GENERAL INDEX

‘AbbädT, Ibn Qäsim: XII 192, 194n.

‘Abd al-Jabbär: see AsadabädT Abdel-Rahman, Hasan: II 288

ÄbirT, Muhammad b. Husayn: VII 593 Abu Faraj al-MälikT: VII 595

Abü al-Fidä’, Ismä‘Tl b.

Abü Hanifa: V 11, 24, 25, 31; VI 136;

VII 589, 591, 596; IX 10; XII 196 Abu Müsä al-Darir: VII 595

Abü Shäma, Shihäb al-Dln: V 26, 39

Abü al-Su‘üd, Shaykh al-Isläm: V 31

Abü Thawr: VII 589, 598

Abü Yüsuf: V 10, 11, 30, 31; VII 588 a fortiori’. I 80; II 289 ff., 300 ff;

III 316

a maiori ad minus: see a fortiori

ÄmidT, Sayf al-Din: II 291, 292, 295, 300, 305, 306; III 327-30, 331, 332, 334;

V 7, 22 ff; VIII 439, 444-7, 448, 449, 454; XI 70, 71; XII 180, 187

a minori ad maius: see a fortiori analogy: I 80, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96; II 288, 296, 301, 305; III 316; V 5; see also qiyäs

Anderson, J. ND.: V 3

Ansari, Muhammad: III 334; V 7, 25;

’ VIII 447, 448; XII 184, 192 argumentum a simile : III 342 argumentum e contrario: I 80n., 90; II 297;

III 316

Aristotelian logic: III 315, 320, 321 f.;

IV 4, 18

Aristotelian philosophy: III 315, 327

AsadabädT, ‘Abd al-Jabbär: I 9In.; II 302;

V 12, 21; VIII 434-8, 440, 443, 444, 449

Asfahänl, Shams al-DTn: XII 192, 193 Asffarl, Abü al-Hasan: V 28; VI 131;

VIII 437

Ash‘ar!s: II 296; V 15, 16; XI 70 AstrabädT, Abü Na‘Tm: VII 595

Aswäni, Ibn Maryam: VII 589 asyllogistic inference: II 300

BaghdädT, ‘Abd al-Rahmän: VII 593 BaghdädT, ‘Abd al-Wahhäb: VII 595

Baghdadi, Abù al-Husayn al-Tawa’ifl:

VII 595 ’ ’

Baghdad!, Ibn Tahir: V 13, 15, 21

Baghdadi, al-KhatTb: V 12; VIII 444

Baghdad!, Safi al-DTn: XII 187

BajT, Abu al-WalTd: XII 180, 184, 187, 188 Bal! Efendi: V 31

Baqillani, Abu Bakr: III 317; IV 11;

XII 195

Barda‘1, Abu Bakr: VII 595

BashbishT, Ibn ‘Ali: V 30

Basri, Abù al-Husayn: II 298; V 5, 6, 7, 12, ’ 21; VIII 438, 449; XI 70; XII 195, 197

Baydawi, ‘Abd Allah al-Qàdi: V 7, 23 BayhaqT, Abù Bakr: VII 599 f.

Bishr al-Marisi: VII 593

Brunschvig, R.: XII 173, 174, 181

BukharT, Abu ‘Abd Allah: VII 594

BukharT, ‘Ala’ al-DTn: 192

BulqinT, Siràj al-DTn: V 28, 41

Cardozo, Judge: I 83

commenda contract: II 298; III 350, 355, 356

common law: 181, passim

concepito : see tasawwur

consensus: I 81; III 327; IV 21-4; V 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 22, 23, 25 f., 33, 35, 39;

XIII 427, passim; XI 71, 85; XII 187

Coulson, N.J.: VIII 428, 429

Crone, P.: IX 1-28; XII 176

Cross, Sir Rupert: I 83

Dabbùsi, Abù Zayd: XII 182, 195

Dab‘T, Abù Bakr: VII 595

Dàriki, Abù al-Hasan: V 11

Dàwùd b. Khalaf al-ZahirT: V 8; VII 588, 589, 590, 596, 597, 598

deduction: I 82 ff, 92

deductive logic: I 83, 95

DhahabT, Shams al-DTn: V 16, 39

dialectic: II 287

DinawarT, Abù Bakr: 604

Farabi, Abù Nasr: I 90, 9In.

Faris!, Abù Bakr: VII 595, 596

Farrä’, Abü Ya‘lä: IV 16

Gardiner, Lord: I 88n.

