Sheptytskyi founded the Lviv Ukrainian National Museum and became its chief patron. A. Sheptytskyi was the member of the Galician Sejm (1900 - 1913) and the Austrian Parliament (1900 - 1918), where he raised questions about the state of the Ukrainian education, proposed to establish the Ukrainian University in Lviv. The Metropolitan Sheptytskyi, the first of the top hierarchy of the Greek Catholic Church, began to use popular language to communicate with the "faithfuls", so called parishers.

The Metropolitan Sheptytskyi supported the cultural and educational "Prosvita" societies. In order to look after the sick Ukrainians he founded the National Hospital in Lviv (1903) [5].

Questions

1. What were the reasons of the abolition of serfdom in the Russian Empire in 1861? Describe this reform.

2. What role did Holovna Ruska Rada play in the Western Ukrainian national movement?

3. How did the Austrian revolution of 1848 and 1849 influence the national movement in the Western Ukrainian lands?

4. Establish the conclusion about the significance and consequences of the reforms of 1860s and 1870s in the Dnieper Ukraine.

5. Who were the Hlopomans?

6. Describe the Community movement and its stages.

7. What were the differences between the Valuev Circular (1863) and the Ems Edict (1876)?

8. Describe the national and political movement in the Dnieper Ukraine in the late 19^th century.

9. Describe the estate of the Western Ukrainian lands from 1860s to 1890s.

10. What political agendas did the Ukrainian parties pursue in the late 19^th and the early 20^th centuries?

11. What differences were between the Russophils (Moscowphils), the Ukrainophils (Narodovtsi), and the Radicals in the late 19^th century?

12. Describe the significance of the Ukrainophils (Narodovtsi) move­ment.

13. What were the reasons and results of the first Russian Revolution of 1905 - 1907?

14. What were the reasons and results of the Stolypin’s agricultural reform?

15. Describe the Tsarist reaction and folding the Revolutionary gains.

16. Describe the political campaign of equal suffrage for all the Ukrai­nians.

17. What role did the Uniat Metropolitan Andrii Sheptytskyi play in the national movement?