Ghazäli, Abü Hämid: I 83n., 91 n.;

II 293 ff, 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 305; III passim; IV 29; V 6, 7, 8, 9, 14-18, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29; VI 136;

VIII 439, 441-4, 445, 447, 448, 449;

X 8; XI 70, 71; XII 179, 180, 184, 185, 186, 188-91, 194, 195, 196, 197 Goldziher, I.: VII 589, 597; VIII 429, 430;

IX 2, 27; XII 174

Greek philosophy: I 80; III 316, 318, 24; XII 178

Hajj! Khalifa: see Kätib ChelebT Hanafi School: I 92; II 290; V 8, 19, 30;

VI 139; VII 599; XII 192

HanaHs: V 10, 11, 22, 23, 28, 30, 31, 33;

VI 129; VII 589, 597; XI 70 HanbalTs: II 296; V 9, 22, 23, 24, 26, 30;

VI 129; VII 598; XI 70

Hanbali School: V 8, 9, 10, 11, 19, 23, 24, 33; VI 129; IX 8

HarawT, Ahmad b. Yahyä: III 330, 333 Hashwiyya: V 8, 9, 10, 35; VII 598 Holmes, Justice: I 81, 87

Horovitz, J.: I 90n.

Hourani, G.: VIII 428, 429

Hume, David: IV 4 ff, 30 Hurgronje, C.S.: VIII 428 f.; XII 175, 176

Ibädis: IX 23

Ifen Abän, ‘Isä: VII 588, 589 Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr: V 12

Ibn ‘Abd al-Saläm, ‘Izz al-DTn: V 26, 38,

39; XI 71; XII 184, 185

Ibn ‘Abd al-Shakür: III 334; V 7, 25;

VIII 447; XII 192

Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhäb, Muhammad: V 32

Ibn AbT Hurayra, Abü ‘Ali: V 11

Ibn Abi Laylä: VII 589

Ibn Abi al-Qädi, Muhammad: VII 595

Ibn ‘Abidin, Muhammad Amin: V 12

Ibn Amir al-Häjj: III 334; V 7, 12, 24;

VIII 447

Ibn ‘Aqil, Abü al-Wafä’: V 9, 10, 15 ff.,

21, 22, 23; VI 129; XII 184, 195

Ibn DaqTq al-‘Id: V 26, 28, 39

Ibn Däwüd al-Zähiri, Muhammad: VII 596 Ibn Haddäd al-Misn: V 11

Ibn al-Häjib, Jamal al-DTn: III 318,

330-33, 334; V 23; XI 70, 71;

XII 180, 184, 185, 187, 192, 193, 197

Ibn Hakam abMisrl: VII 591, 598

Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad: V 9, 10, 11, 17, 30, 35; VII 59O, 594, 597, 598

Ibn Harbawayh, ‘All b.

Ibn Haykuwayh, Yahyä b. Zakariyyä: VII 596

Ibn Hazm, Muhammad: II 295; III 318 f., 338n.; V 8; XII 179

Ibn al-Humäm, Kamal al-DTn: III 318, 333 f.; V 7; VIII 447, 448

Ibn ‘Ifris, Abü Sahl: VII 589

Ibn Ikhshid, Abü Bakr: VII 595

Ibn al-Imäm: V 26

Ibn Jamä‘a, Badr al-DTn: VI 136

Ibn al-Jawzi, Abü al-Faraj: V 9

Ibn Khaldün: V 9, 40 f.

Ibn Khallikän: V 16

Ibn Khuzayma, Muhammad b. Ishaq:

V 10

Ibn Mihrän, Abü al-Walid: VII 595

Ibn Mu‘ammar, Hamd b. Näsir: V 32

Ibn Mu‘in, Yahyä: VII 594

Ibn Mundhir, Muhammad b. IbrähTm:

V 10

Ibn Munir: V 12

Ibn al-Nadim: VII 588, 589, 590

Ibn al-Najjär: V 17

Ibn al-Naqib al-Misri: V 30

Ibn al-Qäss, Ahmad: VII 595, 596

Ibn Qudäma, Muwaffaq al-DTn: III 318, 322, 323-7, 330, 334; IV 12; V 19 23; XI 70; XII 193, 194

Ibn Qutayba, Bakkär: VII 591

Ibn Qutayba, ‘Abd Allah: VII 594

Ibn Rähawayh, Ishäq: VII 590, 594, 598

Ibn Rajab, Abü al-Faraj: V 17

Ibn al-Saläh, ‘Uthmän b. ‘Abd al-Rahmän: V 8, 25, 35

Ibn Salläm, al-Qäsim: VII 594

Ibn Samä‘a: VII 588

Ibn al-Sayqal, ‘Abd al-Latif: XII 180

Ibn Sayyär, Qäsim: VII 589

Ibn Shubruma: VII 589

Ibn Surayj, Abü al-‘Abbäs: V 10, 25, 28, 35 f.; VII 595 ff, 599, 601, 604; XII 195

Ibn Tälib al-Kätib: VII 595

Ibn Taymiyya, family of: V 21

Ibn Taymiyya, Majd al-DTn: V 25

Ibn Taymiyya, TaqT al-DTn: I 83n., 91n., 94, 95; II 296, 297n., 302, 303, 304, 305; III 322; IV 29; V 10, 39; VI 136; XII 180, 195, 196

Ibn ‘Ubayd, ‘Amr: VII 594

ijl, ‘Adud al-DTn: III 330, 332; XII 192, 193

ImämTs: IX 23

indirect reduction of syllogism: II 302 induction: I 91 ff., 96; II 286; VIII 446, 447; XI 85

inductive corroboration: IV 3, passim;

XI 83

IsbahänT, Abüal-Faraj: IX 11

Isfarä’TnT Abo Hämid: V 26, 28

Isfarä’TnT, Abü Ishäq: V 35

IsnawT, Jamäl al-DTn: V 7, 23, 24 ;

XII 183

IstakhrT, Abü Sa‘Td: V 11

IzmTri, Sulaymän: VIII 448, 450

JabartT, ‘Abd al-Rahmän: V 30, 31

Jassäs, Abü Bakr: VIII 433 ff.

Jawzaqi, Abü Bakr: VII 595

Jubbä’T, Abü ‘A1T: VIII 435, 436

JurjänT, al-SharTf: III 330, 333

JuwaynT, Abü Muhammad: VII 595, 596, 600

Juwayni, Imäm ai-Haramayn: II 296, 299; V 13-16, 21; VI 131, 136, I37n.; VIII 439-41, 443, 444, 449, 450, 453; X 8; XI 70; XII 180, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194n., 195

KaräbTsT, Ibn ‘All: VII 593, 594, 602

KarkhT, ‘Ubayd Alläh: V 30

KäsänT, ‘Alä’ al-Din: V 19, 20

Kätib ChelebT: V 31

Khalläl, Abü Bakr: V 11

Khassäf, Abü Bakr ‘Umar: V 30

KhiraqT, ‘Umar b. Husayn: V 11

Klug, Urlich: I 86n.,' 90n.; II 304n.

LaknawT, ‘Abd al-Hayy: V 25

Laoust, H.: II 297n.

legal theory: see usül al-fiqh

logic: I 80, passim; II 287, passim;

III passim

logicians: I 94

MadanT, Ibn AbT Yahya: VII 593

MahallT, Jaläl al-DTn: XII 192, 194n. al~Majalla\ IV 8n., passim

Malik b. Anas: V 25; VII 589, 596

MälikT School: V 8; VII 591; IX 8

MälikTs: V 22, 28, 33; XI 70 manumission of slaves: IX 3, passim

MaräghT al-JurjäwT: V 28

MarghTnänT, Burhan al-DTn ‘A1T: 30 MarwadhT, Abü Bakr: VII 590

MarwazT, Abü Ishäq: VII 595

MarwazT, IbrähTm: VII 596

MäturTdT, Abü Mansür: VII 595

MäwardT, Abü al-Hasan: II 292 f.; V 8, 12,

13, 15; XII 183

Mulla Khusraw, Muhammad b. ‘A1T:

VIII 448, 450

al-MuqtadT bil-Läh: V 13

MurädT, RabT‘ b. Sulaymän: VII 588 Muslim, Abü al-Hasan: VII 594 Mutakallims: II 296

Mu‘tazilTs: II 296; IV 23; V 12; VII 593,

594, 597; VIII 434; XI 70; XII 189 MuzanT, IbrähTm: V 10, 30, 35; VII 590,

591, 594, 596, 598, 604

NadrawT, Abü al-Fadl: VII 595 NahrawänT, Abü Zakariyyä: V 8 Nasafi, Abü al-Barakät: V 26

NawawT, MuhyT al-DTn: V 25 NawbakhtT, Abü Sahl: VII 595

Nazzam, IbrähTm: VII 588; VIII 443, 445, "451

NTsäbürT, Abü al-WalTd: VII 595

Nizäm al-Muik: V 13

paramone: IX 3, 17, 19-21, 23, 25, 27 PazdawT, Ibn al-Husayn: V 21; XII 182, 192, 196

petitio principii: VIII 429, passim provincial law: IX 1, passim

QädT al-Nu‘man: VII 589; VIII 433, 434 Qaffäl al-ShäshT, Abü Bakr: V 24; VII 595,

596, 599, 601

QaräfT, Shihäb al-DTn: VIII 446, 449;

X 10; XII 180, 182, 193, 194 QäshänT, Abü Bakr Muhammad: V 8 QäsimT school: IX 9

QudürT, Abü al-Husayn Ahmad: V 19, 20 Qur’än: I 81, 83, 85, 88, 91', 93, 94, 95;

II 287, 289, 290, 291, 293, 295n., 301, 304; III 316n., 327; IV 7, 22n., 26; V 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 23, 31; VI 131, 137; VII 587, 592, 593, 594, 597, 598, 599; VIII 427, passim; IX 12, 19;

XI 69, passim; XII 172

Meccan/Medinese verses: XI 75, passim QushayrT, Bakr b.

Räfi‘T, ‘Abd al-Kanm: V 26, 28 RaqqT, Abü Sa‘Td: VII 590 ratio decidendi: I 86, 87, 88, 95; II 291;

see also ‘illa

rationalists: III 315; V 8; VII 593, 594,

597, 598, 601

Räzl, Abu Hätim: VII 599, 600

Räzl, Fakhr al-DTn: V 26, 28, 30; VII 593, 594, 599; VIII 454; XII 180, 193, 195

Räzl, Mu‘allä b. Mansür: VII 588 reductio ad absurdum'. I 80; II 296, passim;

III 319, 336, 339, 355, 357, 358

Roman law: IX 1, 2, 3, 16, 22, 23, 26, 27

. al-Safi al-Hindi: II 296

SäjT, Abü Yahyä: VII 589

Samarqand!, Abü al-Layth: V 19

Samarqand!, ‘Alä’ al-DTn: IV 22; V 19, 20

San‘änT, Muhammad b. Ismä‘!l: V 32 SanüsT, Ibn ‘Ali: V 32

SarakhsT, Abü Bakr: II 290 f., 305; IV 7, 23; V 19, 20, 21; VIII 439, 444; XI 71; XII 179, 182, 196, 197

SarakhsT, Shams al-DTn: V 30

SayrafT, Abü Bakr: II 296; VII 595, 596, 598, 599, 601

Schacht, Joseph: II 288; V 3; VI 130, 133;

VII 587, 597; VIII 429, 430; IX 2, 27; XII 174, 176

ShädhilT, Näsir al-DTn: V 28

Shäfi‘T, Muhammad b. Idris: II 289, 290, 291n„ 305; III 315, 316, 342, 353 f.;

V II, 15, 16, 24, 25, 28; VI 130, 131, 136; VII 587, passim; VIII 431-4, 449; XII 179, 188, 191, 195, 196, 197

Shäfi‘T school: II 292; III 348; V 8, 17, 27, 28; VI 139; VII 589, passim; IX 8; XII 192

Shäfi‘Ts: II 296; V 10, 11, 22, 23, 28, 30, 33; VI 129, 130, 131; XI 70

Shäh Wall Allah: V 32

ShäshT, Abü ‘A1T: VII 595

ShätibT, Abü Ishaq: I 94n.; IV 24-30;

VIII 439, 446, 447, 449, 450;

XI 69, passim; XII 179, 184, 188, 195, 196, 197

ShawkänT, Μ. b. ‘A1T: II 296; V 32 ShaybänT, Muhammad b. Hasan: V 10,

II, 19, 30,’31; VII 588; VIII 431;

XII 196

ShT‘Ts: V 18; VIII 453; IX 11; XI 74

ShTräzT, Abü Ishaq: II 292, 296; III 317;

V 6, 7, 21; XII 180, 192

SiddTqT, Muhammad BakrT: V 24, 25

SirhindT, Ahmad: V 28

stare decises’.

Stoics: III 327

Stone, Julius: I 87

SubkT, Täj al-DTn: IV 23; V 7, 9, 10, 15,

16, 19, 23, 24, 28, 39, 41; VII 588, 589, 598; XII 192

SubkT, TaqT al-DTn: V 39, 41

Sufyän al-Thawn: V 8; VII 596 Su‘lükT, Abü Sahl: V 28

Sunna of the Prophet: I 81, 85, 88, 91, 93;

II 287; III 327; V 4, 5, 6, 10, 23; VI 131, 137, 138, 139; VII 587, 592, 593, 594, 597, 598, 599; VIII 427, passim; X 2, 8, 12; XI 72, 78, 79, passim

SuyütT, Jaläl al-DTn: V 25, 27-9, 39 syllogism: I 83, 89, 94; II 287, 297, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305; III 320, 321, 322, 323, passim

modus barbara: I 90

modus ponens: III 325 modus tollens'. II 299; III 325 syllogistics: I 81, 83, 90, 94; II, 286, 287;

III 320; X 2

TabarT, Abü ‘AIT: VII 595

TabarT, Ibn JarTr: V 9, 10, 11, 16; IX 11, 12, 15

Taftäzäni, Mas‘üd b. ‘Umar: III 330, 333;

V 24; XII 192, 193 TahäwT, Abü Ja‘far: V 19, 30 TanükhT, Ibn Hasan: V 11 theology: see kaläm

TilimsänT, Muhammad al-SharTf: XII 180, 183

traditionalists: III 315; V 7, 8, 9, 10, 16,

35; VII 593, 594, 598, 601

Traditions of the Prophet: II 291, 295n.;

IV 9, 26; V 5, 7, 8; see also ähädi, mashhür, and mutawätir

TüH, Najm al-DTn: XII 179, 180, 191, 193, 194, 197

verification see tasdiq

Von Kremer, Alfred: IX 1, 27, 28

Watt, W.M.: V 3

Za‘faränT, Abü ‘AIT: VII 590

ZähirT school: II 294n., 295n., 296; IV 8n.;

V 8, 9, 11; VII 587, 596, 598, 599 ZamalkänT, QädT: V 39

ZanjT, Muslim b. Khalid: VII 593 ZarkashT, Muhammad b. Bahadur: V 26;

XII 184

ZaydTs: IX

Zayla‘T, ‘Uthman b. ‘A1T: V 31

ZinjänT, Shihäb al-DTn: XII 183 Zufar: V 31

usdlist and theologian Abu Bakr al-Baqillani (d. 403/1012), Kitab al-Tamhid, ed. R. J. McCarthy, Beyrouth, 1957, pp. 11-12. See also Abu 1-Husayn al-Ba$ri, Kitab al-Qiyas al-Shar^ci (printed with his al-Mu^ctamad ft Us ill al-Fiqh)_t ed. M. Hamidullah et al., 2 vols., Damascus, 1964-65, II, 1037; Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi, al-Luma^cft Usui al-Fiqh, ed. M. al-Na^csani, Cairo, 1326 H., p. 67.

Therefore, no sale of non-existent commodity is valid

From a universal affirmative major and a universal negative minor of the above legal propositions, one reaches the same conclusion. But a particular negative conclusion, i.e., ‘Some sales of non­existent commodities are invalid,’ results in the third mood of the second figure, where the major is universal negative and the minor is particular affirmative. Likewise, the same conclusion may be reached in the fourth mood on the basis of a universal affirmative major and a particular negative minor.⁴²

⁴² Ibid., Ill, 177-178.

¹ Muhammad b. ^CA1T al-TahànawT, Kashshäf Istilähät al· Funün, 2 vols. (Calcutta: W. N. Leeds’ Press, 1862), II, p. 1228, s.v. “qarina.” An extremely laconic definition may also be found in the equally authoritative dictionary of ^cAbd al-NabT al-Ahmadnagari, Jàmi^c al-^cUlùm fi Istilähät al· Funün al-Mulaqqab bi-Dustür al-^cUlama^{1 2 3}, 4 vols. (Beirut: Mu°assasat al-A^clamT lil-Matbù^cat, 1975), III, p. 64.

² Jamal al-DTn Muhammad Ibn Manzür, Lisän al-^cArab,

15 vols. (Beirut: Dar Sädir, 1972), XII, pp. 331-42, especially 336b.

* ³³ We are referring to studies conducted, among others, by B. Johansen, R. C. Jennings, U. Heyd, H. R. Idris, A. L. Udovitch, David Powers, G. Nahal, D. P. Little, Huda Luth, D. Crecelius, H. Gerber, and J. Mandaville.

³⁶ Udovitch, ‘The “Law Merchant’*’, 119, 116 f. Udovitch’s main contribution in this area is his Partnership and Profit in Medieval Islam.

³⁷ ‘The “Law Merchant’”, 130.

* ³⁸ WansharTsT’s al-MPyàr al-Mughrib is, among others, an eloquent testimony for this link.

³⁹ SarakhsT, Usui, i. 10.

⁴⁰ For DabbusT, see his Ta’sis al-Na$ar, as well as Ghazall’s references to him in Shifa’ al-Ghaltl, passim. For PazdawT’s theory, see his Usui.

⁶⁴ The relevance of a property as a legal cause Cilla) is said by some jurists, including GhazalT, to be a legitimate method of establishing the cause of a legal ruling. However,